2005 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

P(x)P(x) 是一个整系数多项式,满足 P(17)=10P(17) = 10P(24)=17P(24) = 17。 已知方程 P(n)=n+3P(n) = n + 3 有两个不同的整数解 n1n_1n2n_2, 求乘积 n1n2n_1 \cdot n_2

Let P(x)P(x) be a polynomial with integer coefficients that satisfies P(17)=10P(17) = 10 and P(24)=17.P(24) = 17. Given that the equation P(n)=n+3P(n) = n + 3 has two distinct integer solutions n1n_1 and n2,n_2, find the product n1n2.n_1 \cdot n_2.

答案:418
知识点:多项式整除性因数
难度评级:2760
解答:

S(x)=P(x)x3S(x) = P(x) - x - 3, 则 S(17)=S(24)=10S(17) = S(24) = -10。 由于 S(x)+10S(x) + 10 有整数系数并在 17172424 处为零, S(x)=10+(x17)(x24)Q(x) \begin{aligned} S(x) &= -10 \\ &\quad {}+ (x - 17)(x - 24)Q(x) \end{aligned} 其中 QQ 是某个整系数多项式。

若某个整数 nn 满足 P(n)=n+3P(n) = n + 3,则 (n17)(n24)Q(n)=10(n-17)(n-24)Q(n) = 10,所以 (n17)(n24)(n-17)(n-24) 整除 1010。因子 n17n - 17n24n - 24 是相差 77 的整数,其乘积整除 1010,所以它们为 {2,5}\{2, -5\}{5,2}\{5, -2\},得到 n=19n = 19n=22n = 22。两者都可取到,例如取 P(x)=x7P(x) = x - 7 (x17)(x24)- (x-17)(x-24)

因此 n1n2=1922=418n_1 \cdot n_2 = 19 \cdot 22 = 418

Let S(x)=P(x)x3,S(x) = P(x) - x - 3, so S(17)=S(24)=10.S(17) = S(24) = -10. Since S(x)+10S(x) + 10 has integer coefficients and vanishes at 1717 and 24,24, S(x)=10+(x17)(x24)Q(x) \begin{aligned} S(x) &= -10 \\ &\quad {}+ (x - 17)(x - 24)Q(x) \end{aligned} for some polynomial QQ with integer coefficients.

If P(n)=n+3P(n) = n + 3 for an integer n,n, then (n17)(n24)Q(n)=10,(n-17)(n-24)Q(n) = 10, so (n17)(n24)(n-17)(n-24) divides 10.10. The factors n17n - 17 and n24n - 24 are integers differing by 77 whose product divides 10,10, so they are {2,5}\{2, -5\} or {5,2},\{5, -2\}, giving n=19n = 19 and n=22.n = 22. Both occur, for example, for P(x)=x7P(x) = x - 7 (x17)(x24).- (x-17)(x-24).

Hence n1n2=1922=418.n_1 \cdot n_2 = 19 \cdot 22 = 418.

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