2006 AIME I 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

在四边形 ABCDABCD 中,B\angle B 是直角,对角线 AC\overline{AC} 垂直于 CD\overline{CD},且 AB=18AB = 18BC=21BC = 21CD=14CD = 14。求四边形 ABCDABCD 的周长。

In quadrilateral ABCD,ABCD, B\angle B is a right angle, diagonal AC\overline{AC} is perpendicular to CD,\overline{CD}, AB=18,AB = 18, BC=21,BC = 21, and CD=14.CD = 14. Find the perimeter of ABCD.ABCD.

知识点:勾股定理周长
难度评级:1790
小提示:

对角线 AC\overline{AC} 把四边形分成两个共用 ACAC 的直角三角形

Diagonal AC\overline{AC} splits the quadrilateral into two right triangles that share ACAC

大提示:

两次使用勾股定理:DA2=(AB2+BC2)+CD2DA^2 = (AB^2 + BC^2) + CD^2

Apply the Pythagorean theorem twice: DA2=(AB2+BC2)+CD2DA^2 = (AB^2 + BC^2) + CD^2

解答:

三角形 ABCABCBB 处为直角,所以 AC2=182+212=765AC^2 = 18^2 + 21^2 = 765。三角形 ACDACDCC 处为直角,所以 DA2=AC2+CD2DA^2 = AC^2 + CD^2 =765+196=961= 765 + 196 = 961,得 DA=31DA = 31

周长为 18+21+14+31=8418 + 21 + 14 + 31 = 84

Triangle ABCABC is right-angled at B,B, so AC2=182+212=765.AC^2 = 18^2 + 21^2 = 765. Triangle ACDACD is right-angled at C,C, so DA2=AC2+CD2DA^2 = AC^2 + CD^2 =765+196=961,= 765 + 196 = 961, giving DA=31.DA = 31.

The perimeter is 18+21+14+31=84.18 + 21 + 14 + 31 = 84.

2.

设集合 A\mathcal{A}9090 个元素,且是 {1,2,3,,100}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 100\} 的子集;设 SSA\mathcal{A} 中元素的和。求 SS 可能取值的个数。

Let set A\mathcal{A} be a 9090-element subset of {1,2,3,,100},\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 100\}, and let SS be the sum of the elements of A.\mathcal{A}. Find the number of possible values of S.S.

难度评级:1890
小提示:

先求最小和最大可能和,再说明两者之间的每个值都能出现

Find the smallest and largest possible sums, then show every value between them occurs

大提示:

如果和还不是最大,则有某个 kk 属于 A\mathcal{A},并满足 k+1Ak + 1 \notin \mathcal{A};将 kk 换成 k+1k + 1 会使和恰好增加 11

If the sum is not maximal, some element kk of A\mathcal{A} has k+1A;k + 1 \notin \mathcal{A}; replacing kk by k+1k + 1 raises the sum by exactly 11

解答:

最小可能和为 1+2++90=40951 + 2 + \cdots + 90 = 4095,最大可能和为 11+12++100=499511 + 12 + \cdots + 100 = 4995

中间的每个整数也都能出现。假设 A\mathcal{A} 的和为 S4994S \le 4994,令 kkA\mathcal{A} 中满足 k+1Ak + 1 \notin \mathcal{A} 的最小元素。若 kk100100,则 A\mathcal{A} 必定是以 100100 结尾的一段连续整数,即 {11,,100}\{11, \ldots, 100\},其和超过 49944994。因此 k100k \ne 100,将 kk 换成 k+1k + 1 会得到一个含 9090 个元素、和为 S+1S + 1 的子集。

所以 SS 取遍从 4095409549954995 的所有值,共有 49954095+1=9014995 - 4095 + 1 = 901 个可能值。

The smallest possible sum is 1+2++90=4095,1 + 2 + \cdots + 90 = 4095, and the largest is 11+12++100=4995.11 + 12 + \cdots + 100 = 4995.

Every integer in between also occurs. Suppose A\mathcal{A} has sum S4994,S \le 4994, and let kk be the smallest element of A\mathcal{A} with k+1A.k + 1 \notin \mathcal{A}. If kk were 100,100, then A\mathcal{A} would be a block of consecutive integers ending at 100,100, namely {11,,100},\{11, \ldots, 100\}, whose sum exceeds 4994.4994. So k100,k \ne 100, and replacing kk by k+1k + 1 produces a 9090-element subset with sum S+1.S + 1.

Hence SS takes every value from 40954095 to 4995,4995, for 49954095+1=9014995 - 4095 + 1 = 901 possible values.

3.

求最小的正整数,使得删去它最左边的数字后,所得整数是原整数的 129\frac{1}{29}

Find the least positive integer such that when its leftmost digit is deleted, the resulting integer is 129\frac{1}{29} of the original integer.

难度评级:2020
小提示:

若最左边数字 dd10p10^p 位,删去后剩下 nn,则 d10p+n=29nd \cdot 10^p + n = 29n

If the leftmost digit dd sits in the 10p10^p place and nn remains after deleting it, then d10p+n=29nd \cdot 10^p + n = 29n

大提示:

d10p=28nd \cdot 10^p = 28n 强制 dd 能被 77 整除,所以 d=7d = 710p=4n10^p = 4n

d10p=28nd \cdot 10^p = 28n forces dd to be divisible by 7,7, so d=7d = 7 and 10p=4n10^p = 4n

解答:

dd 为最左边的数字,nn 为删去它后剩下的整数,则原整数为 d10p+nd \cdot 10^p + n,其中 pp 为某个正整数。条件给出 d10p+n=29nd \cdot 10^p + n = 29n,所以 d10p=28nd \cdot 10^p = 28n

因为 28n28n 能被 77 整除但 10p10^p 不能,数字 dd 必须是 77 的倍数,所以 d=7d = 7。于是 10p=4n10^p = 4n,得 n=2510p2n = 25 \cdot 10^{p-2},这要求 p2p \ge 2。最小情形为 p=2p = 2n=25n = 25

最小的这样的整数是 725725,且确实有 725=2925725 = 29 \cdot 25

Let dd be the leftmost digit and nn the integer that remains after deleting it, so the original integer is d10p+nd \cdot 10^p + n for some positive integer p.p. The condition says d10p+n=29n,d \cdot 10^p + n = 29n, so d10p=28n.d \cdot 10^p = 28n.

Since 28n28n is divisible by 77 but 10p10^p is not, the digit dd must be a multiple of 7,7, so d=7.d = 7. Then 10p=4n,10^p = 4n, giving n=2510p2,n = 25 \cdot 10^{p-2}, which requires p2.p \ge 2. The smallest case is p=2,p = 2, n=25.n = 25.

The least such integer is 725,725, and indeed 725=2925.725 = 29 \cdot 25.

4.

NN 为乘积 1!2!3!4!99!100!1!\,2!\,3!\,4! \cdots 99!\,100! 的十进制写法末尾连续 00 的个数。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let NN be the number of consecutive 00’s at the right end of the decimal representation of the product 1!2!3!4!99!100!.1!\,2!\,3!\,4! \cdots 99!\,100!. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2400
小提示:

计算因子 55 的个数:整数 jj 恰好作为因子出现在 101j101 - j 个阶乘中

Count factors of 5:5: the integer jj appears as a factor in exactly 101j101 - j of the factorials

大提示:

先求 101j101 - j 在所有 55 的倍数处的和;再对 2525 的倍数额外加同样的和,计入它们的第二个因子 55

Sum 101j101 - j over all multiples of 5,5, then add the same sum over multiples of 2525 for their second factor of 55

解答:

因子 22 非常充足,所以 NN 是该乘积中因子 55 的指数。每个整数 jj,只要满足 1j1001 \le j \le 100,就恰好作为因子出现在 101j101 - j 个阶乘中,即 j!,(j+1)!,,100!j!, (j+1)!, \ldots, 100!

每个 55 的倍数每出现一次就贡献一个因子 55,每个 2525 的倍数还要再贡献一个。对 j=5,10,,100j = 5, 10, \ldots, 100,出现次数总和为 96+91++1=20972=97096 + 91 + \cdots + 1 = \frac{20 \cdot 97}{2} = 970,对 j=25,50,75,100j = 25, 50, 75, 100,出现次数总和为 76+51+26+1=15476 + 51 + 26 + 1 = 154

因此 N=970+154=1124N = 970 + 154 = 1124,除以 10001000 的余数为 124124

Factors of 22 are plentiful, so NN is the exponent of 55 in the product. Each integer jj with 1j1001 \le j \le 100 appears as a factor in exactly 101j101 - j of the factorials, namely j!,(j+1)!,,100!.j!, (j+1)!, \ldots, 100!.

Every multiple of 55 contributes one factor of 55 per appearance, and every multiple of 2525 contributes one more. Over j=5,10,,100j = 5, 10, \ldots, 100 the appearances total 96+91++1=20972=970,96 + 91 + \cdots + 1 = \frac{20 \cdot 97}{2} = 970, and over j=25,50,75,100j = 25, 50, 75, 100 they total 76+51+26+1=154.76 + 51 + 26 + 1 = 154.

Hence N=970+154=1124,N = 970 + 154 = 1124, and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 124.124.

5.

1046+46810+14415+2006\small \sqrt{104\sqrt{6} + 468\sqrt{10} + 144\sqrt{15} + 2006} 可以写成 a2+b3+c5a\sqrt{2} + b\sqrt{3} + c\sqrt{5},其中 aabbcc 为正整数。求 abca \cdot b \cdot c

The number 1046+46810+14415+2006\small \sqrt{104\sqrt{6} + 468\sqrt{10} + 144\sqrt{15} + 2006} can be written as a2+b3+c5,a\sqrt{2} + b\sqrt{3} + c\sqrt{5}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers. Find abc.a \cdot b \cdot c.

难度评级:2270
小提示:

a2+b3+c5a\sqrt{2} + b\sqrt{3} + c\sqrt{5} 平方,并比较 6\sqrt{6}10\sqrt{10}15\sqrt{15} 的系数

Square a2+b3+c5a\sqrt{2} + b\sqrt{3} + c\sqrt{5} and match the coefficients of 6,\sqrt{6}, 10,\sqrt{10}, and 15\sqrt{15}

大提示:

(abc)2=(ab)(ac)(bc)(abc)^2 = (ab)(ac)(bc),因此不需要分别求出 aabbcc

(abc)2=(ab)(ac)(bc),(abc)^2 = (ab)(ac)(bc), so you never need a,a, b,b, cc individually

解答:

a2+b3+c5a\sqrt{2} + b\sqrt{3} + c\sqrt{5} 平方得到 2a2+3b2+5c2+2ab6+2ac10+2bc15 \begin{aligned} &2a^2 + 3b^2 + 5c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2ab\sqrt{6} + 2ac\sqrt{10} \\ &\quad {}+ 2bc\sqrt{15} \end{aligned}\text{。}比较系数可得 2ab=1042ab = 1042ac=4682ac = 4682bc=1442bc = 144,即 ab=52ab = 52ac=234ac = 234bc=72bc = 72,同时 2a2+3b2+5c2=20062a^2 + 3b^2 + 5c^2 = 2006

于是 (abc)2=(ab)(ac)(bc)=5223472=876096=9362 \begin{aligned} (abc)^2 &= (ab)(ac)(bc) \\ &= 52 \cdot 234 \cdot 72 \\ &= 876096 = 936^2 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 abc=936abc = 936。作为检验,a=abcbc=13a = \frac{abc}{bc} = 13b=abcac=4b = \frac{abc}{ac} = 4c=abcab=18c = \frac{abc}{ab} = 18,并且 2169+316+5324=338+48+1620=2006 \begin{aligned} &2 \cdot 169 + 3 \cdot 16 + 5 \cdot 324 \\ &= 338 + 48 + 1620 \\ &= 2006 \end{aligned}\text{,}符合要求。

因此 abc=936a \cdot b \cdot c = 936

Squaring a2+b3+c5a\sqrt{2} + b\sqrt{3} + c\sqrt{5} gives 2a2+3b2+5c2+2ab6+2ac10+2bc15. \begin{aligned} &2a^2 + 3b^2 + 5c^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2ab\sqrt{6} + 2ac\sqrt{10} \\ &\quad {}+ 2bc\sqrt{15}. \end{aligned} Matching coefficients yields 2ab=104,2ab = 104, 2ac=468,2ac = 468, 2bc=144,2bc = 144, that is ab=52,ab = 52, ac=234,ac = 234, bc=72,bc = 72, along with 2a2+3b2+5c2=2006.2a^2 + 3b^2 + 5c^2 = 2006.

Then (abc)2=(ab)(ac)(bc)=5223472=876096=9362, \begin{aligned} (abc)^2 &= (ab)(ac)(bc) \\ &= 52 \cdot 234 \cdot 72 \\ &= 876096 = 936^2, \end{aligned} so abc=936.abc = 936. As a check, a=abcbc=13,a = \frac{abc}{bc} = 13, b=abcac=4,b = \frac{abc}{ac} = 4, c=abcab=18,c = \frac{abc}{ab} = 18, and 2169+316+5324=338+48+1620=2006, \begin{aligned} &2 \cdot 169 + 3 \cdot 16 + 5 \cdot 324 \\ &= 338 + 48 + 1620 \\ &= 2006, \end{aligned} as required.

Therefore abc=936.a \cdot b \cdot c = 936.

6.

S\mathcal{S} 为所有能表示成循环小数 0.abc0.\overline{abc} 的实数组成的集合,其中 aabbcc 是互不相同的数字。求 S\mathcal{S} 中所有元素的和。

Let S\mathcal{S} be the set of real numbers that can be represented as repeating decimals of the form 0.abc0.\overline{abc} where a,a, b,b, cc are distinct digits. Find the sum of the elements of S.\mathcal{S}.

难度评级:2300
小提示:

0.abc=100a+10b+c9990.\overline{abc} = \frac{100a + 10b + c}{999},且共有 1098=72010 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 = 720 个元素要相加

0.abc=100a+10b+c999,0.\overline{abc} = \frac{100a + 10b + c}{999}, and there are 1098=72010 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 = 720 elements to add

大提示:

由对称性,数字 0099 中每一个在三个位置上都恰好出现 7272

By symmetry each digit 00 through 99 appears exactly 7272 times in each of the three positions

解答:

每个元素等于 0.abc=100a+10b+c9990.\overline{abc} = \frac{100a + 10b + c}{999},互异数字的有序三元组共有 1098=72010 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 = 720 个。由对称性,数字 0099 中每一个在三个位置上都恰好出现 72010=72\frac{720}{10} = 72 次。

因此分子总和为 72(0+1++9)(100+10+1)=7245111=359640 \begin{aligned} &72 (0 + 1 + \cdots + 9) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (100 + 10 + 1) \\ &= 72 \cdot 45 \cdot 111 = 359640 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以所有元素的和为 359640999=360\frac{359640}{999} = 360

Each element equals 0.abc=100a+10b+c999,0.\overline{abc} = \frac{100a + 10b + c}{999}, and there are 1098=72010 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 = 720 ordered triples of distinct digits. By symmetry, each digit 00 through 99 appears in each of the three positions exactly 72010=72\frac{720}{10} = 72 times.

The numerators therefore total 72(0+1++9)(100+10+1)=7245111=359640, \begin{aligned} &72 (0 + 1 + \cdots + 9) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (100 + 10 + 1) \\ &= 72 \cdot 45 \cdot 111 = 359640, \end{aligned} so the sum of the elements is 359640999=360.\frac{359640}{999} = 360.

7.

如图,在一组等距平行线上画出一个角。阴影区域 C\mathcal{C} 的面积与阴影区域 B\mathcal{B} 的面积之比为 115\frac{11}{5}。求阴影区域 D\mathcal{D} 的面积与阴影区域 A\mathcal{A} 的面积之比。

An angle is drawn on a set of equally spaced parallel lines as shown. The ratio of the area of shaded region C\mathcal{C} to the area of shaded region B\mathcal{B} is 115.\frac{11}{5}. Find the ratio of the area of shaded region D\mathcal{D} to the area of shaded region A.\mathcal{A}.

难度评级:2500
小提示:

令平行线间距为一,每个区域都是相似三角形面积之差,所以面积随到顶点距离的平方缩放

With unit spacing, every region is a difference of similar triangles, so areas scale as squares of distances from the vertex

大提示:

xx 是顶点到第一条线的距离,则 CB=2x+72x+3=115\frac{\mathcal{C}}{\mathcal{B}} = \frac{2x+7}{2x+3} = \frac{11}{5} 可确定 xx

If xx is the vertex’s distance to the first line, then CB=2x+72x+3=115\frac{\mathcal{C}}{\mathcal{B}} = \frac{2x+7}{2x+3} = \frac{11}{5} determines xx

解答:

取相邻平行线的间距为单位长度,令 xx 为角的顶点到第一条线的距离。第 jj 条线截出的三角形与 A\mathcal{A} 相似,相似比为 x+j1x\frac{x + j - 1}{x},所以其面积与 (x+j1)2(x + j - 1)^2 成正比,而第 jj 条线与第 j+1j + 1 条线之间的条带面积与 (x+j)2(x + j)^2 (x+j1)2=2x+2j1- (x + j - 1)^2 = 2x + 2j - 1 成正比。

区域 B\mathcal{B}C\mathcal{C}D\mathcal{D} 分别是从第 224466 条线开始的条带,面积分别与 2x+32x + 32x+72x + 72x+112x + 11 成正比。已知比值得 2x+72x+3=115\frac{2x+7}{2x+3} = \frac{11}{5},所以 10x+35=22x+3310x + 35 = 22x + 33,从而 x=16x = \frac{1}{6}

因为 A\mathcal{A} 的面积与 x2x^2 成正比,所求比值为 2x+11x2=343136=408\frac{2x + 11}{x^2} = \frac{\frac{34}{3}}{\frac{1}{36}} = 408

Take the spacing between consecutive lines as the unit, and let xx be the distance from the vertex of the angle to the first line. The triangle cut off by the jjth line is similar to triangle A\mathcal{A} with ratio x+j1x,\frac{x + j - 1}{x}, so its area is proportional to (x+j1)2,(x + j - 1)^2, and the strip between lines jj and j+1j + 1 has area proportional to (x+j)2(x + j)^2 (x+j1)2=2x+2j1.- (x + j - 1)^2 = 2x + 2j - 1.

Regions B,\mathcal{B}, C,\mathcal{C}, and D\mathcal{D} are the strips beginning at lines 2,2, 4,4, and 6,6, with areas proportional to 2x+3,2x + 3, 2x+7,2x + 7, and 2x+11.2x + 11. The given ratio yields 2x+72x+3=115,\frac{2x+7}{2x+3} = \frac{11}{5}, so 10x+35=22x+3310x + 35 = 22x + 33 and x=16.x = \frac{1}{6}.

Since A\mathcal{A} has area proportional to x2,x^2, the requested ratio is 2x+11x2=343136=408.\frac{2x + 11}{x^2} = \frac{\frac{34}{3}}{\frac{1}{36}} = 408.

8.

如图,六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 被分成五个菱形 P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q}R\mathcal{R}S\mathcal{S}T\mathcal{T}。菱形 P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q}R\mathcal{R}S\mathcal{S} 全等,每个面积都是 2006\sqrt{2006}。令 KK 为菱形 T\mathcal{T} 的面积。已知 KK 是正整数,求 KK 可能取值的个数。

Hexagon ABCDEFABCDEF is divided into five rhombuses, P,\mathcal{P}, Q,\mathcal{Q}, R,\mathcal{R}, S,\mathcal{S}, and T,\mathcal{T}, as shown. Rhombuses P,\mathcal{P}, Q,\mathcal{Q}, R,\mathcal{R}, and S\mathcal{S} are congruent, and each has area 2006.\sqrt{2006}. Let KK be the area of rhombus T.\mathcal{T}. Given that KK is a positive integer, find the number of possible values for K.K.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

五个菱形有相同的边长,并且沿 AB\overline{AB} 相接的三个角之和为 180180^\circ

All five rhombuses share the same side length, and the three angles meeting along AB\overline{AB} add to 180180^\circ

大提示:

若每个全等菱形的面积为 z2sinαz^2 \sin\alpha,则 K=22006cosαK = 2\sqrt{2006}\,\cos\alpha;判断它能等于哪些正整数

If each congruent rhombus has area z2sinα,z^2 \sin\alpha, then K=22006cosα;K = 2\sqrt{2006}\,\cos\alpha; find which positive integers this can equal

解答:

因为 T\mathcal{T} 与其余每个菱形都共用一条边,五个菱形都有相同边长 zz。设 YYT\mathcal{T}AB\overline{AB} 上的顶点,并令 α\alphaP\mathcal{P}YY 处的角。则每个全等菱形的面积为 z2sinα=2006z^2 \sin\alpha = \sqrt{2006}P\mathcal{P}T\mathcal{T}Q\mathcal{Q}YY 处的角排在直线 ABAB 上,且由对称性 Q\mathcal{Q} 在该处的角也等于 α\alpha,所以 T\mathcal{T} 的角为 1802α180^\circ - 2\alpha。因此 K=z2sin(1802α)=z2sin2α=2z2sinαcosα=22006cosα \begin{aligned} K &= z^2 \sin(180^\circ - 2\alpha) \\ &= z^2 \sin 2\alpha \\ &= 2 z^2 \sin\alpha \cos\alpha \\ &= 2\sqrt{2006}\,\cos\alpha \end{aligned}\text{。}

α\alpha(0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) 中变化时,cosα\cos\alpha 取遍 (0,1)(0, 1) 中的所有值,所以 KK 取遍 (0,8024)\left(0, \sqrt{8024}\right) 中的所有值。因为 892=792189^2 = 7921 <8024\lt 8024 <8100=902\lt 8100 = 90^2,可能的正整数值为 1,2,,891, 2, \ldots, 89,共有 8989 个。

Since T\mathcal{T} shares a side with each of the other rhombuses, all five have the same side length z.z. Let YY be the vertex of T\mathcal{T} on AB,\overline{AB}, and let α\alpha be the angle of P\mathcal{P} at Y.Y. Then each congruent rhombus has area z2sinα=2006.z^2 \sin\alpha = \sqrt{2006}. The angles of P,\mathcal{P}, T,\mathcal{T}, and Q\mathcal{Q} at YY lie along the line AB,AB, and by symmetry Q\mathcal{Q}’s angle there also equals α,\alpha, so T\mathcal{T}’s angle is 1802α.180^\circ - 2\alpha. Hence K=z2sin(1802α)=z2sin2α=2z2sinαcosα=22006cosα. \begin{aligned} K &= z^2 \sin(180^\circ - 2\alpha) \\ &= z^2 \sin 2\alpha \\ &= 2 z^2 \sin\alpha \cos\alpha \\ &= 2\sqrt{2006}\,\cos\alpha. \end{aligned}

As α\alpha ranges over (0,90),(0^\circ, 90^\circ), the value cosα\cos\alpha takes every value in (0,1),(0, 1), so KK takes every value in (0,8024).\left(0, \sqrt{8024}\right). Since 892=792189^2 = 7921 <8024\lt 8024 <8100=902,\lt 8100 = 90^2, the possible positive integer values are 1,2,,89:1, 2, \ldots, 89: there are 8989 of them.

9.

数列 a1a_1a2a_2\ldots 是等比数列,a1=aa_1 = a,公比为 rr,其中 aarr 都是正整数。已知 log8a1+log8a2++log8a12\log_8 a_1 + \log_8 a_2 + \cdots + \log_8 a_{12} =2006= 2006,求有序数对 (a,r)(a, r) 的可能个数。

The sequence a1,a_1, a2,a_2, \ldots is geometric with a1=aa_1 = a and common ratio r,r, where aa and rr are positive integers. Given that log8a1+log8a2++log8a12\log_8 a_1 + \log_8 a_2 + \cdots + \log_8 a_{12} =2006,= 2006, find the number of possible ordered pairs (a,r).(a, r).

难度评级:2450
小提示:

合并对数:前十二项的乘积为 a12r66a^{12} r^{66},它必须等于 820068^{2006}

Combine the logs: the product of the twelve terms is a12r66,a^{12} r^{66}, which must equal 820068^{2006}

大提示:

a=2xa = 2^xr=2yr = 2^y,并数出 2x+11y=10032x + 11y = 1003 的非负整数解;奇偶性迫使 yy 为奇数

Write a=2x,a = 2^x, r=2yr = 2^y and count nonnegative solutions of 2x+11y=1003;2x + 11y = 1003; parity forces yy odd

解答:

对数之和为 log8(a1a2a12)=log8 ⁣(a12r66)\log_8 (a_1 a_2 \cdots a_{12}) = \log_8\!\left(a^{12} r^{66}\right),所以 a12r66=82006=26018a^{12} r^{66} = 8^{2006} = 2^{6018},从而 a2r11=21003a^2 r^{11} = 2^{1003}

因此 aarr 都是 22 的幂:写 a=2xa = 2^xr=2yr = 2^y,其中整数 x,y0x, y \ge 02x+11y=10032x + 11y = 1003。因为 2x2x 是偶数而 10031003 是奇数,yy 必须为奇数,设 y=2k1y = 2k - 1,其中 k1k \ge 1。则 x=50711k0x = 507 - 11k \ge 0 当且仅当 k50711=46k \le \lfloor \frac{507}{11} \rfloor = 46

每个 k=1,2,,46k = 1, 2, \ldots, 46 给出一个数对,所以有 4646 个有序数对 (a,r)(a, r)

The sum of the logarithms is log8(a1a2a12)=log8 ⁣(a12r66),\log_8 (a_1 a_2 \cdots a_{12}) = \log_8\!\left(a^{12} r^{66}\right), so a12r66=82006=26018,a^{12} r^{66} = 8^{2006} = 2^{6018}, which gives a2r11=21003.a^2 r^{11} = 2^{1003}.

Thus aa and rr are powers of 2:2: write a=2xa = 2^x and r=2yr = 2^y with integers x,y0x, y \ge 0 and 2x+11y=1003.2x + 11y = 1003. Since 2x2x is even and 10031003 is odd, yy must be odd, say y=2k1y = 2k - 1 for k1.k \ge 1. Then x=50711k0x = 507 - 11k \ge 0 exactly when k50711=46.k \le \lfloor \frac{507}{11} \rfloor = 46.

Each k=1,2,,46k = 1, 2, \ldots, 46 gives one pair, so there are 4646 ordered pairs (a,r).(a, r).

10.

如图,八个直径为 11 的圆被摆放在坐标平面的第一象限中。设区域 R\mathcal{R} 为这八个圆形区域的并集。直线 \ell 的斜率为 33,并将 R\mathcal{R} 分成面积相等的两部分。直线 \ell 的方程可写成 ax=by+cax = by + c,其中 aabbcc 是最大公因数为 11 的正整数。求 a2+b2+c2a^2 + b^2 + c^2

Eight circles of diameter 11 are packed in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane as shown. Let region R\mathcal{R} be the union of the eight circular regions. Line ,\ell, with slope 3,3, divides R\mathcal{R} into two regions of equal area. Line \ell’s equation can be expressed in the form ax=by+c,ax = by + c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers whose greatest common divisor is 1.1. Find a2+b2+c2.a^2 + b^2 + c^2.

难度评级:2610
小提示:

任何经过两个全等圆相切点的直线,都会把这对圆的总面积平分

Any line through the point where two congruent circles touch splits that pair’s area evenly

大提示:

经过 (1,12)\left(1, \frac{1}{2}\right)(32,2)\left(\frac{3}{2}, 2\right) 的直线斜率为 33,且两侧各留下两个完整的圆

The line through (1,12)\left(1, \frac{1}{2}\right) and (32,2)\left(\frac{3}{2}, 2\right) has slope 33 and leaves two whole circles on each side

解答:

这些圆的半径为 12\frac{1}{2},圆心分别为 (12,12)\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)(32,12)\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)(52,12)\left(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)(12,32)\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right)(32,32)\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right)(52,32)\left(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right)(12,52)\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{5}{2}\right)(32,52)\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{5}{2}\right)。在 A=(1,12)A = \left(1, \frac{1}{2}\right) 相切的那对圆关于 AA 对称,所以任何经过 AA 的直线都会平分这对圆的面积;同理,在 B=(32,2)B = \left(\frac{3}{2}, 2\right) 相切的那对圆也是如此。直线 ABAB 的斜率为 212321=3\frac{2 - \frac{1}{2}}{\frac{3}{2} - 1} = 3

直线 ABAB 完全不经过其余四个圆,并且这四个圆恰有两个在它的每一侧,所以它把 R\mathcal{R} 分成面积相等的两部分。平移一条斜率为 33 的直线会严格地把面积从一侧移到另一侧,所以 \ell 必定就是这条直线。

其方程为 y12=3(x1)y - \frac{1}{2} = 3(x - 1),即 6x=2y+56x = 2y + 5。由于 gcd(6,2,5)=1\gcd(6, 2, 5) = 1,答案为 a2+b2+c2=36+4+25=65a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 36 + 4 + 25 = 65

The circles have radius 12\frac{1}{2} and centers at (12,12),\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), (32,12),\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), (52,12),\left(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right), (12,32),\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right), (32,32),\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right), (52,32),\left(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right), (12,52),\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{5}{2}\right), and (32,52).\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{5}{2}\right). The pair of circles tangent at A=(1,12)A = \left(1, \frac{1}{2}\right) is symmetric about A,A, so any line through AA bisects that pair’s area; similarly for the pair tangent at B=(32,2).B = \left(\frac{3}{2}, 2\right). The line ABAB has slope 212321=3.\frac{2 - \frac{1}{2}}{\frac{3}{2} - 1} = 3.

Line ABAB misses the remaining four circles entirely, and exactly two of them lie on each side of it, so it divides R\mathcal{R} into two regions of equal area. Sliding a slope-33 line strictly shifts area from one side to the other, so \ell must be this line.

Its equation is y12=3(x1),y - \frac{1}{2} = 3(x - 1), that is, 6x=2y+5.6x = 2y + 5. With gcd(6,2,5)=1,\gcd(6, 2, 5) = 1, the answer is a2+b2+c2=36+4+25=65.a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 36 + 4 + 25 = 65.

11.

一组 88 个立方体中,对每个整数 kk,都恰有一个棱长为 kk 的立方体,其中 1k81 \le k \le 8。要按照以下规则用全部 88 个立方体搭成一座塔:

• 任何立方体都可以作为塔底的立方体。

• 紧放在棱长为 kk 的立方体上方的立方体,其棱长至多为 k+2k + 2

TT 为可以搭成的不同塔的数量。求 TT 除以 10001000 的余数。

A collection of 88 cubes consists of one cube with edge-length kk for each integer k,k, 1k8.1 \le k \le 8. A tower is to be built using all 88 cubes according to the rules:

• Any cube may be the bottom cube in the tower.

• The cube immediately on top of a cube with edge-length kk must have edge-length at most k+2.k + 2.

Let TT be the number of different towers that can be constructed. What is the remainder when TT is divided by 1000?1000?

知识点:递推计数双射
难度评级:2760
小提示:

通过把最大的立方体插入一个由较小立方体组成的合法塔,来构造由 1,,n+11, \ldots, n + 1 号立方体组成的塔

Build towers of the cubes 1,,n+11, \ldots, n + 1 by inserting the largest cube into a legal tower of the smaller ones

大提示:

n2n \ge 2 时,立方体 n+1n + 1 可以放在塔底、放在立方体 nn 上、或放在立方体 n1n - 1 上,数量每步乘以三

For n2,n \ge 2, cube n+1n + 1 can go on the bottom, on cube n,n, or on cube n1n - 1 — the count triples at each step

解答:

S(n)S(n) 为使用棱长 1,,n1, \ldots, n 的立方体搭成合法塔的数量。给定一个由 n2n \ge 2 个立方体组成的合法塔,立方体 n+1n + 1 恰好可以插入三个位置:塔底、紧放在立方体 nn 上方、或紧放在立方体 n1n - 1 上方(若放在其他位置,它会压在棱长至多为 n2n - 2 的立方体上,违反规则)。每种插入后仍然合法,因为最后位于立方体 n+1n + 1 上方的立方体棱长至多为 n<(n+1)+2n \lt (n+1) + 2。反过来,从一个由 n+1n + 1 个立方体组成的合法塔中删去立方体 n+1n + 1 后仍是合法塔:原来在它上方的立方体棱长至多为 nn 会落到一个棱长至少为 n1n - 1 的立方体上。

因此 S(n+1)=3S(n)S(n + 1) = 3 S(n)n2n \ge 2 成立。因为 S(2)=2S(2) = 2(两个立方体任意一个都可以在上面),所以 T=S(8)=236=1458T = S(8) = 2 \cdot 3^6 = 1458,余数为 458458

Let S(n)S(n) be the number of legal towers using the cubes of edge-lengths 1,,n.1, \ldots, n. Given a legal tower of n2n \ge 2 cubes, cube n+1n + 1 can be inserted in exactly three places: at the bottom, immediately on top of cube n,n, or immediately on top of cube n1n - 1 (anywhere else it would rest on a cube of edge-length at most n2,n - 2, violating the rule). Each insertion stays legal, because the cube that ends up on top of cube n+1n + 1 has edge-length at most n<(n+1)+2.n \lt (n+1) + 2. Conversely, deleting cube n+1n + 1 from a legal tower of n+1n + 1 cubes leaves a legal tower: the cube that was above it, of edge-length at most n,n, lands on a cube of edge-length at least n1.n - 1.

Hence S(n+1)=3S(n)S(n + 1) = 3 S(n) for n2.n \ge 2. Since S(2)=2S(2) = 2 (either of the two cubes may be on top), we get T=S(8)=236=1458,T = S(8) = 2 \cdot 3^6 = 1458, and the remainder is 458.458.

12.

xx 的所有取值之和,其中 cos33x+cos35x\cos^3 3x + \cos^3 5x =8cos34xcos3x= 8 \cos^3 4x \cos^3 x,且 xx 以度为单位并满足 100<x<200100 \lt x \lt 200

Find the sum of the values of xx such that cos33x+cos35x\cos^3 3x + \cos^3 5x =8cos34xcos3x,= 8 \cos^3 4x \cos^3 x, where xx is measured in degrees and 100<x<200.100 \lt x \lt 200.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

积化和差:2cos4xcosx=cos5x+cos3x2\cos 4x \cos x = \cos 5x + \cos 3x,所以方程变为 y3+z3=(y+z)3y^3 + z^3 = (y + z)^3

Product-to-sum: 2cos4xcosx=cos5x+cos3x,2\cos 4x \cos x = \cos 5x + \cos 3x, so the equation reads y3+z3=(y+z)3y^3 + z^3 = (y + z)^3

大提示:

(y+z)3y3z3=3yz(y+z)(y+z)^3 - y^3 - z^3 = 3yz(y+z),所以 cos3x\cos 3xcos5x\cos 5xcos4xcosx\cos 4x \cos x 中至少一个必须为零

(y+z)3y3z3=3yz(y+z),(y+z)^3 - y^3 - z^3 = 3yz(y+z), so one of cos3x,\cos 3x, cos5x,\cos 5x, cos4xcosx\cos 4x \cos x must vanish

解答:

由积化和差恒等式,2cos4xcosx=cos5x+cos3x2 \cos 4x \cos x = \cos 5x + \cos 3x,所以右边为 (cos5x+cos3x)3(\cos 5x + \cos 3x)^3。令 y=cos3xy = \cos 3xz=cos5xz = \cos 5x,方程变为 y3+z3=(y+z)3y^3 + z^3 = (y + z)^3,而 (y+z)3y3z3=3yz(y+z)(y+z)^3 - y^3 - z^3 = 3yz(y + z),所以它成立当且仅当 cos3x=0,cos5x=0 \begin{aligned} \cos 3x &= 0, \\ \cos 5x &= 0 \end{aligned}\text{,}cos4xcosx=0 \cos 4x \cos x = 0\text{。}

100<x<200100 \lt x \lt 200(单位为度):cos3x=0\cos 3x = 0 给出 x=150x = 150cos5x=0\cos 5x = 0 给出 x=126x = 126162162198198cos4x=0\cos 4x = 0 给出 x=112.5x = 112.5157.5157.5;而 cosx=0\cos x = 0 在该区间内无解。

和为 150+126+162+198+112.5+157.5=906 \begin{aligned} &150 + 126 + 162 \\ &\quad {}+ 198 + 112.5 + 157.5 \\ &= 906 \end{aligned}\text{。}

By the product-to-sum identity, 2cos4xcosx=cos5x+cos3x,2 \cos 4x \cos x = \cos 5x + \cos 3x, so the right side is (cos5x+cos3x)3.(\cos 5x + \cos 3x)^3. Setting y=cos3xy = \cos 3x and z=cos5x,z = \cos 5x, the equation becomes y3+z3=(y+z)3,y^3 + z^3 = (y + z)^3, and since (y+z)3y3z3=3yz(y+z),(y+z)^3 - y^3 - z^3 = 3yz(y + z), it holds exactly when cos3x=0,cos5x=0, \begin{aligned} \cos 3x &= 0, \\ \cos 5x &= 0, \end{aligned} or cos4xcosx=0. \cos 4x \cos x = 0.

For 100<x<200100 \lt x \lt 200 in degrees: cos3x=0\cos 3x = 0 gives x=150;x = 150; cos5x=0\cos 5x = 0 gives x=126,x = 126, 162,162, 198;198; cos4x=0\cos 4x = 0 gives x=112.5,x = 112.5, 157.5;157.5; and cosx=0\cos x = 0 gives no solutions in the interval.

The sum is 150+126+162+198+112.5+157.5=906. \begin{aligned} &150 + 126 + 162 \\ &\quad {}+ 198 + 112.5 + 157.5 \\ &= 906. \end{aligned}

13.

对每个正偶数 xx,令 g(x)g(x) 表示能整除 xx 的最大 22 的幂。例如,g(20)=4g(20) = 4,且 g(16)=16g(16) = 16。对每个正整数 nn,令 Sn=k=12n1g(2k)S_n = \sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}} g(2k)。求小于 10001000 且使 SnS_n 为完全平方数的最大整数 nn

For each even positive integer x,x, let g(x)g(x) denote the greatest power of 22 that divides x.x. For example, g(20)=4g(20) = 4 and g(16)=16.g(16) = 16. For each positive integer n,n, let Sn=k=12n1g(2k).S_n = \sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}} g(2k). Find the greatest integer nn less than 10001000 such that SnS_n is a perfect square.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

SnS_n 是函数 gg2,4,,2n2, 4, \ldots, 2^n 上的值之和;这些数中恰有 2n1i2^{n-1-i} 个满足 g=2ig = 2^i

SnS_n sums gg over 2,4,,2n;2, 4, \ldots, 2^n; exactly 2n1i2^{n-1-i} of these numbers have g=2ig = 2^i

大提示:

Sn=(n+1)2n1S_n = (n+1) 2^{n-1},所以 nn 必须为奇数,且 n+1n + 1 必须是完全平方数

Sn=(n+1)2n1,S_n = (n+1) 2^{n-1}, so nn must be odd and n+1n + 1 must be a perfect square

解答:

SnS_n 是函数 gg 在偶数 2,4,,2n2, 4, \ldots, 2^n 上的值之和。在这 2n12^{n-1} 个数中,恰有 2n1i2^{n-1-i} 个数能被 2i2^i 整除但不能被 2i+12^{i+1} 整除(所以 g=2ig = 2^i),这里 1in11 \le i \le n - 1;另有唯一的数 2n2^n 满足 g=2ng = 2^n。因此 Sn=i=1n12i2n1i+2n=(n1)2n1+2n=(n+1)2n1 \begin{aligned} S_n &= \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 2^i \cdot 2^{n-1-i} \\ &\quad {}+ 2^n \\ &= (n-1) 2^{n-1} + 2^n \\ &= (n+1) 2^{n-1} \end{aligned}\text{。}

nn 为偶数,则 n+1n + 1 为奇数,而指数 n1n - 1 为奇数,因此 SnS_n 中含有奇数个因子 22,不可能是完全平方数。若 nn 为奇数,则 2n12^{n-1} 已经是完全平方数,所以 SnS_n 是完全平方数当且仅当 n+1n + 1 是完全平方数。

对奇数 nn,数 n+1n + 1 为偶数。不超过 10001000 的最大偶完全平方数是 900=302900 = 30^2。因此,满足 n<1000n \lt 1000 的最大有效整数是 n=899n = 899

SnS_n is the sum of gg over the even numbers 2,4,,2n.2, 4, \ldots, 2^n. Among these 2n12^{n-1} numbers, exactly 2n1i2^{n-1-i} are divisible by 2i2^i but not 2i+12^{i+1} (so have g=2ig = 2^i) for each 1in1,1 \le i \le n - 1, and the single number 2n2^n has g=2n.g = 2^n. Hence Sn=i=1n12i2n1i+2n=(n1)2n1+2n=(n+1)2n1. \begin{aligned} S_n &= \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 2^i \cdot 2^{n-1-i} \\ &\quad {}+ 2^n \\ &= (n-1) 2^{n-1} + 2^n \\ &= (n+1) 2^{n-1}. \end{aligned}

If nn is even, then n+1n + 1 is odd and the exponent n1n - 1 is odd, so SnS_n has an odd number of factors of 22 and cannot be a perfect square. If nn is odd, then 2n12^{n-1} is already a perfect square, so SnS_n is a perfect square exactly when n+1n + 1 is.

For odd n,n, the number n+1n + 1 is even, and the greatest even perfect square at most 10001000 is 900=302.900 = 30^2. Thus the greatest valid n<1000n \lt 1000 is n=899.n = 899.

14.

一个三脚架有三条腿,每条长 55 英尺。三脚架架好时,任意两条腿之间的角都相等,并且三脚架顶部离地面 44 英尺。架设三脚架时,一条腿的下端 11 英尺折断脱落。设折断后的三脚架架好时,顶部离地面的高度为 hh 英尺。则 hh 可写成 mn\frac{m}{\sqrt{n}},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n\lfloor m + \sqrt{n} \rfloor。(记号 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。)

A tripod has three legs each of length 55 feet. When the tripod is set up, the angle between any pair of legs is equal to the angle between any other pair, and the top of the tripod is 44 feet from the ground. In setting up the tripod, the lower 11 foot of one leg breaks off. Let hh be the height in feet of the top of the tripod from the ground when the broken tripod is set up. Then hh can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{\sqrt{n}}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.\lfloor m + \sqrt{n} \rfloor. (The notation x\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x.x.)

难度评级:3270
小提示:

建立坐标:顶部在 (0,0,4)(0, 0, 4),三个脚端距原点 33;断腿的新端点在从顶部到原脚端的路程的 45\frac{4}{5}

Set coordinates: top at (0,0,4)(0, 0, 4) and feet 33 from the origin; the broken leg now ends 45\frac{4}{5} of the way from top to old foot

大提示:

由对称性,hhxzxz-平面中的二维距离:从 (0,4)(0, 4) 到经过断腿端点和另外两个脚端中点的直线的距离

By symmetry hh is a 2D distance in the xzxz-plane: from (0,4)(0, 4) to the line through the broken tip and the midpoint of the other two feet

解答:

将顶部放在 T=(0,0,4)T = (0, 0, 4)。每条腿长 55,所以每个脚端距原点 33A=(3,0,0)A = (3, 0, 0)B=(32,332,0)B = \left(-\frac{3}{2}, \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}, 0\right)C=(32,332,0)C = \left(-\frac{3}{2}, -\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}, 0\right)。断腿长度变为 44,所以它的端点为 A=45(3,0,0)A' = \frac{4}{5}(3, 0, 0) +15(0,0,4)+ \frac{1}{5}(0, 0, 4) =(125,0,45)= \left(\frac{12}{5}, 0, \frac{4}{5}\right)。现在三脚架站在平面 ABCA'BC 上,而 hh 等于从 TT 到该平面的距离。

平面 ABCA'BC 包含 BC\overline{BC},它平行于 yy-轴并经过中点 M=(32,0,0)M = \left(-\frac{3}{2}, 0, 0\right),所以从 TT 到该平面的距离可在 xzxz-平面中测量:也就是从 (0,4)(0, 4) 到经过 (32,0)\left(-\frac{3}{2}, 0\right)(125,45)\left(\frac{12}{5}, \frac{4}{5}\right) 的直线的距离,该直线方程为 8x39z+12=08x - 39z + 12 = 0。因此 h=80394+1282+392=1441585 \begin{aligned} h &= \frac{|8 \cdot 0 - 39 \cdot 4 + 12|}{\sqrt{8^2 + 39^2}} \\ &= \frac{144}{\sqrt{1585}} \end{aligned}\text{。}

此时 m=144m = 144,且 n=1585=5317n = 1585 = 5 \cdot 317 不含平方因子。由于 392=1521<1585<160039^2 = 1521 \lt 1585 \lt 1600,可得 144+1585\lfloor 144 + \sqrt{1585} \rfloor =144+39=183= 144 + 39 = 183

Place the top at T=(0,0,4).T = (0, 0, 4). Each leg has length 5,5, so each foot is 33 from the origin: A=(3,0,0),A = (3, 0, 0), B=(32,332,0),B = \left(-\frac{3}{2}, \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}, 0\right), C=(32,332,0).C = \left(-\frac{3}{2}, -\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}, 0\right). The broken leg has length 4,4, so its tip is A=45(3,0,0)A' = \frac{4}{5}(3, 0, 0) +15(0,0,4)+ \frac{1}{5}(0, 0, 4) =(125,0,45),= \left(\frac{12}{5}, 0, \frac{4}{5}\right), and the tripod now stands on the plane ABC,A'BC, with hh equal to the distance from TT to that plane.

The plane ABCA'BC contains BC,\overline{BC}, which is parallel to the yy-axis and passes through the midpoint M=(32,0,0),M = \left(-\frac{3}{2}, 0, 0\right), so its distance from TT can be measured in the xzxz-plane: it is the distance from (0,4)(0, 4) to the line through (32,0)\left(-\frac{3}{2}, 0\right) and (125,45),\left(\frac{12}{5}, \frac{4}{5}\right), whose equation is 8x39z+12=0.8x - 39z + 12 = 0. Therefore h=80394+1282+392=1441585. \begin{aligned} h &= \frac{|8 \cdot 0 - 39 \cdot 4 + 12|}{\sqrt{8^2 + 39^2}} \\ &= \frac{144}{\sqrt{1585}}. \end{aligned}

Here m=144m = 144 and n=1585=5317n = 1585 = 5 \cdot 317 is squarefree. Since 392=1521<1585<1600,39^2 = 1521 \lt 1585 \lt 1600, we get 144+1585\lfloor 144 + \sqrt{1585} \rfloor =144+39=183.= 144 + 39 = 183.

15.

已知一个数列满足 x0=0x_0 = 0,且等式 xk=xk1+3|x_k| = |x_{k-1} + 3| 对所有整数 k1k \ge 1 都成立。求 x1+x2++x2006|x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_{2006}| 的最小可能值。

Given that a sequence satisfies x0=0x_0 = 0 and xk=xk1+3|x_k| = |x_{k-1} + 3| for all integers k1,k \ge 1, find the minimum possible value of x1+x2++x2006.|x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_{2006}|.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

将递推式平方:xk2=(xk1+3)2x_k^2 = (x_{k-1} + 3)^2。对 kk 求和时各项会裂项相消,得到关于 x1++x2006x_1 + \cdots + x_{2006} 的公式。

Square the recurrence: xk2=(xk1+3)2.x_k^2 = (x_{k-1} + 3)^2. Summing over kk telescopes into a formula for x1++x2006.x_1 + \cdots + x_{2006}.

大提示:

每个 xkx_k 都是 33 的倍数,且奇偶性与 kk 相同,所以选择 x2007x_{2007},使它的平方尽量接近 920079 \cdot 2007

Each xkx_k is a multiple of 33 with the parity of k,k, so choose x2007x_{2007} with square as close as possible to 920079 \cdot 2007

解答:

将递推式平方得 xk2=(xk1+3)2x_k^2 = (x_{k-1} + 3)^2 =xk12+6xk1+9= x_{k-1}^2 + 6 x_{k-1} + 9。对 k=1k = 120072007 求和,各项裂项相消:x20072=x02+6k=02006xk+92007x_{2007}^2 = x_0^2 + 6 \sum_{k=0}^{2006} x_k + 9 \cdot 2007\text{,}所以由 x0=0x_0 = 0x1+x2++x2006=x20072180636 \begin{aligned} &x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_{2006} \\ &= \frac{x_{2007}^2 - 18063}{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

归纳可知每个 xkx_k 都是 33 的倍数,且奇偶性与 kk 相同,所以 x2007x_{2007}33 的奇数倍。要使 x2007218063\left|x_{2007}^2 - 18063\right| 最小,应在 33 的奇数倍中取平方最接近 1806318063 的数,即 ±135\pm 135。其中 1352=18225135^2 = 18225,得到 18225180636=27\frac{18225 - 18063}{6} = 27(相邻的 129129141141 分别给出 237237303303)。

这个值可以达到:对 k45k \le 45xk=3kx_k = 3k;此后令 xk=138x_k = -138(当 kk 为偶数),并令 xk=135x_k = 135(当 kk 为奇数)。于是 x2007=135x_{2007} = 135,和为 2727。所以最小值为 2727

Squaring the recurrence gives xk2=(xk1+3)2x_k^2 = (x_{k-1} + 3)^2 =xk12+6xk1+9.= x_{k-1}^2 + 6 x_{k-1} + 9. Summing for k=1k = 1 to 20072007 telescopes: x20072=x02+6k=02006xk+92007,x_{2007}^2 = x_0^2 + 6 \sum_{k=0}^{2006} x_k + 9 \cdot 2007, so with x0=0,x_0 = 0, x1+x2++x2006=x20072180636. \begin{aligned} &x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_{2006} \\ &= \frac{x_{2007}^2 - 18063}{6}. \end{aligned}

Induction shows each xkx_k is a multiple of 33 whose parity matches that of k,k, so x2007x_{2007} is an odd multiple of 3.3. To minimize x2007218063,\left|x_{2007}^2 - 18063\right|, take the odd multiple of 33 whose square is nearest 18063:18063: that is ±135,\pm 135, with 1352=18225,135^2 = 18225, giving 18225180636=27\frac{18225 - 18063}{6} = 27 (the neighbors 129129 and 141141 give 237237 and 303303).

This value is attained: take xk=3kx_k = 3k for k45,k \le 45, and thereafter alternate xk=138x_k = -138 for even kk and xk=135x_k = 135 for odd k;k; then x2007=135x_{2007} = 135 and the sum is 27.27. So the minimum is 27.27.