2020 AIME I 第 2 题

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2.

存在唯一的正实数 xx,使得 log8(2x)\log_8(2x)log4x\log_4 x, 和 log2x\log_2 x, 这三个数按此顺序 构成一个公比为正的等比数列。数 xx 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。 求 m+nm + n

There is a unique positive real number xx such that the three numbers log8(2x),\log_8(2x), log4x,\log_4 x, and log2x,\log_2 x, in that order, form a geometric progression with positive common ratio. The number xx can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:17
知识点:对数等比数列
难度评级:1950
解答:

t=log2xt = \log_2 x。则 log4x=t2\log_4 x = \frac{t}{2},且 log8(2x)=1+t3\log_8(2x) = \frac{1 + t}{3}。在等比数列中,中项的平方等于两端项的乘积: (t2)2=1+t3t.\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{1 + t}{3} \cdot t.

因为 t=0t = 0 不会给出有效公比,所以可除以 ttt4=1+t3\frac{t}{4} = \frac{1 + t}{3}, 于是 3t=4+4t3t = 4 + 4t,得 t=4t = -4。因此 x=24=116x = 2^{-4} = \frac{1}{16},此时数列为 1-12-24-4,公比为 22,确实为正。

所以 m+n=1+16=17m + n = 1 + 16 = 17

Let t=log2x.t = \log_2 x. Then log4x=t2\log_4 x = \frac{t}{2} and log8(2x)=1+t3.\log_8(2x) = \frac{1 + t}{3}. In a geometric progression the middle term squared equals the product of the outer terms: (t2)2=1+t3t.\left(\frac{t}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{1 + t}{3} \cdot t.

Since t=0t = 0 gives no valid ratio, divide by t:t: t4=1+t3,\frac{t}{4} = \frac{1 + t}{3}, so 3t=4+4t3t = 4 + 4t and t=4.t = -4. Thus x=24=116,x = 2^{-4} = \frac{1}{16}, and the progression is 1,-1, 2,-2, 4-4 with common ratio 2,2, which is positive as required.

Therefore m+n=1+16=17.m + n = 1 + 16 = 17.

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