2002 AIME I 第 7 题

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7.

二项式展开也适用于非整数指数。也就是说,对满足 x>y|x| \gt |y| 的所有实数 xxyyrr(102002+1)10/7\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{10/7} 的通常小数写法中,小数点右边的前三个数字是什么? (x+y)r=xr+rxr1y+r(r1)2!xr2y2+r(r1)(r2)3!xr3y3+ \begin{aligned} &(x + y)^r \\ &= x^r + r x^{r-1} y \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)}{2!}\,x^{r-2} y^2 \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)(r - 2)}{3!}\,x^{r-3} y^3 \\ &{}+ \cdots \end{aligned}

The Binomial Expansion is valid for exponents that are not integers. That is, for all real numbers x,x, y,y, and rr with x>y,|x| \gt |y|, (x+y)r=xr+rxr1y+r(r1)2!xr2y2+r(r1)(r2)3!xr3y3+ \begin{aligned} &(x + y)^r \\ &= x^r + r x^{r-1} y \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)}{2!}\,x^{r-2} y^2 \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)(r - 2)}{3!}\,x^{r-3} y^3 \\ &{}+ \cdots \end{aligned} What are the first three digits to the right of the decimal point in the decimal representation of (102002+1)10/7?\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{10/7}?

答案:428
知识点:二项式定理模幂运算循环小数
难度评级:2640
解答:

x=102002x = 10^{2002}y=1y = 1r=107r = \frac{10}{7}: 代入展开式: 第一项是整数,第三项及之后的项远小于 10100010^{-1000},小到不会影响最前面的几个小数位。 所以这些数字来自 10710858=108597\frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} = \frac{10^{859}}{7} 的小数部分。 (102002+1)10/7=102860+10710858+107372101144+. \begin{aligned} &\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{10/7} \\ &= 10^{2860} + \frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} \\ &{}+ \frac{\frac{10}{7} \cdot \frac{3}{7}}{2} \cdot 10^{-1144} \\ &{}+ \cdots. \end{aligned}

该小数部分为 10859mod77\frac{10^{859} \bmod 7}{7}。由于 1061(mod7)10^6 \equiv 1 \pmod{7}8591(mod6)859 \equiv 1 \pmod{6},得到 10859103(mod7)10^{859} \equiv 10 \equiv 3 \pmod{7},所以小数部分为 37=0.428571\frac{3}{7} = 0.428571\ldots

小数点右边的前三个数字是 428428

Apply the expansion with x=102002,x = 10^{2002}, y=1,y = 1, and r=107:r = \frac{10}{7}: (102002+1)10/7=102860+10710858+107372101144+. \begin{aligned} &\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{10/7} \\ &= 10^{2860} + \frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} \\ &{}+ \frac{\frac{10}{7} \cdot \frac{3}{7}}{2} \cdot 10^{-1144} \\ &{}+ \cdots. \end{aligned} The first term is an integer, and the third and later terms are far smaller than 101000,10^{-1000}, too small to affect the leading decimal digits. So those digits come from the fractional part of 10710858=108597.\frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} = \frac{10^{859}}{7}.

That fractional part is 10859mod77.\frac{10^{859} \bmod 7}{7}. Since 1061(mod7)10^6 \equiv 1 \pmod{7} and 8591(mod6),859 \equiv 1 \pmod{6}, we get 10859103(mod7),10^{859} \equiv 10 \equiv 3 \pmod{7}, so the fractional part is 37=0.428571\frac{3}{7} = 0.428571\ldots

The first three digits to the right of the decimal point are 428.428.

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