2018 AIME I 第 7 题

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7.

一个直六棱柱的高为 22。底面是边长为 11 的正六边形。任取 1212 个顶点中的 33 个确定一个三角形。 求这些三角形中等腰三角形(包括等边三角形)的个数。

A right hexagonal prism has height 2.2. The bases are regular hexagons with side length 1.1. Any 33 of the 1212 vertices determine a triangle. Find the number of these triangles that are isosceles (including equilateral triangles).

答案:52
知识点:图形中的形状计数立体几何分类讨论
难度评级:2840
解答:

单位正六边形的弦长可能为 113\sqrt{3}22。一个六边形中 (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 个三角形里,66 个边长为 1,1,31, 1, \sqrt{3}22 个是边长 3;\sqrt{3}; 的等边三角形;其余 12,12, 个边长为 1,3,2,1, \sqrt{3}, 2, 是不等边三角形。所以每个底面贡献 88 个等腰三角形,两个底面共 1616 个。

否则,两个顶点在一个底面上(有 22 种底面选择),一个顶点在另一个底面上。上底面某顶点到下底面某顶点的距离为 d2+42\sqrt{d^2 + 4} \ge 2,其中 dd 是水平距离。若下底面这一对相邻(弦长 11):正六边形边的垂直平分线不经过顶点, 且没有侧向边能等于 11,所以没有等腰三角形。若这一对中间隔一个顶点(弦长 3\sqrt{3}66 对): 上底面位于中间顶点正上方和对顶点正上方的两个顶点到这对点等距,得到 62=126 \cdot 2 = 12 个。 若这一对是对径点(弦长 2233 对):没有顶点在垂直平分线上,但任一端点正上方的顶点给出侧向边 0+4=2\sqrt{0 + 4} = 2,等于该弦长,得到 32=63 \cdot 2 = 6 个。

总数为 16+2(12+6)=5216 + 2\,(12 + 6) = 52

The chords of a unit regular hexagon have lengths 1,1, 3,\sqrt{3}, and 2.2. Among the (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 triangles in one hexagon, 66 have sides 1,1,31, 1, \sqrt{3} and 22 are equilateral with side 3;\sqrt{3}; the other 12,12, with sides 1,3,2,1, \sqrt{3}, 2, are scalene. So each base contributes 88 isosceles triangles, for 1616 in all.

Otherwise two vertices lie on one base (22 choices of that base) and one on the other. A vertex of the top base at horizontal distance dd from a bottom vertex is at distance d2+42\sqrt{d^2 + 4} \ge 2 from it. If the bottom pair is adjacent (chord 11): the perpendicular bisector of a hexagon edge passes through no vertices, and no slant side can equal 1,1, so there are no isosceles triangles. If the pair has one vertex between them (chord 3,\sqrt{3}, 66 pairs): the top vertices above that middle vertex and above the opposite vertex are equidistant from the pair, giving 62=12.6 \cdot 2 = 12. If the pair is diametrically opposite (chord 2,2, 33 pairs): no vertex lies above the perpendicular bisector, but the top vertex directly above either endpoint gives a slant side 0+4=2\sqrt{0 + 4} = 2 equal to the chord, giving 32=6.3 \cdot 2 = 6.

The total is 16+2(12+6)=52.16 + 2\,(12 + 6) = 52.

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