2006 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

有多少个整数 NN 小于 10001000 可以写成 jj 个连续正奇数之和,并且这样的表示恰好对应 55j1j \ge 1 的取值?

How many integers NN less than 10001000 can be written as the sum of jj consecutive positive odd integers for exactly 55 values of j1?j \ge 1?

答案:15
知识点:平方差因数个数奇偶性
难度评级:3160
解答:

从第 (k+1)(k+1) 个到第 mm 个正奇数的和为 m2k2=(mk)(m+k)m^2 - k^2 = (m - k)(m + k)。 令 a=mka = m - kb=m+kb = m + k, 则 NN 的表示与分解 N=abN = ab 一一对应,其中 aba \le ba,ba, b 同奇偶(此时 m=a+b2m = \frac{a + b}{2}k=ba2k = \frac{b - a}{2})。所以我们需要 NN 恰有 55 个这样的分解。

如果 NN 是奇数,每一对因数都可行,所以 NN 需要有 991010 个因数,即 N=p8N = p^8p9p^9p2q2p^2q^2, 或 pq4pq^4,其中 p,qp, q 是不同奇质数。小于 10001000 时,p8p^8p9p^9 不可能,p2q2p^2 q^2 给出 225225441441, 而 pq4pq^4 给出 3453^4 \cdot 53473^4 \cdot 734113^4 \cdot 11: 共五个奇数值。

如果 NN 是偶数,两个因数都必须为偶数,所以 N=4MN = 4M,这些分解对应于 MM 的因数对, 没有奇偶限制;我们需要 M<250M \lt 250 且有 991010 个因数。有 99 个因数的有: 36361001001961962252251010 个因数的 (pq4pq^4)有:3243 \cdot 2^45245 \cdot 2^47247 \cdot 2^4112411 \cdot 2^4132413 \cdot 2^42342 \cdot 3^4。 这给出 4+6=104 + 6 = 10 个偶数值,总计 5+10=155 + 10 = 15

The sum of the (k+1)(k+1)th through mmth positive odd integers is m2k2=(mk)(m+k).m^2 - k^2 = (m - k)(m + k). Writing a=mka = m - k and b=m+k,b = m + k, the representations of NN correspond exactly to the factorizations N=abN = ab with aba \le b and a,ba, b of the same parity (then m=a+b2,m = \frac{a + b}{2}, k=ba2k = \frac{b - a}{2}). So we need NN to have exactly 55 such factorizations.

If NN is odd, every divisor pair works, so NN needs 99 or 1010 divisors, i.e. N=p8,N = p^8, p9,p^9, p2q2,p^2q^2, or pq4pq^4 with p,qp, q distinct odd primes. Below 1000,1000, p8p^8 and p9p^9 are impossible, p2q2p^2 q^2 gives 225225 and 441,441, and pq4pq^4 gives 345,3^4 \cdot 5, 347,3^4 \cdot 7, 3411:3^4 \cdot 11: five odd values.

If NN is even, both factors must be even, so N=4MN = 4M and the factorizations correspond to divisor pairs of M,M, with no parity restriction; we need M<250M \lt 250 with 99 or 1010 divisors. With 99 divisors: 36,36, 100,100, 196,196, 225.225. With 1010 divisors (pq4pq^4): 324,3 \cdot 2^4, 524,5 \cdot 2^4, 724,7 \cdot 2^4, 1124,11 \cdot 2^4, 1324,13 \cdot 2^4, 234.2 \cdot 3^4. That is 4+6=104 + 6 = 10 even values, for a total of 5+10=15.5 + 10 = 15.

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