2002 AIME I 真题

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1.

许多州的标准车牌格式是三个字母后接三个数字。假设每一种三字母三数字的排列等可能出现,这种车牌至少含有一个回文(三个字母的排列或三个数字的排列从左到右读和从右到左读相同)的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Many states use a sequence of three letters followed by a sequence of three digits as their standard license-plate pattern. Given that each three-letter three-digit arrangement is equally likely, the probability that such a license plate will contain at least one palindrome (a three-letter arrangement or a three-digit arrangement that reads the same left-to-right as it does right-to-left) is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:59
知识点:基本概率容斥原理回文数
难度评级:1890
小提示:

三个字母的排列是回文,当且仅当第三个字母等于第一个字母,所以其概率为 126\frac{1}{26}

A three-letter arrangement is a palindrome exactly when the third letter equals the first, so that probability is 126\frac{1}{26}

大提示:

用容斥合并字母事件和数字事件:126+110126110\frac{1}{26} + \frac{1}{10} - \frac{1}{26} \cdot \frac{1}{10}

Combine the letter and digit events by inclusion-exclusion: 126+110126110\frac{1}{26} + \frac{1}{10} - \frac{1}{26} \cdot \frac{1}{10}

解答:

三个字母的排列是回文,当且仅当第三个字母与第一个字母相同,所以字母部分为回文的概率是 126\frac{1}{26}。同理,数字部分为回文的概率是 110\frac{1}{10},且这两个事件相互独立。

由容斥原理,至少含有一个回文的概率为 126+110126110=10+261260=35260=752 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{26} + \frac{1}{10} - \frac{1}{26} \cdot \frac{1}{10} \\ &= \frac{10 + 26 - 1}{260} \\ &= \frac{35}{260} \\ &= \frac{7}{52} \end{aligned} 因此 m+n=7+52=59m + n = 7 + 52 = 59

A three-letter arrangement is a palindrome exactly when the third letter matches the first, so the probability of a letter palindrome is 126.\frac{1}{26}. Similarly, the probability of a digit palindrome is 110,\frac{1}{10}, and the two events are independent.

By inclusion-exclusion, the probability of at least one palindrome is 126+110126110=10+261260=35260=752. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{26} + \frac{1}{10} - \frac{1}{26} \cdot \frac{1}{10} \\ &= \frac{10 + 26 - 1}{260} \\ &= \frac{35}{260} \\ &= \frac{7}{52}. \end{aligned} Thus m+n=7+52=59.m + n = 7 + 52 = 59.

2.

图中二十个全等圆排成三行,并被一个长方形围住。这些圆彼此相切,并且如图所示与长方形的边相切。长方形较长边与较短边的比可以写成 12(pq)\frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{p} - q\right),其中 ppqq 是正整数。求 p+qp + q

The diagram shows twenty congruent circles arranged in three rows and enclosed in a rectangle. The circles are tangent to one another and to the sides of the rectangle as shown in the diagram. The ratio of the longer dimension of the rectangle to the shorter dimension can be written as 12(pq),\frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{p} - q\right), where pp and qq are positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:154
难度评级:2020
小提示:

设圆的半径为 rr,较长边为 14r14r。要求较短边,连接三个两两相切圆的圆心。

With circle radius r,r, the longer side is 14r.14r. For the shorter side, connect the centers of three mutually tangent circles.

大提示:

相邻两行圆心的距离为 r3r\sqrt{3},所以较短边为 2r+2r32r + 2r\sqrt{3};将 71+3\frac{7}{1 + \sqrt{3}} 有理化。

Adjacent rows of centers are r3r\sqrt{3} apart, so the shorter side is 2r+2r3;2r + 2r\sqrt{3}; rationalize 71+3\frac{7}{1 + \sqrt{3}}

解答:

设公共半径为 rr。较长边容纳一行七个圆,所以长为 14r14r。相邻行中三个两两相切圆的圆心构成边长 2r2r 的等边三角形,其高为 r3r\sqrt{3}。两段相邻行圆心间距合计贡献 2r32r\sqrt{3},所以较短边为 r+2r3+r=2r+2r3r + 2r\sqrt{3} + r = 2r + 2r\sqrt{3}

所求比值为 14r2r(1+3)=71+3=7(31)2=12(1477) \begin{aligned} \frac{14r}{2r\left(1 + \sqrt{3}\right)} &= \frac{7}{1 + \sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{7\left(\sqrt{3} - 1\right)}{2} \\ &= \frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{147} - 7\right) \end{aligned} 所以 p=147p = 147q=7q = 7p+q=154p + q = 154

Let rr be the common radius. The longer side holds a row of seven circles, so it equals 14r.14r. The centers of three mutually tangent circles in adjacent rows form an equilateral triangle with side 2r,2r, whose height is r3,r\sqrt{3}, so the two gaps between rows of centers contribute 2r3,2r\sqrt{3}, and the shorter side is r+2r3+r=2r+2r3.r + 2r\sqrt{3} + r = 2r + 2r\sqrt{3}.

The ratio is 14r2r(1+3)=71+3=7(31)2=12(1477), \begin{aligned} \frac{14r}{2r\left(1 + \sqrt{3}\right)} &= \frac{7}{1 + \sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{7\left(\sqrt{3} - 1\right)}{2} \\ &= \frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{147} - 7\right), \end{aligned} so p=147,p = 147, q=7,q = 7, and p+q=154.p + q = 154.

3.

Jane 今年 2525 岁。Dick 比 Jane 年长。再过 nn 年,其中 nn 是正整数,Dick 和 Jane 的年龄都将是两位数,并且 Jane 的年龄可以由 Dick 的年龄交换两个数字得到。令 dd 为 Dick 现在的年龄。有多少个正整数有序对 (d,n)(d, n) 是可能的?

Jane is 2525 years old. Dick is older than Jane. In nn years, where nn is a positive integer, Dick’s age and Jane’s age will both be two-digit numbers and will have the property that Jane’s age is obtained by interchanging the digits of Dick’s age. Let dd be Dick’s present age. How many ordered pairs of positive integers (d,n)(d, n) are possible?

答案:25
难度评级:2300
小提示:

关注未来的年龄:Jane 的年龄是一个两位数,其数字反转后是 Dick 的年龄,而且 Dick 的年龄更大。

Focus on the future ages: Jane’s is a two-digit number whose digit reversal, Dick’s age, is larger

大提示:

数出 Jane 未来年龄的可能值:它至少足够大,且十位数字小于个位数字。每个这样的值确定一个 (d,n)(d, n)

Count the possible values of Jane’s future age: two-digit numbers old enough for Jane whose tens digit is smaller than the units digit. Each determines (d,n).(d, n).

解答:

再过 nn 年,Jane 的年龄为 25+n25 + n,Dick 的年龄是它的数字反转。若 Jane 未来的年龄为 10a+b10a + b,则 Dick 的年龄为 10b+a10b + a,它更大当且仅当 b>ab \gt a。反过来,只要两位数 25+n25 + n 的十位数字小于个位数字,就会给出唯一有效的有序对:n=10a+b25n = 10a + b - 25,且 d=10b+an=25+9(ba)>25 \begin{aligned} d &= 10b + a - n \\ &= 25 + 9(b - a) \gt 25 \end{aligned} 所以 Dick 现在确实比 Jane 年长。

因此只需数不小于 2626、且十位数字小于个位数字的两位数:有 44 个以 22 开头(即 26262929),然后分别有 665544332211 个以 3388 开头。总数为 4+6+5+4+3+2+1=254 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 25

In nn years Jane’s age is 25+n,25 + n, and Dick’s age is its digit reversal. If Jane’s future age is 10a+b,10a + b, Dick’s is 10b+a,10b + a, which is larger exactly when b>a.b \gt a. Conversely, every two-digit value of 25+n25 + n with tens digit less than units digit yields exactly one valid pair: n=10a+b25n = 10a + b - 25 and d=10b+an=25+9(ba)>25, \begin{aligned} d &= 10b + a - n \\ &= 25 + 9(b - a) \gt 25, \end{aligned} so Dick is indeed older than Jane now.

So we count two-digit numbers that are at least 2626 and have tens digit less than units digit: 44 starting with 22 (namely 2626 through 2929), then 6,6, 5,5, 4,4, 3,3, 2,2, 11 starting with 33 through 8.8. The total is 4+6+5+4+3+2+1=25.4 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 25.

4.

考虑由 ak=1k2+ka_k = \frac{1}{k^2 + k}k1k \ge 1)定义的数列。已知 am+am+1++an1=129a_m + a_{m+1} + \cdots + a_{n-1} = \frac{1}{29},其中正整数 mmnn 满足 m<nm \lt n。求 m+nm + n

Consider the sequence defined by ak=1k2+ka_k = \frac{1}{k^2 + k} for k1.k \ge 1. Given that am+am+1++an1=129,a_m + a_{m+1} + \cdots + a_{n-1} = \frac{1}{29}, for positive integers mm and nn with m<n,m \lt n, find m+n.m + n.

答案:840
难度评级:2110
小提示:

1k2+k=1k1k+1\frac{1}{k^2 + k} = \frac{1}{k} - \frac{1}{k + 1},所以和会裂项相消为 1m1n\frac{1}{m} - \frac{1}{n}

1k2+k=1k1k+1,\frac{1}{k^2 + k} = \frac{1}{k} - \frac{1}{k + 1}, so the sum telescopes to 1m1n\frac{1}{m} - \frac{1}{n}

大提示:

清分母并因式分解:(29m)(29+n)=292(29 - m)(29 + n) = 29^2,再利用 2929 是质数。

Clear denominators and factor: (29m)(29+n)=292,(29 - m)(29 + n) = 29^2, then use that 2929 is prime

解答:

因为 1k2+k=1k(k+1)=1k1k+1\frac{1}{k^2 + k} = \frac{1}{k(k + 1)} = \frac{1}{k} - \frac{1}{k + 1},所以该和裂项相消:am+am+1++an1=1m1n=129 \begin{aligned} &a_m + a_{m+1} + \cdots + a_{n-1} \\ &= \frac{1}{m} - \frac{1}{n} \\ &= \frac{1}{29} \end{aligned}\text{。}

两边乘以 29mn29mn,得 29n29m=mn29n - 29m = mn,整理为 (29m)(29+n)=292(29 - m)(29 + n) = 29^2。由于 2929 是质数且 29+n>2929 + n \gt 29,在 mm 为正整数时唯一的分解是 29m=129 - m = 129+n=84129 + n = 841,所以 m=28m = 28n=812n = 812

因此 m+n=28+812=840m + n = 28 + 812 = 840

Since 1k2+k=1k(k+1)=1k1k+1,\frac{1}{k^2 + k} = \frac{1}{k(k + 1)} = \frac{1}{k} - \frac{1}{k + 1}, the sum telescopes: am+am+1++an1=1m1n=129. \begin{aligned} &a_m + a_{m+1} + \cdots + a_{n-1} \\ &= \frac{1}{m} - \frac{1}{n} \\ &= \frac{1}{29}. \end{aligned}

Multiplying through by 29mn29mn gives 29n29m=mn,29n - 29m = mn, which rearranges to (29m)(29+n)=292.(29 - m)(29 + n) = 29^2. Since 2929 is prime and 29+n>29,29 + n \gt 29, the only factorization with mm a positive integer is 29m=129 - m = 1 and 29+n=841,29 + n = 841, so m=28m = 28 and n=812.n = 812.

Therefore m+n=28+812=840.m + n = 28 + 812 = 840.

5.

A1A_1A2A_2A3A_3\ldotsA12A_{12} 是正十二边形的顶点。在该十二边形所在的平面内,有多少个不同的正方形至少有两个顶点属于集合 {A1,A2,A3,,A12}\{A_1, A_2, A_3, \ldots, A_{12}\}

Let A1,A_1, A2,A_2, A3,A_3, ,\ldots, A12A_{12} be the vertices of a regular dodecagon. How many distinct squares in the plane of the dodecagon have at least two vertices in the set {A1,A2,A3,,A12}?\{A_1, A_2, A_3, \ldots, A_{12}\}?

答案:183
难度评级:2480
小提示:

每一对顶点确定三个正方形:两个以这对点为边,一个以这对点为对角线。

Each pair of vertices determines three squares: two having the pair as a side and one having it as a diagonal

大提示:

只有四个顶点全在 AiA_i 中的正方形会被重复计算;每个这样的正方形由它的 66 对顶点产生。

Only squares with all four vertices among the AiA_i are overcounted, and each such square arises from 66 of its vertex pairs

解答:

(122)=66\binom{12}{2} = 66 对顶点中的每一对都恰好确定三个正方形:两个以这对点为边(线段两侧各一个),一个以这对点为对角线。这样共计 366=1983 \cdot 66 = 198 个正方形。

只有当一个正方形有多于两个顶点属于 AiA_i 时才会重复计算。若一个正方形的三个顶点在该外接圆上,则正方形自己的外接圆与它共有三点,因此两圆重合;而内接正方形的顶点相隔 9090^\circ,也就是十二边形的三步,所以第四个顶点也必为某个 AiA_i。完全内接的正方形正好是 A1A4A7A10A_1A_4A_7A_{10}A2A5A8A11A_2A_5A_8A_{11}A3A6A9A12A_3A_6A_9A_{12}。每个都由 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 对顶点产生,所以每个被数了 66 次而不是一次。

不同正方形的个数为 19835=183198 - 3 \cdot 5 = 183

Each of the (122)=66\binom{12}{2} = 66 pairs of vertices determines exactly three squares: two having the pair as a side (one on each side of the segment) and one having it as a diagonal. That counts 366=1983 \cdot 66 = 198 squares.

A square is overcounted only if it has more than two vertices among the Ai.A_i. If three vertices of a square lie on the circumcircle, the square’s own circumcircle shares three points with it and hence coincides with it, and an inscribed square’s vertices are spaced 9090^\circ apart — three steps of the dodecagon — so the fourth vertex is also an Ai.A_i. The fully inscribed squares are exactly A1A4A7A10,A_1A_4A_7A_{10}, A2A5A8A11,A_2A_5A_8A_{11}, and A3A6A9A12,A_3A_6A_9A_{12}, and each is generated by all (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 of its vertex pairs, so each is counted 66 times instead of once.

The number of distinct squares is 19835=183.198 - 3 \cdot 5 = 183.

6.

方程组 log225x+log64y=4\log_{225} x + \log_{64} y = 4 logx225logy64=1\log_x 225 - \log_y 64 = 1 的两个解为 (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)。求 log30(x1y1x2y2)\log_{30}\left(x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2\right)

The solutions to the system of equations log225x+log64y=4\log_{225} x + \log_{64} y = 4 logx225logy64=1\log_x 225 - \log_y 64 = 1 are (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1) and (x2,y2).(x_2, y_2). Find log30(x1y1x2y2).\log_{30}\left(x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2\right).

答案:12
难度评级:2360
小提示:

p=log225xp = \log_{225} xq=log64yq = \log_{64} y,并使用 logx225=1p\log_x 225 = \frac{1}{p}logy64=1q\log_y 64 = \frac{1}{q}

Set p=log225xp = \log_{225} x and q=log64y,q = \log_{64} y, using logx225=1p\log_x 225 = \frac{1}{p} and logy64=1q\log_y 64 = \frac{1}{q}

大提示:

你只需要 p1+p2p_1 + p_2q1+q2q_1 + q_2,因为 x1x2=225p1+p2x_1 x_2 = 225^{p_1 + p_2};从 p26p+4=0p^2 - 6p + 4 = 0 用韦达定理求出它们。

You only need p1+p2p_1 + p_2 and q1+q2,q_1 + q_2, since x1x2=225p1+p2;x_1 x_2 = 225^{p_1 + p_2}; get them from p26p+4=0p^2 - 6p + 4 = 0 by Vieta

解答:

p=log225xp = \log_{225} xq=log64yq = \log_{64} y,则 logx225=1p\log_x 225 = \frac{1}{p}logy64=1q\log_y 64 = \frac{1}{q}。方程组变为 p+q=4p + q = 41p1q=1\frac{1}{p} - \frac{1}{q} = 1。将 q=4pq = 4 - p 代入第二个方程并清分母,得到 42p=p(4p)4 - 2p = p(4 - p),即 p26p+4=0p^2 - 6p + 4 = 0

原方程组的两个解对应这个二次方程的两个根,所以由韦达定理 p1+p2=6p_1 + p_2 = 6,进而 q1+q2=86=2q_1 + q_2 = 8 - 6 = 2。于是 x1y1x2y2=225p1+p264q1+q2=2256642=1512212=3012 \begin{aligned} x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2 &= 225^{p_1 + p_2} \cdot 64^{q_1 + q_2} \\ &= 225^6 \cdot 64^2 \\ &= 15^{12} \cdot 2^{12} \\ &= 30^{12} \end{aligned} 所以 log30(x1y1x2y2)=12\log_{30}\left(x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2\right) = 12

Let p=log225xp = \log_{225} x and q=log64y,q = \log_{64} y, so logx225=1p\log_x 225 = \frac{1}{p} and logy64=1q.\log_y 64 = \frac{1}{q}. The system becomes p+q=4p + q = 4 and 1p1q=1.\frac{1}{p} - \frac{1}{q} = 1. Substituting q=4pq = 4 - p into the second equation and clearing denominators gives 42p=p(4p),4 - 2p = p(4 - p), that is, p26p+4=0.p^2 - 6p + 4 = 0.

The two solutions of the system correspond to the two roots of this quadratic, so by Vieta’s formulas p1+p2=6,p_1 + p_2 = 6, and then q1+q2=86=2.q_1 + q_2 = 8 - 6 = 2. Hence x1y1x2y2=225p1+p264q1+q2=2256642=1512212=3012, \begin{aligned} x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2 &= 225^{p_1 + p_2} \cdot 64^{q_1 + q_2} \\ &= 225^6 \cdot 64^2 \\ &= 15^{12} \cdot 2^{12} \\ &= 30^{12}, \end{aligned} so log30(x1y1x2y2)=12.\log_{30}\left(x_1 y_1 x_2 y_2\right) = 12.

7.

二项式展开也适用于非整数指数。也就是说,对所有实数 xxyyrr,若 x>y|x| \gt |y|,则有 (x+y)r=xr+rxr1y+r(r1)2!xr2y2+r(r1)(r2)3!xr3y3+ \begin{aligned} &(x + y)^r \\ &= x^r + r x^{r-1} y \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)}{2!}\,x^{r-2} y^2 \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)(r - 2)}{3!}\,x^{r-3} y^3 \\ &{}+ \cdots \end{aligned} (102002+1)107\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{\frac{10}{7}} 的十进制表示中,小数点右边的前三个数字是什么?

The Binomial Expansion is valid for exponents that are not integers. That is, for all real numbers x,x, y,y, and rr with x>y,|x| \gt |y|, (x+y)r=xr+rxr1y+r(r1)2!xr2y2+r(r1)(r2)3!xr3y3+ \begin{aligned} &(x + y)^r \\ &= x^r + r x^{r-1} y \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)}{2!}\,x^{r-2} y^2 \\ &{}+ \frac{r(r - 1)(r - 2)}{3!}\,x^{r-3} y^3 \\ &{}+ \cdots \end{aligned} What are the first three digits to the right of the decimal point in the decimal representation of (102002+1)107?\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{\frac{10}{7}}?

答案:428
难度评级:2640
小提示:

在展开式中取 x=102002x = 10^{2002}y=1y = 1r=107r = \frac{10}{7}。第一项是整数,第三项及以后都小到可以忽略。

Expand with x=102002,x = 10^{2002}, y=1,y = 1, r=107:r = \frac{10}{7}: the first term is an integer and the third term onward is negligibly small

大提示:

所求数字来自 108597\frac{10^{859}}{7} 的小数部分;利用循环节长度为 6617\frac{1}{7} 的小数展开。

The requested digits form the fractional part of 108597;\frac{10^{859}}{7}; use the period-66 repeating decimal of 17\frac{1}{7}

解答:

在展开式中取 x=102002x = 10^{2002}y=1y = 1r=107r = \frac{10}{7},得到 (102002+1)107=102860+10710858+107372101144+ \begin{aligned} &\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{\frac{10}{7}} \\ &= 10^{2860} + \frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} \\ &{}+ \frac{\frac{10}{7} \cdot \frac{3}{7}}{2} \cdot 10^{-1144} \\ &{}+ \cdots \end{aligned} 第一项是整数,第三项及之后的项远小于 10100010^{-1000},不会影响最前面的几个小数位。因此这些数字来自 10710858=108597\frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} = \frac{10^{859}}{7} 的小数部分。

该小数部分为 10859mod77\frac{10^{859} \bmod 7}{7}。由于 1061(mod7)10^6 \equiv 1 \pmod{7}8591(mod6)859 \equiv 1 \pmod{6},得到 10859103(mod7)10^{859} \equiv 10 \equiv 3 \pmod{7},所以小数部分为 37=0.428571\frac{3}{7} = 0.428571\ldots

小数点右边的前三个数字是 428428

Apply the expansion with x=102002,x = 10^{2002}, y=1,y = 1, and r=107:r = \frac{10}{7}: (102002+1)107=102860+10710858+107372101144+. \begin{aligned} &\left(10^{2002} + 1\right)^{\frac{10}{7}} \\ &= 10^{2860} + \frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} \\ &{}+ \frac{\frac{10}{7} \cdot \frac{3}{7}}{2} \cdot 10^{-1144} \\ &{}+ \cdots. \end{aligned} The first term is an integer, and the third and later terms are far smaller than 101000,10^{-1000}, too small to affect the leading decimal digits. So those digits come from the fractional part of 10710858=108597.\frac{10}{7} \cdot 10^{858} = \frac{10^{859}}{7}.

That fractional part is 10859mod77.\frac{10^{859} \bmod 7}{7}. Since 1061(mod7)10^6 \equiv 1 \pmod{7} and 8591(mod6),859 \equiv 1 \pmod{6}, we get 10859103(mod7),10^{859} \equiv 10 \equiv 3 \pmod{7}, so the fractional part is 37=0.428571\frac{3}{7} = 0.428571\ldots

The first three digits to the right of the decimal point are 428.428.

8.

求最小整数 kk,使得下列条件

(1)(1) a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots 是一个非递减的正整数数列

(2)(2) an=an1+an2a_n = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} 对所有 n>2n \gt 2 都成立

(3)(3) a9=ka_9 = k

能同时被不止一个数列满足。

Find the smallest integer kk for which the conditions

(1)(1) a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots is a nondecreasing sequence of positive integers

(2)(2) an=an1+an2a_n = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} for all n>2n \gt 2

(3)(3) a9=ka_9 = k

are satisfied by more than one sequence.

答案:748
难度评级:2650
小提示:

反复使用递推式,把目标项表示成前两项:a9=13a1+21a2a_9 = 13a_1 + 21a_2

Iterate the recurrence to express the target in the first two terms: a9=13a1+21a2a_9 = 13a_1 + 21a_2

大提示:

13x+21y=13u+21v13x + 21y = 13u + 21vx<ux \lt u,则 uxu - x2121 的倍数,迫使 uuvv 至少为 2222

If 13x+21y=13u+21v13x + 21y = 13u + 21v with x<u,x \lt u, then uxu - x is a multiple of 21,21, forcing uu and vv to be at least 2222

解答:

反复使用递推式得 a9=13a1+21a2a_9 = 13a_1 + 21a_2,且数列非递减当且仅当 0<a1a20 \lt a_1 \le a_2 (之后的项会自动满足)。因此我们需要找最小的 kk,使得 13x+21y=k13x + 21y = k 有两个满足 0<xy0 \lt x \le y 的解。

假设 13x+21y=13u+21v13x + 21y = 13u + 21vx<ux \lt u。则 13(ux)=21(yv)13(u - x) = 21(y - v),所以 uxu - x2121 的正倍数。因此 ux+2122u \ge x + 21 \ge 22,又因为 uvu \le v,也有 v22v \ge 22,从而 k=13u+21v3422=748k = 13u + 21v \ge 34 \cdot 22 = 748

反过来,k=748k = 748 确实可行:(x,y)=(1,35)(x, y) = (1, 35)(22,22)(22, 22) 分别给出数列 11353536367171107107178178285285463463748748,以及 2222222244446666110110176176286286462462748748。所以答案是 k=748k = 748

Iterating the recurrence gives a9=13a1+21a2,a_9 = 13a_1 + 21a_2, and the sequence is nondecreasing exactly when 0<a1a20 \lt a_1 \le a_2 (all later terms then take care of themselves). So we need the smallest kk for which 13x+21y=k13x + 21y = k has two solutions with 0<xy.0 \lt x \le y.

Suppose 13x+21y=13u+21v13x + 21y = 13u + 21v with x<u.x \lt u. Then 13(ux)=21(yv),13(u - x) = 21(y - v), so uxu - x is a positive multiple of 21.21. Hence ux+2122,u \ge x + 21 \ge 22, and since uv,u \le v, also v22,v \ge 22, giving k=13u+21v3422=748.k = 13u + 21v \ge 34 \cdot 22 = 748.

Conversely k=748k = 748 works: (x,y)=(1,35)(x, y) = (1, 35) and (22,22)(22, 22) give the sequences 1,1, 35,35, 36,36, 71,71, 107,107, 178,178, 285,285, 463,463, 748748 and 22,22, 22,22, 44,44, 66,66, 110,110, 176,176, 286,286, 462,462, 748.748. The answer is k=748.k = 748.

9.

Harold、Tanya 和 Ulysses 给一排很长的尖桩篱笆刷漆。

• Harold 从第一根尖桩开始,每逢第 hh 根刷一根;

• Tanya 从第二根尖桩开始,每逢第 tt 根刷一根;

• Ulysses 从第三根尖桩开始,每逢第 uu 根刷一根。

把正整数 100h+10t+u100h + 10t + u 称为 可刷数,条件是正整数三元组 (h,t,u)(h, t, u) 能使每根尖桩恰好被刷一次。求所有可刷数之和。

Harold, Tanya, and Ulysses paint a very long picket fence.

• Harold starts with the first picket and paints every hhth picket;

• Tanya starts with the second picket and paints every ttth picket; and

• Ulysses starts with the third picket and paints every uuth picket.

Call the positive integer 100h+10t+u100h + 10t + u paintable when the triple (h,t,u)(h, t, u) of positive integers results in every picket being painted exactly once. Find the sum of all the paintable integers.

答案:757
难度评级:2840
小提示:

三个等差数列必须划分所有正整数;检查第 44 根尖桩由谁刷可知 hh 必须为 3344

The three arithmetic progressions must partition the positive integers; checking who paints picket 44 shows hh must be 33 or 44

大提示:

对每个 hh 的取值,尚未覆盖的最小尖桩会依次迫使 ttuu 的值,每种情况恰有一个有效三元组。

For each value of h,h, the smallest picket not yet covered forces tt and then u,u, giving exactly one valid triple each

解答:

三个等差数列 {1,1+h,}\{1, 1 + h, \ldots\}{2,2+t,}\{2, 2 + t, \ldots\}{3,3+u,}\{3, 3 + u, \ldots\} 必须恰好划分所有正整数。若 h=1h = 1,Harold 会刷每一根尖桩,与另外两人重复。若 h=2h = 2,Harold 会刷第 33 根,而 Ulysses 也会刷它,所以 h3h \ge 3。若 h5h \ge 5,考虑第 44 根尖桩:Harold 的下一根是 1+h61 + h \ge 6,Ulysses 也不可能刷它(否则 u=1u = 1,他会从第 33 根起刷每一根),所以必须由 Tanya 刷,迫使 t=2t = 2。接着第 55 根若要被刷就必须有 u=2u = 2,但这样 Tanya 和 Ulysses 合起来会覆盖从第 22 根起的每一根尖桩,Harold 的第 1+h1 + h 根便会被刷两次。因此 h=3h = 3h=4h = 4

h=3h = 3,Harold 刷 1,4,7,1, 4, 7, \ldots。Ulysses 不能刷第 55 根(那会使 u=2u = 2,并重复刷 77),所以 Tanya 刷它:t=3t = 3,覆盖 2,5,8,2, 5, 8, \ldots。剩下的正好是 3,6,9,3, 6, 9, \ldots,所以 u=3u = 3,得到 333333。若 h=4h = 4,Harold 刷 1,5,9,1, 5, 9, \ldots;第 44 根再次迫使 t=2t = 2,剩余的尖桩 3,7,11,3, 7, 11, \ldots 迫使 u=4u = 4,得到 424424

所有可刷数之和为 333+424=757333 + 424 = 757

The three progressions {1,1+h,},\{1, 1 + h, \ldots\}, {2,2+t,},\{2, 2 + t, \ldots\}, {3,3+u,}\{3, 3 + u, \ldots\} must partition the positive integers. If h=1,h = 1, Harold paints every picket and overlaps the other two painters. If h=2,h = 2, Harold paints picket 3,3, which Ulysses also paints, so h3.h \ge 3. If h5,h \ge 5, consider picket 4:4: Harold’s next picket is 1+h6,1 + h \ge 6, and Ulysses cannot paint it (that would need u=1,u = 1, repainting everything from 33 on), so Tanya must, forcing t=2.t = 2. Then picket 55 is unpainted unless u=2,u = 2, but then Tanya and Ulysses together cover every picket from 22 on, and Harold’s picket 1+h1 + h is painted twice. So h=3h = 3 or h=4.h = 4.

If h=3,h = 3, Harold paints 1,4,7,.1, 4, 7, \ldots. Ulysses cannot paint picket 55 (then u=2u = 2 and he would repaint 77), so Tanya does: t=3,t = 3, covering 2,5,8,.2, 5, 8, \ldots. What remains is exactly 3,6,9,,3, 6, 9, \ldots, so u=3,u = 3, giving 333.333. If h=4,h = 4, Harold paints 1,5,9,;1, 5, 9, \ldots; picket 44 again forces t=2,t = 2, and the leftover pickets 3,7,11,3, 7, 11, \ldots force u=4,u = 4, giving 424.424.

The sum of the paintable integers is 333+424=757.333 + 424 = 757.

10.

在下图中,角 ABCABC 是直角。点 DDBC\overline{BC} 上,且 AD\overline{AD} 平分角 CABCAB。点 EEFF 分别在 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 上,满足 AE=3AE = 3AF=10AF = 10。已知 EB=9EB = 9FC=27FC = 27,求最接近四边形 DCFGDCFG 面积的整数。

In the diagram below, angle ABCABC is a right angle. Point DD is on BC,\overline{BC}, and AD\overline{AD} bisects angle CAB.CAB. Points EE and FF are on AB\overline{AB} and AC,\overline{AC}, respectively, so that AE=3AE = 3 and AF=10.AF = 10. Given that EB=9EB = 9 and FC=27,FC = 27, find the integer closest to the area of quadrilateral DCFG.DCFG.

答案:148
难度评级:2720
小提示:

AB=12AB = 12AC=37AC = 37,所以 BC=35BC = 35[ABC]=210[ABC] = 210。写成 [DCFG]=[ADC][AGF][DCFG] = [ADC] - [AGF]

AB=12AB = 12 and AC=37,AC = 37, so BC=35BC = 35 and [ABC]=210.[ABC] = 210. Write [DCFG]=[ADC][AGF].[DCFG] = [ADC] - [AGF].

大提示:

两次使用角平分线定理:用 BD:DC=AB:ACBD : DC = AB : AC 处理三角形 ABCABC,再用 EG:GF=AE:AFEG : GF = AE : AF 处理三角形 AEFAEF

Apply the angle bisector ratio twice: BD:DC=AB:ACBD : DC = AB : AC in triangle ABC,ABC, and EG:GF=AE:AFEG : GF = AE : AF in triangle AEFAEF

解答:

这里 AB=3+9=12AB = 3 + 9 = 12AC=10+27=37AC = 10 + 27 = 37。角 BB 为直角,所以 BC=372122=35BC = \sqrt{37^2 - 12^2} = 35,且 [ABC]=121235=210[ABC] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 12 \cdot 35 = 210。这个四边形是从三角形 ADCADC 中去掉三角形 AGFAGF 后剩下的部分,其中 GGAD\overline{AD}EF\overline{EF} 的交点。

在三角形 ABCABC 中,由角平分线定理 BD:DC=AB:AC=12:37BD : DC = AB : AC = 12 : 37,所以 [ADC]=3749210=11107[ADC] = \frac{37}{49} \cdot 210 = \frac{1110}{7}。在三角形 AEFAEF 中,射线 AGAG 平分同一个角,所以 EG:GF=AE:AF=3:10EG : GF = AE : AF = 3 : 10,从而 [AGF]=1013[AEF][AGF] = \frac{10}{13}\,[AEF]。另外, [AEF]=AEABAFAC[ABC]=3121037210=52537 \begin{aligned} [AEF] &= \frac{AE}{AB} \cdot \frac{AF}{AC}\,[ABC] \\ &= \frac{3}{12} \cdot \frac{10}{37} \cdot 210 \\ &= \frac{525}{37} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 [DCFG]=11107101352537=111075250481158.5710.92=147.66 \begin{aligned} [DCFG] &= \frac{1110}{7} - \frac{10}{13} \cdot \frac{525}{37} \\ &= \frac{1110}{7} - \frac{5250}{481} \\ &\approx 158.57 - 10.92 \\ &= 147.66 \end{aligned} 最接近的整数为 148148

Here AB=3+9=12,AB = 3 + 9 = 12, AC=10+27=37,AC = 10 + 27 = 37, and angle BB is right, so BC=372122=35BC = \sqrt{37^2 - 12^2} = 35 and [ABC]=121235=210.[ABC] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 12 \cdot 35 = 210. The quadrilateral is triangle ADCADC with triangle AGFAGF removed, where GG is the intersection of AD\overline{AD} and EF.\overline{EF}.

By the angle bisector theorem in triangle ABC,ABC, BD:DC=AB:AC=12:37,BD : DC = AB : AC = 12 : 37, so [ADC]=3749210=11107.[ADC] = \frac{37}{49} \cdot 210 = \frac{1110}{7}. In triangle AEF,AEF, ray AGAG bisects the same angle, so EG:GF=AE:AF=3:10EG : GF = AE : AF = 3 : 10 and [AGF]=1013[AEF].[AGF] = \frac{10}{13}\,[AEF]. Also [AEF]=AEABAFAC[ABC]=3121037210=52537. \begin{aligned} [AEF] &= \frac{AE}{AB} \cdot \frac{AF}{AC}\,[ABC] \\ &= \frac{3}{12} \cdot \frac{10}{37} \cdot 210 \\ &= \frac{525}{37}. \end{aligned}

Therefore [DCFG]=11107101352537=111075250481158.5710.92=147.66, \begin{aligned} [DCFG] &= \frac{1110}{7} - \frac{10}{13} \cdot \frac{525}{37} \\ &= \frac{1110}{7} - \frac{5250}{481} \\ &\approx 158.57 - 10.92 \\ &= 147.66, \end{aligned} and the closest integer is 148.148.

11.

ABCDABCDBCFGBCFG 是一个立方体的两个面,且 AB=12AB = 12。一束光从顶点 AA 发出,在面 BCFGBCFG 上的点 PP 处反射。该点到 BG\overline{BG} 的距离为 77,到 BC\overline{BC} 的距离为 55。光束继续在立方体的各个面上反射。从光束离开点 AA 到它下一次到达立方体顶点为止,光路长度为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Let ABCDABCD and BCFGBCFG be two faces of a cube with AB=12.AB = 12. A beam of light emanates from vertex AA and reflects off face BCFGBCFG at point P,P, which is 77 units from BG\overline{BG} and 55 units from BC.\overline{BC}. The beam continues to be reflected off the faces of the cube. The length of the light path from the time it leaves point AA until it next reaches a vertex of the cube is given by mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:230
难度评级:2840
小提示:

每次反射时把立方体关于相应面翻折;这些翻折把光路拉直成从 AA 经过 PP 的一条射线。

Reflect the cube across a face at each bounce; the reflections straighten the light path into the single ray from AA through PP

大提示:

这条射线上的点为 (12t,7t,5t)(12t, 7t, 5t);三个坐标第一次同时被 1212 整除发生在 t=12t = 12

The ray’s points are (12t,7t,5t);(12t, 7t, 5t); all three coordinates are first divisible by 1212 when t=12t = 12

解答:

A=(0,0,0)A = (0, 0, 0),立方体为 [0,12]3[0, 12]^3,且 P=(12,7,5)P = (12, 7, 5) 在平面 x=12x = 12 上。每次反射时把立方体关于相关面翻折,可把反射光路拉直成从 AA 经过 PP 的一条射线:每穿过一个平面 x=12kx = 12ky=12ky = 12kz=12kz = 12k 就对应一次反射,而光束恰好在三个坐标同时为 1212 的倍数时到达立方体顶点。

射线由点 (12t,7t,5t)(12t, 7t, 5t) 组成。因为 7755 都与 1212 互质,坐标 7t7t5t5t 第一次被 1212 整除发生在 t=12t = 12,对应点为 (144,84,60)(144, 84, 60)。路径长度等于直线距离 1442+842+602=12122+72+52=12218 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{144^2 + 84^2 + 60^2} \\ &= 12\sqrt{12^2 + 7^2 + 5^2} \\ &= 12\sqrt{218} \end{aligned}\text{。}

由于 218=2109218 = 2 \cdot 109 不含平方因子,m+n=12+218=230m + n = 12 + 218 = 230

Place A=(0,0,0)A = (0, 0, 0) with the cube [0,12]3[0, 12]^3 and P=(12,7,5)P = (12, 7, 5) on the face x=12.x = 12. Reflecting the cube across the relevant face at each bounce straightens the reflected path into the straight ray from AA through P:P: each crossing of a plane x=12k,x = 12k, y=12k,y = 12k, or z=12kz = 12k corresponds to a bounce, and the beam reaches a vertex of the cube exactly when all three coordinates are simultaneously multiples of 12.12.

The ray consists of the points (12t,7t,5t).(12t, 7t, 5t). Since 77 and 55 are relatively prime to 12,12, the coordinates 7t7t and 5t5t are first divisible by 1212 when t=12,t = 12, at the point (144,84,60).(144, 84, 60). The path length equals the straight-line distance 1442+842+602=12122+72+52=12218. \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{144^2 + 84^2 + 60^2} \\ &= 12\sqrt{12^2 + 7^2 + 5^2} \\ &= 12\sqrt{218}. \end{aligned}

Since 218=2109218 = 2 \cdot 109 is squarefree, m+n=12+218=230.m + n = 12 + 218 = 230.

12.

定义 F(z)=z+iziF(z) = \frac{z + i}{z - i},其中复数 ziz \ne i;并令 zn=F(zn1)z_n = F(z_{n-1}),其中 nn 为正整数。已知 z0=1137+iz_0 = \frac{1}{137} + i,且 z2002=a+biz_{2002} = a + bi,其中 aabb 都是实数。求 a+ba + b

Let F(z)=z+iziF(z) = \frac{z + i}{z - i} for all complex numbers zi,z \ne i, and let zn=F(zn1)z_n = F(z_{n-1}) for all positive integers n.n. Given that z0=1137+iz_0 = \frac{1}{137} + i and z2002=a+bi,z_{2002} = a + bi, where aa and bb are real numbers, find a+b.a + b.

答案:275
难度评级:2600
小提示:

将映射与自身复合:F(F(z))F(F(z)) 可化简为 iz+1z1i\,\frac{z + 1}{z - 1}

Compose the map with itself: F(F(z))F(F(z)) simplifies to iz+1z1i\,\frac{z + 1}{z - 1}

大提示:

F(F(F(z)))=zF(F(F(z))) = z,所以数列周期为 33;由于 20021(mod3)2002 \equiv 1 \pmod{3},只需计算 z1z_1

F(F(F(z)))=z,F(F(F(z))) = z, so the sequence has period 3;3; since 20021(mod3),2002 \equiv 1 \pmod{3}, just compute z1z_1

解答:

将映射与自身复合,得到 F(F(z))=z+izi+iz+izii=(z+i)+i(zi)(z+i)i(zi)=(1+i)(z+1)(1i)(z1)=iz+1z1 \begin{aligned} F(F(z)) &= \frac{\frac{z+i}{z-i} + i}{\frac{z+i}{z-i} - i} \\ &= \frac{(z + i) + i(z - i)}{(z + i) - i(z - i)} \\ &= \frac{(1 + i)(z + 1)}{(1 - i)(z - 1)} \\ &= i\,\frac{z + 1}{z - 1} \end{aligned} 再应用一次 FF,得到 F(F(F(z)))=iz+1z1+iiz+1z1i=(z+1)+(z1)(z+1)(z1)=z \begin{aligned} F(F(F(z))) &= \frac{i\,\frac{z+1}{z-1} + i}{i\,\frac{z+1}{z-1} - i} \\ &= \frac{(z + 1) + (z - 1)}{(z + 1) - (z - 1)} \\ &= z \end{aligned} 所以数列 z0,z1,z2,z_0, z_1, z_2, \ldots 的周期为 33

因为 2002=3667+12002 = 3 \cdot 667 + 1,所以 z2002=z1=F(z0)z_{2002} = z_1 = F(z_0) =z0+iz0i= \frac{z_0 + i}{z_0 - i} =1137+2i1137= \frac{\frac{1}{137} + 2i}{\frac{1}{137}} =1+274i= 1 + 274i。因此 a+b=1+274=275a + b = 1 + 274 = 275

Composing the map with itself, F(F(z))=z+izi+iz+izii=(z+i)+i(zi)(z+i)i(zi)=(1+i)(z+1)(1i)(z1)=iz+1z1, \begin{aligned} F(F(z)) &= \frac{\frac{z+i}{z-i} + i}{\frac{z+i}{z-i} - i} \\ &= \frac{(z + i) + i(z - i)}{(z + i) - i(z - i)} \\ &= \frac{(1 + i)(z + 1)}{(1 - i)(z - 1)} \\ &= i\,\frac{z + 1}{z - 1}, \end{aligned} and applying FF once more gives F(F(F(z)))=iz+1z1+iiz+1z1i=(z+1)+(z1)(z+1)(z1)=z, \begin{aligned} F(F(F(z))) &= \frac{i\,\frac{z+1}{z-1} + i}{i\,\frac{z+1}{z-1} - i} \\ &= \frac{(z + 1) + (z - 1)}{(z + 1) - (z - 1)} \\ &= z, \end{aligned} so the sequence z0,z1,z2,z_0, z_1, z_2, \ldots is periodic with period 3.3.

Since 2002=3667+1,2002 = 3 \cdot 667 + 1, we have z2002=z1=F(z0)z_{2002} = z_1 = F(z_0) =z0+iz0i= \frac{z_0 + i}{z_0 - i} =1137+2i1137= \frac{\frac{1}{137} + 2i}{\frac{1}{137}} =1+274i.= 1 + 274i. Thus a+b=1+274=275.a + b = 1 + 274 = 275.

13.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,中线 AD\overline{AD}CE\overline{CE} 的长度分别为 18182727,且 AB=24AB = 24。延长 CE\overline{CE},使其与三角形 ABCABC 的外接圆交于 FF。三角形 AFBAFB 的面积为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

In triangle ABC,ABC, the medians AD\overline{AD} and CE\overline{CE} have lengths 1818 and 27,27, respectively, and AB=24.AB = 24. Extend CE\overline{CE} to intersect the circumcircle of ABCABC at F.F. The area of triangle AFBAFB is mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:63
难度评级:2990
小提示:

EEAB\overline{AB} 的中点,所以点 EE 的幂给出 EFEC=122EF \cdot EC = 12^2

EE is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, so the power of the point EE gives EFEC=122EF \cdot EC = 12^2

大提示:

重心 PP 将每条中线按二比一分割,所以三角形 AEPAEP 的边长为 1212121299;利用 AEFAEFAEPAEPCECE 上的共线底边比较它们。

The centroid PP divides each median two-to-one, so triangle AEPAEP has side lengths 12,12, 12,12, and 9;9; compare triangles AEFAEF and AEPAEP using their collinear bases on CECE

解答:

因为 EEAB\overline{AB} 的中点,所以 AE=EB=12AE = EB = 12。设 PP 为重心,它将每条中线按二比一分割:AP=2318=12AP = \frac{2}{3} \cdot 18 = 12,且 PE=1327=9PE = \frac{1}{3} \cdot 27 = 9。由点 EE 关于外接圆的幂,EFEC=EAEB=144EF \cdot EC = EA \cdot EB = 144,所以 EF=14427=163EF = \frac{144}{27} = \frac{16}{3}

三角形 AEPAEP 为等腰三角形,AE=AP=12AE = AP = 12,底边 PE=9PE = 9。因此从 AAPE\overline{PE} 的高为 144814=3552\sqrt{144 - \frac{81}{4}} = \frac{3\sqrt{55}}{2},于是 [AEP]=1293552=27554[AEP] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 9 \cdot \frac{3\sqrt{55}}{2} = \frac{27\sqrt{55}}{4}。因为 FFPP 都在直线 CECE 上,三角形 AEFAEFAEPAEP 共享顶点 AA,且底边共线,所以 [AEF]=EFEP[AEP]=163927554=455 \begin{aligned} [AEF] &= \frac{EF}{EP}\,[AEP] \\ &= \frac{\frac{16}{3}}{9} \cdot \frac{27\sqrt{55}}{4} \\ &= 4\sqrt{55} \end{aligned}\text{。}

最后,由于 EEAB\overline{AB} 的中点,[AFB]=2[AFE]=855[AFB] = 2\,[AFE] = 8\sqrt{55},所以 m+n=8+55=63m + n = 8 + 55 = 63

Since EE is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, AE=EB=12.AE = EB = 12. Let PP be the centroid, which divides each median in a two-to-one ratio: AP=2318=12AP = \frac{2}{3} \cdot 18 = 12 and PE=1327=9.PE = \frac{1}{3} \cdot 27 = 9. By the power of the point EE with respect to the circumcircle, EFEC=EAEB=144,EF \cdot EC = EA \cdot EB = 144, so EF=14427=163.EF = \frac{144}{27} = \frac{16}{3}.

Triangle AEPAEP is isosceles with AE=AP=12AE = AP = 12 and base PE=9,PE = 9, so the altitude from AA to PE\overline{PE} is 144814=3552,\sqrt{144 - \frac{81}{4}} = \frac{3\sqrt{55}}{2}, giving [AEP]=1293552=27554.[AEP] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 9 \cdot \frac{3\sqrt{55}}{2} = \frac{27\sqrt{55}}{4}. Since FF and PP both lie on line CE,CE, triangles AEFAEF and AEPAEP share the apex AA and have collinear bases, so [AEF]=EFEP[AEP]=163927554=455. \begin{aligned} [AEF] &= \frac{EF}{EP}\,[AEP] \\ &= \frac{\frac{16}{3}}{9} \cdot \frac{27\sqrt{55}}{4} \\ &= 4\sqrt{55}. \end{aligned}

Finally, since EE is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, [AFB]=2[AFE]=855,[AFB] = 2\,[AFE] = 8\sqrt{55}, and m+n=8+55=63.m + n = 8 + 55 = 63.

14.

一个由不同正整数组成的集合 S\mathcal{S} 具有如下性质:对每个整数 xx,只要它属于 S\mathcal{S},删去 xx 后,S\mathcal{S} 中剩余元素的算术平均数都是整数。已知 11 属于 S\mathcal{S},且 20022002S\mathcal{S} 的最大元素。集合 S\mathcal{S} 最多可以有多少个元素?

A set S\mathcal{S} of distinct positive integers has the following property: for every integer xx in S,\mathcal{S}, the arithmetic mean of the set of values obtained by deleting xx from S\mathcal{S} is an integer. Given that 11 belongs to S\mathcal{S} and that 20022002 is the largest element of S,\mathcal{S}, what is the greatest number of elements that S\mathcal{S} can have?

答案:30
难度评级:2920
小提示:

若总和为 SS、元素个数为 nn,则每个 Sxn1\frac{S - x}{n - 1} 都是整数,所以所有元素模 n1n - 1 同余。

If SS is the sum and nn the size, every Sxn1\frac{S - x}{n - 1} is an integer, so all elements are congruent mod n1n - 1

大提示:

由于 1120022002 都在集合中,n1n - 1 整除 20012001;而 nn 个不同的这样的元素还迫使 (n1)2+12002(n - 1)^2 + 1 \le 2002

With 11 and 20022002 in the set, n1n - 1 divides 2001,2001, and nn distinct such elements force (n1)2+12002(n - 1)^2 + 1 \le 2002

解答:

S\mathcal{S}nn 个元素,总和为 SS。条件说明 Sxn1\frac{S - x}{n - 1} 对每个 xSx \in \mathcal{S} 都是整数,这意味着每个元素都与 SSn1n - 1 同余。特别地,所有元素彼此同余;又因为 1S1 \in \mathcal{S},每个元素都是 11 加上 n1n - 1 的某个倍数。

于是 20021(modn1)2002 \equiv 1 \pmod{n - 1},所以 n1n - 1 整除 2001=323292001 = 3 \cdot 23 \cdot 29。此外,nn 个不同元素从 1120022002 之间,彼此间距是 n1n - 1 的倍数,所以 20021+(n1)22002 \ge 1 + (n - 1)^2,从而 n144n - 1 \le 4420012001 中不超过 4444 的最大因数是 2929,所以 n30n \le 30

三十个元素可以达到:取 2929 个数 1,30,59,,8131, 30, 59, \ldots, 813,再加上 20022002。它们全都 1(mod29)\equiv 1 \pmod{29},且 3030 个数的总和 301(mod29)\equiv 30 \equiv 1 \pmod{29},所以删去任一元素后的平均数都是整数。答案是 3030

Let S\mathcal{S} have nn elements with sum S.S. The condition says Sxn1\frac{S - x}{n - 1} is an integer for every xS,x \in \mathcal{S}, which means every element is congruent to SS modulo n1.n - 1. In particular all elements are congruent to each other, and since 1S,1 \in \mathcal{S}, every element is 11 more than a multiple of n1.n - 1.

Then 20021(modn1),2002 \equiv 1 \pmod{n - 1}, so n1n - 1 divides 2001=32329.2001 = 3 \cdot 23 \cdot 29. Moreover the nn distinct elements run from 11 up to 20022002 in steps that are multiples of n1,n - 1, so 20021+(n1)2,2002 \ge 1 + (n - 1)^2, forcing n144.n - 1 \le 44. The largest divisor of 20012001 that is at most 4444 is 29,29, so n30.n \le 30.

Thirty is attainable: take the 2929 numbers 1,30,59,,8131, 30, 59, \ldots, 813 together with 2002.2002. All are 1(mod29),\equiv 1 \pmod{29}, and the sum of all 3030 is 301(mod29),\equiv 30 \equiv 1 \pmod{29}, so every deleted mean is an integer. The answer is 30.30.

15.

多面体 ABCDEFGABCDEFG 有六个面。面 ABCDABCD 是正方形,且 AB=12AB = 12;面 ABFGABFG 是梯形,其中 AB\overline{AB} 平行于 GF\overline{GF}BF=AG=8BF = AG = 8,且 GF=6GF = 6;面 CDECDE 满足 CE=DE=14CE = DE = 14。另外三个面是 ADEGADEGBCEFBCEFEFGEFG。点 EE 到面 ABCDABCD 的距离为 1212。已知 EG2=pqrEG^2 = p - q\sqrt{r},其中 ppqqrr 是正整数,且 rr 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 p+q+rp + q + r

Polyhedron ABCDEFGABCDEFG has six faces. Face ABCDABCD is a square with AB=12;AB = 12; face ABFGABFG is a trapezoid with AB\overline{AB} parallel to GF,\overline{GF}, BF=AG=8,BF = AG = 8, and GF=6;GF = 6; and face CDECDE has CE=DE=14.CE = DE = 14. The other three faces are ADEG,ADEG, BCEF,BCEF, and EFG.EFG. The distance from EE to face ABCDABCD is 12.12. Given that EG2=pqr,EG^2 = p - q\sqrt{r}, where p,p, q,q, and rr are positive integers and rr is not divisible by the square of any prime, find p+q+r.p + q + r.

答案:163
难度评级:3160
小提示:

建立坐标系,使正方形 ABCDABCD 位于 xyxy-平面;已知长度可确定 E=(6,4,12)E = (6, 4, 12)

Set up coordinates with square ABCDABCD in the xyxy-plane; the given lengths place E=(6,4,12)E = (6, 4, 12)

大提示:

ADEGADEG 位于同一平面内,所以 GG 在经过 AADDEE 的平面 z=2xz = 2x 上;由等腰梯形的对称性得 G=(3,y,6)G = (3, y, 6),再用 AG=8AG = 8 求出 yy

Face ADEGADEG is planar, so GG lies on the plane z=2xz = 2x through A,A, D,D, E;E; trapezoid symmetry gives G=(3,y,6),G = (3, y, 6), and AG=8AG = 8 determines yy

解答:

D=(0,0,0)D = (0, 0, 0)C=(12,0,0)C = (12, 0, 0)B=(12,12,0)B = (12, 12, 0)A=(0,12,0)A = (0, 12, 0)。由 EE 到面 ABCDABCD 的距离可令 E=(x,y,12)E = (x, y, 12)。由 CE=DECE = DEx=6x = 6,再由 DE=14DE = 1436+y2+144=19636 + y^2 + 144 = 196,所以 y=4y = 4E=(6,4,12)E = (6, 4, 12)

在梯形 ABFGABFG 中,GF\overline{GF} 平行于 AB\overline{AB},且 GF=6GF = 6AG=BFAG = BF,所以 GGFF 关于平面 x=6x = 6 对称:G=(3,y2,z2)G = (3, y_2, z_2)F=(9,y2,z2)F = (9, y_2, z_2)。由于面 ADEGADEG 位于同一平面内,而经过 AADDEE 的平面包含整个 yy-轴方向(AADD 都满足 x=z=0x = z = 0),所以它是平面 z=2xz = 2x,并且确实包含 EE。因此 z2=6z_2 = 6。现在由 AG=8AG = 832+(y212)2+62=643^2 + (y_2 - 12)^2 + 6^2 = 64,所以 y2=12±19y_2 = 12 \pm \sqrt{19}

于是 EG2=32+(y24)2+62=45+(8±19)2=128±1619 \begin{aligned} EG^2 &= 3^2 + (y_2 - 4)^2 + 6^2 \\ &= 45 + \left(8 \pm \sqrt{19}\right)^2 \\ &= 128 \pm 16\sqrt{19} \end{aligned} 题目给出的形式 pqrp - q\sqrt{r} 对应 1281619128 - 16\sqrt{19}。因此 p+q+r=128+16+19=163 \begin{aligned} p + q + r &= 128 + 16 + 19 \\ &= 163 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Place D=(0,0,0),D = (0, 0, 0), C=(12,0,0),C = (12, 0, 0), B=(12,12,0),B = (12, 12, 0), A=(0,12,0),A = (0, 12, 0), and E=(x,y,12),E = (x, y, 12), using the given distance from EE to face ABCD.ABCD. From CE=DECE = DE we get x=6,x = 6, and then DE=14DE = 14 gives 36+y2+144=196,36 + y^2 + 144 = 196, so y=4y = 4 and E=(6,4,12).E = (6, 4, 12).

In trapezoid ABFG,ABFG, GF\overline{GF} is parallel to AB\overline{AB} with GF=6GF = 6 and AG=BF,AG = BF, so GG and FF are symmetric about the plane x=6:x = 6: G=(3,y2,z2)G = (3, y_2, z_2) and F=(9,y2,z2).F = (9, y_2, z_2). Face ADEGADEG is planar, and the plane through A,A, D,D, EE contains the entire yy-axis direction (both AA and DD have x=z=0x = z = 0), so it is the plane z=2x,z = 2x, which indeed contains E.E. Hence z2=6.z_2 = 6. Now AG=8AG = 8 gives 32+(y212)2+62=64,3^2 + (y_2 - 12)^2 + 6^2 = 64, so y2=12±19.y_2 = 12 \pm \sqrt{19}.

Then EG2=32+(y24)2+62=45+(8±19)2=128±1619, \begin{aligned} EG^2 &= 3^2 + (y_2 - 4)^2 + 6^2 \\ &= 45 + \left(8 \pm \sqrt{19}\right)^2 \\ &= 128 \pm 16\sqrt{19}, \end{aligned} and the stated form pqrp - q\sqrt{r} corresponds to 1281619.128 - 16\sqrt{19}. Thus p+q+r=128+16+19=163. \begin{aligned} p + q + r &= 128 + 16 + 19 \\ &= 163. \end{aligned}