2006 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

对每个正偶数 xx, 令 g(x)g(x) 表示整除 xx 的最大 22 的幂。例如, g(20)=4g(20) = 4,且 g(16)=16g(16) = 16。 对每个正整数 nn, 令 Sn=k=12n1g(2k)S_n = \sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}} g(2k)。 求小于 10001000 且使 SnS_n 为完全平方数的最大整数 nn

For each even positive integer x,x, let g(x)g(x) denote the greatest power of 22 that divides x.x. For example, g(20)=4g(20) = 4 and g(16)=16.g(16) = 16. For each positive integer n,n, let Sn=k=12n1g(2k).S_n = \sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}} g(2k). Find the greatest integer nn less than 10001000 such that SnS_n is a perfect square.

答案:899
知识点:2的幂完全平方数求和
难度评级:2990
解答:

SnS_n 是对偶数 2,4,,2n2, 4, \ldots, 2^n 上的 gg 求和。在这 2n12^{n-1} 个数中, 对每个 1in11 \le i \le n - 1, 恰有 2n1i2^{n-1-i} 个数能被 2i2^i 整除但不能被 2i+12^{i+1} 整除(所以 g=2ig = 2^i),另有唯一的数 2n2^n 满足 g=2ng = 2^n。 因此 Sn=i=1n12i2n1i+2n=(n1)2n1+2n=(n+1)2n1. \begin{aligned} S_n &= \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 2^i \cdot 2^{n-1-i} \\ &\quad {}+ 2^n \\ &= (n-1) 2^{n-1} + 2^n \\ &= (n+1) 2^{n-1}. \end{aligned}

nn 为偶数,则 n+1n + 1 为奇数,而指数 n1n - 1 为奇数,因此 SnS_n 中含有奇数个因子 22,不可能是完全平方数。若 nn 为奇数,则 2n12^{n-1} 已经是完全平方数,所以 SnS_n 是完全平方数当且仅当 n+1n + 1 是完全平方数。

对奇数 nn,数 n+1n + 1 为偶数。在 n<1000n \lt 1000 的条件下,不超过 10001000 的最大偶完全平方数是 900=302900 = 30^2。因此小于一千的最大有效整数是 n=899n = 899

SnS_n is the sum of gg over the even numbers 2,4,,2n.2, 4, \ldots, 2^n. Among these 2n12^{n-1} numbers, exactly 2n1i2^{n-1-i} are divisible by 2i2^i but not 2i+12^{i+1} (so have g=2ig = 2^i) for each 1in1,1 \le i \le n - 1, and the single number 2n2^n has g=2n.g = 2^n. Hence Sn=i=1n12i2n1i+2n=(n1)2n1+2n=(n+1)2n1. \begin{aligned} S_n &= \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 2^i \cdot 2^{n-1-i} \\ &\quad {}+ 2^n \\ &= (n-1) 2^{n-1} + 2^n \\ &= (n+1) 2^{n-1}. \end{aligned}

If nn is even, then n+1n + 1 is odd and the exponent n1n - 1 is odd, so SnS_n has an odd number of factors of 22 and cannot be a perfect square. If nn is odd, then 2n12^{n-1} is already a perfect square, so SnS_n is a perfect square exactly when n+1n + 1 is.

For odd n,n, the number n+1n + 1 is even, and the greatest even perfect square at most 10001000 is 900=302.900 = 30^2. Thus the greatest valid n<1000n \lt 1000 is n=899.n = 899.

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