2011 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

一个边长为 1010 的立方体悬在一个平面上方。离该平面最近的顶点标为 AA。与顶点 AA 相邻的三个顶点在该平面上方的高度分别为 101011111212。顶点 AA 到该平面的距离可表示为 rst\frac{r - \sqrt{s}}{t},其中 rrsstt 是正整数。求 r+s+tr + s + t

A cube with side length 1010 is suspended above a plane. The vertex closest to the plane is labeled A.A. The three vertices adjacent to vertex AA are at heights 10,10, 11,11, and 1212 above the plane. The distance from vertex AA to the plane can be expressed as rst,\frac{r - \sqrt{s}}{t}, where r,r, s,s, and tt are positive integers. Find r+s+t.r + s + t.

答案:330
知识点:立体几何向量二次方程
难度评级:2990
解答:

AA 的高度为 hh,并令 e1e_1e2e_2e3e_3 为从 AA 出发的三条两两垂直边方向上的单位向量。若 uu 是平面的向上单位法向量,则边 ii 方向上顶点的高度为 h+10(eiu)h + 10(e_i \cdot u),所以 10(e1u)=10h10(e_1 \cdot u) = 10 - h10(e2u)=11h10(e_2 \cdot u) = 11 - h、且 10(e3u)=12h10(e_3 \cdot u) = 12 - h。因为 e1,e2,e3e_1, e_2, e_3 构成一组标准正交基,(e1u)2+(e2u)2(e_1 \cdot u)^2 + (e_2 \cdot u)^2 +(e3u)2=1+ (e_3 \cdot u)^2 = 1

因此 化简为 3h266h+265=03h^2 - 66h + 265 = 0,所以 h=33±33232653=33±2943h = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{33^2 - 3 \cdot 265}}{3} = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{294}}{3}(10h)2+(11h)2+(12h)2=100, \begin{aligned} &(10 - h)^2 + (11 - h)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (12 - h)^2 = 100, \end{aligned}

因为 AA 是离平面最近的顶点,所以 h<10h \lt 10,从而 h=332943h = \frac{33 - \sqrt{294}}{3},并且 r+s+t=33+294+3=330r + s + t = 33 + 294 + 3 = 330

Let hh be the height of A,A, and let e1,e_1, e2,e_2, e3e_3 be unit vectors along the three mutually perpendicular edges at A.A. If uu is the upward unit normal of the plane, the height of the vertex along edge ii is h+10(eiu),h + 10(e_i \cdot u), so 10(e1u)=10h,10(e_1 \cdot u) = 10 - h, 10(e2u)=11h,10(e_2 \cdot u) = 11 - h, and 10(e3u)=12h.10(e_3 \cdot u) = 12 - h. Because e1,e2,e3e_1, e_2, e_3 form an orthonormal basis, (e1u)2+(e2u)2(e_1 \cdot u)^2 + (e_2 \cdot u)^2 +(e3u)2=1.+ (e_3 \cdot u)^2 = 1.

Therefore (10h)2+(11h)2+(12h)2=100, \begin{aligned} &(10 - h)^2 + (11 - h)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (12 - h)^2 = 100, \end{aligned} which simplifies to 3h266h+265=0,3h^2 - 66h + 265 = 0, so h=33±33232653=33±2943.h = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{33^2 - 3 \cdot 265}}{3} = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{294}}{3}.

Since AA is the closest vertex to the plane, h<10,h \lt 10, forcing h=332943,h = \frac{33 - \sqrt{294}}{3}, and r+s+t=33+294+3=330.r + s + t = 33 + 294 + 3 = 330.

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