1971 AMC 12 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · 32 · 33 · 34 · 35

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

1:15:00

1.

N=212×58N=2^{12}\times5^8 的位数是:

The number of digits in the number N=212×58N=2^{12}\times5^8 is:

99

1010

1111

1212

2020

答案:B
知识点:指数位值配对与分组
难度评级:1200
小提示:

尽可能多地将因数 2255 配对

Pair as many factors of 22 and 55 as possible

大提示:

把这个数改写为 241082^4\cdot10^8

Rewrite the number as 241082^4\cdot10^8

解答:

21258=24(2858)2^{12}5^8=2^4(2^85^8),且 16108=1,600,000,00016\cdot10^8=1{,}600{,}000{,}000,该数共有 1010 位。

因此,正确答案为 B

We have 21258=24(2858)2^{12}5^8=2^4(2^85^8) and 16108=1,600,000,000,16\cdot10^8=1{,}600{,}000{,}000, which has 1010 digits.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

2.

bb 名工人用 cc 天砌好 ff 块砖,那么按相同速度,cc 名工人砌好 bb 块砖所需的天数是:

If bb men take cc days to lay ff bricks, then the number of days it will take cc men working at the same rate to lay bb bricks is:

fb2fb^2

bf2\frac{b}{f^2}

f2b\frac{f^2}{b}

b2f\frac{b^2}{f}

fb2\frac{f}{b^2}

答案:D
难度评级:1430
小提示:

先求一名工人一天能砌多少块砖

Find the number of bricks laid by one man in one day

大提示:

每个工日的效率是 fbc\frac{f}{bc} 块砖

The rate is fbc\frac{f}{bc} bricks per man-day

解答:

每个工日的效率是 fbc\frac{f}{bc} 块砖。因此,cc 名工人每天砌 fb\frac{f}{b} 块砖,所以砌好 bb 块砖需要 bfb=b2f \frac{b}{\frac{f}{b}}=\frac{b^2}{f} 天。

因此,正确答案为 D

The rate is fbc\frac{f}{bc} bricks per man-day. Thus cc men lay fb\frac{f}{b} bricks per day, so laying bb bricks takes bfb=b2f \frac{b}{\frac{f}{b}}=\frac{b^2}{f} days.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

3.

xyxy 平面内,点 (x,4)(x,-4) 位于连接 (0,8)(0,8)(4,0)(-4,0) 的直线上,则 xx 等于:

If the point (x,4)(x,-4) lies on the straight line joining the points (0,8)(0,8) and (4,0)(-4,0) in the xyxy-plane, then xx is equal to:

2-2

22

8-8

66

6-6

答案:E
难度评级:1310
小提示:

求过两个已知定点的直线斜率

Find the slope through the two given fixed points

大提示:

这条直线的方程是 y=2x+8y=2x+8

The line has equation y=2x+8y=2x+8

解答:

(0,8)(0,8)(4,0)(-4,0) 的直线斜率为 22,所以直线方程为 y=2x+8y=2x+8。代入 y=4y=-4,得 4=2x+8-4=2x+8,因此 x=6x=-6

因此,正确答案为 E

The slope through (0,8)(0,8) and (4,0)(-4,0) is 2,2, so the line is y=2x+8.y=2x+8. Substituting y=4y=-4 gives 4=2x+8,-4=2x+8, hence x=6.x=-6.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

4.

按年利率 5%5\% 计入两个月的单利后,某童子军团在理事会金库中的总额为 $255.31\$255.31。所计利息为若干美元再加上下列多少美分:

After simple interest for two months at 5%5\% per annum was credited, a Boy Scout Troop had a total of $255.31\$255.31 in the Council Treasury. The interest credited was a number of dollars plus the following number of cents:

1111

1212

1313

2121

3131

答案:A
难度评级:1310
小提示:

两个月是一年的六分之一

Two months is one-sixth of a year

大提示:

PP 是本金,解方程 255.31=P(1+0.056)255.31=P(1+\frac{0.05}{6})

If PP is the principal, solve 255.31=P(1+0.056)255.31=P(1+\frac{0.05}{6})

解答:

PP 是本金,则 255.31=P(1+0.056)=P121120 \begin{aligned} 255.31&=P\left(1+\frac{0.05}{6}\right)\\ &=P\frac{121}{120}\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 P=253.20P=253.20,利息为 $2.11\$2.11,其中的美分数为 1111

因此,正确答案为 A

If PP is the principal, then 255.31=P(1+0.056)=P121120. \begin{aligned} 255.31&=P\left(1+\frac{0.05}{6}\right)\\ &=P\frac{121}{120}. \end{aligned} Hence P=253.20,P=253.20, so the interest is $2.11\$2.11 and its cents part is 11.11.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

5.

AABBQQDDCC 位于图示圆上,弧 BQBQQDQD 的度数分别为 4242^\circ3838^\circ。角 PPQQ 的度数之和是:

Points A,A, B,B, Q,Q, D,D, and CC lie on the circle shown, and the measures of arcs BQBQ and QDQD are 4242^\circ and 38,38^\circ, respectively. The sum of the measures of angles PP and QQ is:

8080^\circ

6262^\circ

4040^\circ

4646^\circ

以上都不是

None of these

答案:C
难度评级:1780
小提示:

对角 PP 使用圆外两割线所成角公式

Use the external-secant formula for angle PP

大提示:

加上角 QQ 后,未知的截弧会相消

Adding angle QQ cancels the unknown intercepted arc

解答:

mAC=um\overset{\frown}{AC}=u。由圆外两割线所成角公式, mP=12(mBDu) m\angle P=\frac12\left(m\overset{\frown}{BD}-u\right)\text{,} 而圆周角定理给出 mQ=u2m\angle Q=\frac{u}{2}。因此 mP+mQ=12mBD=12(42+38)=40 \begin{aligned} m\angle P+m\angle Q &=\frac12m\overset{\frown}{BD}\\ &=\frac12(42^\circ+38^\circ)\\ &=40^\circ\text{。} \end{aligned}

因此,正确答案为 C

Let mAC=u.m\overset{\frown}{AC}=u. The external-secant formula gives mP=12(mBDu), m\angle P=\frac12\left(m\overset{\frown}{BD}-u\right), while the inscribed-angle theorem gives mQ=u2.m\angle Q=\frac{u}{2}. Therefore mP+mQ=12mBD=12(42+38)=40. \begin{aligned} m\angle P+m\angle Q &=\frac12m\overset{\frown}{BD}\\ &=\frac12(42^\circ+38^\circ)\\ &=40^\circ. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

6.

设符号 * 表示非零实数集合 SS 上如下定义的二元运算:对任意 aabSb\in S,都有 ab=2aba*b=2ab。下列哪一项不正确?

Let * be a symbol denoting the binary operation on the set SS of all nonzero real numbers as follows: for any a,a, bS,b\in S, ab=2ab.a*b=2ab. Which statement is not true?

*SS 上满足交换律

* is commutative over SS

*SS 上满足结合律

* is associative over SS

12\frac{1}{2}SS 中运算 * 的单位元

12\frac{1}{2} is an identity element for * in SS

SS 中每个元素关于 * 都有逆元

Every element of SS has an inverse for *

12a\frac{1}{2a}SS 中元素 aa 关于 * 的逆元

12a\frac{1}{2a} is an inverse for * of the element aa of SS

答案:E
难度评级:1740
小提示:

先由 ae=aa*e=a 求单位元 ee

First determine the identity ee from ae=aa*e=a

大提示:

aa 的逆元 xx 必须满足 ax=12a*x=\frac{1}{2}

An inverse xx of aa must satisfy ax=12a*x=\frac{1}{2}

解答:

该运算满足交换律,并且 (ab)c=4abc=a(bc) (a*b)*c=4abc=a*(b*c)\text{,} 所以它也满足结合律。其单位元为 12\frac{1}{2}aa 的逆元必须满足 2ax=122ax=\frac{1}{2},故逆元为 x=14ax=\frac{1}{4a},而不是 12a\frac{1}{2a}

因此,正确答案为 E

The operation is commutative, and (ab)c=4abc=a(bc), (a*b)*c=4abc=a*(b*c), so it is associative. Its identity is 12.\frac{1}{2}. The inverse of aa must satisfy 2ax=12,2ax=\frac{1}{2}, so it is x=14a,x=\frac{1}{4a}, not 12a.\frac{1}{2a}.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

7.

2(2k+1)2(2k1)+22k2^{-(2k+1)}-2^{-(2k-1)}+2^{-2k} 等于:

2(2k+1)2(2k1)+22k2^{-(2k+1)}-2^{-(2k-1)}+2^{-2k} is equal to:

22k2^{-2k}

2(2k1)2^{-(2k-1)}

2(2k+1)-2^{-(2k+1)}

00

22

答案:C
难度评级:1590
小提示:

提取 22 的幂次最小的那一项

Factor out the term with the smallest power of 22

大提示:

利用 2(2k1)=42(2k+1)2^{-(2k-1)}=4\cdot2^{-(2k+1)}

Use 2(2k1)=42(2k+1)2^{-(2k-1)}=4\cdot2^{-(2k+1)}

解答:

提取公因式可得 2(2k+1)(14+2)=2(2k+1) 2^{-(2k+1)}(1-4+2)=-2^{-(2k+1)}\text{。}

因此,正确答案为 C

Factoring gives 2(2k+1)(14+2)=2(2k+1). 2^{-(2k+1)}(1-4+2)=-2^{-(2k+1)}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

8.

不等式 6x2+5x<46x^2+5x\lt4 的解集是满足下列哪一条件的所有 xx

The solution set of 6x2+5x<46x^2+5x\lt4 is the set of all values of xx such that:

2<x<1-2\lt x\lt1

43<x<12-\dfrac43\lt x\lt\dfrac12

12<x<43-\dfrac12\lt x\lt\dfrac43

x<12x\lt\dfrac12x>43x\gt-\dfrac43

x<12x\lt\dfrac12 or x>43x\gt-\dfrac43

x<43x\lt-\dfrac43x>12x\gt\dfrac12

x<43x\lt-\dfrac43 or x>12x\gt\dfrac12

答案:B
难度评级:1640
小提示:

44 移到左边并因式分解

Move 44 to the left and factor

大提示:

乘积 (3x+4)(2x1)(3x+4)(2x-1) 在两个根之间为负

The product (3x+4)(2x1)(3x+4)(2x-1) is negative between its roots

解答:

该不等式等价于 6x2+5x4<0,(3x+4)(2x1)<0 \begin{aligned} 6x^2+5x-4&\lt0,\\ (3x+4)(2x-1)&\lt0\text{。} \end{aligned} 两个根是 43-\frac{4}{3}12\frac{1}{2},开口向上的二次函数在两根之间为负。

因此,正确答案为 B

The inequality is 6x2+5x4<0,(3x+4)(2x1)<0. \begin{aligned} 6x^2+5x-4&\lt0,\\ (3x+4)(2x-1)&\lt0. \end{aligned} The roots are 43-\frac{4}{3} and 12,\frac{1}{2}, and the upward-opening quadratic is negative between them.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

9.

一条不交叉且没有松弛的皮带绕在半径分别为 1414 英寸和 44 英寸的两个圆形皮带轮上。若皮带与两皮带轮的两个切点之间相距 2424 英寸,则两皮带轮圆心之间的距离(英寸)为:

An uncrossed belt is fitted without slack around two circular pulleys with radii of 1414 inches and 44 inches. If the distance between the points of contact of the belt with the pulleys is 2424 inches, then the distance between the centers of the pulleys in inches is:

2424

21192\sqrt{119}

2525

2626

4354\sqrt{35}

答案:D
难度评级:1760
小提示:

连接两个圆心,并利用半径之差

Join the centers and use the difference of the radii

大提示:

圆心距是两直角边为 24241010 的直角三角形的斜边

The center distance is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs 2424 and 1010

解答:

公外切线与连接圆心和切点的两条半径构成一个直角三角形,其两条直角边长为 2424144=1014-4=10。因此圆心距为 242+102=676=26 \sqrt{24^2+10^2}=\sqrt{676}=26\text{。}

因此,正确答案为 D

The common external tangent and the radii to its contact points form a right triangle whose legs are 2424 and 144=10.14-4=10. Thus the center distance is 242+102=676=26. \sqrt{24^2+10^2}=\sqrt{676}=26.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

10.

某组有 5050 名女孩,每人都是金发或深色头发,并且都是蓝眼睛或棕眼睛。若其中 1414 名是蓝眼睛的金发女孩,3131 名是深色头发,1818 名是棕眼睛,则棕眼睛且深色头发的女孩有:

Each of a group of 5050 girls is blonde or brunette and is blue-eyed or brown-eyed. If 1414 are blue-eyed blondes, 3131 are brunettes, and 1818 are brown-eyed, then the number of brown-eyed brunettes is:

55

77

99

1111

1313

答案:E
难度评级:1360
小提示:

先求金发女孩的总人数

First find the total number of blondes

大提示:

从所有棕眼睛女孩中减去棕眼睛的金发女孩人数

Subtract the brown-eyed blondes from all brown-eyed girls

解答:

共有 5031=1950-31=19 名金发女孩,其中 1914=519-14=5 名是棕眼睛。因此,棕眼睛且深色头发的女孩有 185=1318-5=13 名。

因此,正确答案为 E

There are 5031=1950-31=19 blondes, of whom 1914=519-14=5 are brown-eyed. Hence the number of brown-eyed brunettes is 185=13.18-5=13.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

11.

aa 进制数 4747bb 进制数 7474 表示同一个数。假设两个进制的基数都是正整数,则 a+ba+b 的最小可能值写成罗马数字是:

The numeral 4747 in base aa represents the same number as 7474 in base b.b. Assuming both bases are positive integers, the least possible value of a+b,a+b, written as a Roman numeral, is:

XIII\mathrm{XIII}

XV\mathrm{XV}

XXI\mathrm{XXI}

XXIV\mathrm{XXIV}

XVI\mathrm{XVI}

答案:D
难度评级:1850
小提示:

把这两个进制数写成等式 4a+7=7b+44a+7=7b+4

Translate the numerals into 4a+7=7b+44a+7=7b+4

大提示:

两个基数都大于 77;解 4a7b=34a-7b=-3,求最小的有效数对

Both bases exceed 77; solve 4a7b=34a-7b=-3 for the least valid pair

解答:

等式为 4a+7=7b+44a+7=7b+4,即 4a7b=34a-7b=-3。由于两个数码都必须有效,所以 a,b>7a,b\gt7。模 77 化简得 a1(mod7)a\equiv1\pmod7。第一个有效值是 a=15a=15,对应 b=9b=9。因此 a+b=24a+b=24,写成罗马数字为 XXIV\mathrm{XXIV}

因此,正确答案为 D

The equality is 4a+7=7b+4,4a+7=7b+4, or 4a7b=3.4a-7b=-3. Since both digits must be valid, a,b>7.a,b\gt7. Reducing modulo 77 gives a1(mod7).a\equiv1\pmod7. The first valid value is a=15,a=15, which gives b=9.b=9. Thus a+b=24,a+b=24, written XXIV.\mathrm{XXIV}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

12.

对每个整数 N>1N\gt1,规定:若两个正整数除以 NN 后所得的非负余数相同,则称它们同余。若 69699090125125 在某个这样的体系中同余,那么在同一体系中,8181 与下列哪个数同余:

For each integer N>1,N\gt1, define positive integers to be congruent if they leave the same nonnegative remainder when divided by N.N. If 69,69, 90,90, and 125125 are congruent in one such system, then in that same system, 8181 is congruent to:

33

44

55

77

88

答案:B
难度评级:1520
小提示:

模数整除任意两个同余整数之差

The modulus divides the difference of any two congruent integers

大提示:

利用差 21213535

Use the differences 2121 and 3535

解答:

模数 NN 同时整除 9069=2190-69=2112590=35125-90=35。由于 N>1N\gt1,只能有 N=7N=7。于是 814(mod7)81\equiv4\pmod7

因此,正确答案为 B

The modulus NN divides both 9069=2190-69=21 and 12590=35.125-90=35. Since N>1,N\gt1, this forces N=7.N=7. Then 814(mod7).81\equiv4\pmod7.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

13.

(1.0025)10(1.0025)^{10} 的值精确到小数点后 55 位,则小数点后第五位数字是:

If (1.0025)10(1.0025)^{10} is evaluated correct to 55 decimal places, then the digit in the fifth decimal place is:

00

11

22

55

88

答案:E
难度评级:1900
小提示:

写成 1.0025=1+0.00251.0025=1+0.0025

Write 1.0025=1+0.00251.0025=1+0.0025

大提示:

在二项式展开中,保留足以影响小数点后第五位的项

In the binomial expansion, retain terms large enough to affect the fifth decimal place

解答:

二项式展开给出 (1+0.0025)10=1+10(0.0025)+45(0.0025)2+120(0.0025)3+=1.025283125 \begin{gathered} (1+0.0025)^{10}\\ =1+10(0.0025)\\ \quad+45(0.0025)^2\\ \quad+120(0.0025)^3+\cdots\\ =1.025283125\ldots \end{gathered} 四舍五入后为 1.025281.02528。小数点后第五位数字是 88

因此,正确答案为 E

The binomial expansion gives (1+0.0025)10=1+10(0.0025)+45(0.0025)2+120(0.0025)3+=1.025283125 \begin{gathered} (1+0.0025)^{10}\\ =1+10(0.0025)\\ \quad+45(0.0025)^2\\ \quad+120(0.0025)^3+\cdots\\ =1.025283125\ldots \end{gathered} which rounds to 1.02528.1.02528. The fifth decimal digit is 8.8.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

14.

24812^{48}-1 能被 60607070 之间的两个数整除。这两个数是:

The number 24812^{48}-1 is exactly divisible by two numbers between 6060 and 70.70. These numbers are:

61616363

61,61, 6363

61616565

61,61, 6565

63636565

63,63, 6565

63636767

63,63, 6767

67676969

67,67, 6969

答案:C
难度评级:1990
小提示:

利用性质:若 nnmm 的倍数,则 2m12^m-1 整除 2n12^n-1

Use the fact that 2m12^m-1 divides 2n12^n-1 whenever nn is divisible by mm

大提示:

注意 63=26163=2^6-1,并且 21212^{12}-16565 的倍数

Recognize 63=26163=2^6-1 and that 21212^{12}-1 is divisible by 6565

解答:

因为 484866 的倍数,所以 2481 2^{48}-1 63=26163=2^6-1 的倍数。又有 2121=4095=63652^{12}-1=4095=63\cdot65,且 48481212 的倍数,所以 24812^{48}-16565 的倍数。因此这两个数是 63636565

因此,正确答案为 C

Because 4848 is divisible by 6,6, the number 2481 2^{48}-1 is divisible by 63=261.63=2^6-1. Also 2121=4095=6365,2^{12}-1=4095=63\cdot65, and 4848 is divisible by 12,12, so 24812^{48}-1 is divisible by 65.65. Thus the two numbers are 6363 and 65.65.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

15.

一个放在水平桌面上的长方体水族箱宽 1010 英寸、高 88 英寸。将水族箱倾斜时,水恰好覆盖一个 88 英寸乘 1010 英寸的端面,而只覆盖长方形底面的四分之三。将底面重新放平后,水深为:

An aquarium on a level table has rectangular faces and is 1010 inches wide and 88 inches high. When it was tilted, the water in it just covered an 88-inch by 1010-inch end but only three-fourths of the rectangular bottom. The depth of the water when the bottom was again made level was:

2122\tfrac12 英寸

2122\tfrac12 inches

33 英寸

33 inches

3143\tfrac14 英寸

3143\tfrac14 inches

3123\tfrac12 英寸

3123\tfrac12 inches

44 英寸

44 inches

答案:B
难度评级:1760
小提示:

比较倾斜和水平放置时的水量

Compare the water volume in the tilted and level positions

大提示:

倾斜时的纵向截面是一个高为 88、底为水族箱长度四分之三的三角形

The tilted side view is a triangle with height 88 and base three-fourths of the aquarium length

解答:

设水族箱长为 LL,水平放置时的水深为 hh。倾斜时,水的纵向截面是一个底为 3L4\frac{3L}{4}、高为 88 的三角形。因此 10(123L48)=10Lh 10\left(\frac12\cdot\frac{3L}{4}\cdot8\right)=10Lh\text{,} 所以 h=3h=3 英寸。

因此,正确答案为 B

Let the aquarium length be LL and the level-water depth be h.h. In the tilted position the longitudinal cross-section of the water is a triangle with base 3L4\frac{3L}{4} and height 8.8. Therefore 10(123L48)=10Lh, 10\left(\frac12\cdot\frac{3L}{4}\cdot8\right)=10Lh, so h=3h=3 inches.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

16.

一名学生求出 3535 个分数的平均数后,粗心地把这个平均数也加入原来的 3535 个分数中,再求这 3636 个数的平均数。第二次所得平均数与真实平均数之比为:

After finding the average of 3535 scores, a student carelessly included the average with the 3535 scores and found the average of these 3636 numbers. The ratio of the second average to the true average was:

1:11:1

35:3635:36

36:3536:35

2:12:1

以上都不是

None of these

答案:A
难度评级:1200
小提示:

设原来的平均数为 xx

Call the original average xx

大提示:

原来的总和为 35x35x,额外加入的数也是 xx

The original sum is 35x35x, and the extra number is also xx

解答:

若真实平均数为 xx,则原来的总和为 35x35x。再加入 xx 本身后,3636 个数的总和为 36x36x,所以新平均数仍为 xx。所求比为 1:11:1

因此,正确答案为 A

If the true average is x,x, then the original sum is 35x.35x. Including xx itself gives a sum of 36x36x over 3636 numbers, so the new average is still x.x. The ratio is 1:1.1:1.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

17.

2n2n 条等间隔的半径 (n>0)(n\gt0) 和一条割线分割一个圆盘。该圆盘最多能被分成多少个互不重叠的区域:

A circular disk is divided by 2n2n equally spaced radii (n>0)(n\gt0) and one secant line. The maximum number of nonoverlapping areas into which the disk can be divided is:

2n+12n+1

2n+22n+2

3n13n-1

3n3n

3n+13n+1

答案:E
难度评级:2060
小提示:

从这 2n2n 条半径形成的扇形数开始计算

Begin with the 2n2n sectors made by the radii

大提示:

一条割线至多与 nn 条半径相交,再数割线弦段被分成的部分

A secant can cross at most nn of the radii, so count the pieces of the secant chord

解答:

这些半径先形成 2n2n 个扇形。一条不过圆心的割线在 nn 对反向半径中的每一对里至多与一条相交,因此至多与 nn 条半径相交。这些交点把圆内的割线弦段分成 n+1n+1 段,每段都会增加一个区域。因此最大区域数为 2n+(n+1)=3n+12n+(n+1)=3n+1

因此,正确答案为 E

The radii first make 2n2n sectors. A secant not through the center can meet at most one radius in each of nn opposite pairs, hence at most nn radii. Those intersections divide the secant chord into n+1n+1 pieces, each of which adds one region. The maximum is therefore 2n+(n+1)=3n+1.2n+(n+1)=3n+1.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

18.

河水以每小时 33 英里的速度稳定流动。一艘在静水中速度恒定的摩托艇顺流行驶 44 英里后返回出发点。除去掉头时间,全程用时一小时。顺流速度与逆流速度之比为:

The current in a river flows steadily at 33 miles per hour. A motorboat traveling at a constant rate in still water goes downstream 44 miles and then returns to its starting point. The trip takes one hour, excluding turning time. The ratio of the downstream rate to the upstream rate is:

4:34:3

3:23:2

5:35:3

2:12:1

5:25:2

答案:D
难度评级:1760
小提示:

设船在静水中的速度为 vv

Let vv be the boat’s still-water speed

大提示:

解方程 4v+3+4v3=1\frac{4}{v+3}+\frac{4}{v-3}=1

Solve 4v+3+4v3=1\frac{4}{v+3}+\frac{4}{v-3}=1

解答:

vv 是船在静水中的速度,则 4v+3+4v3=1 \frac4{v+3}+\frac4{v-3}=1\text{。} 化简得 v28v9=0v^2-8v-9=0,所以满足条件的正根是 v=9v=9。顺流与逆流速度分别为 121266,其比为 2:12:1

因此,正确答案为 D

If vv is the still-water speed, then 4v+3+4v3=1. \frac4{v+3}+\frac4{v-3}=1. This simplifies to v28v9=0,v^2-8v-9=0, so the positive admissible solution is v=9.v=9. The downstream and upstream rates are 1212 and 6,6, whose ratio is 2:1.2:1.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

19.

若直线 y=mx+1y=mx+1 与椭圆 x2+4y2=1x^2+4y^2=1 恰有一个交点,则 m2m^2 的值为:

If the line y=mx+1y=mx+1 intersects the ellipse x2+4y2=1x^2+4y^2=1 exactly once, then the value of m2m^2 is:

12\frac{1}{2}

23\frac{2}{3}

34\frac{3}{4}

45\frac{4}{5}

56\frac{5}{6}

答案:C
难度评级:2020
小提示:

将直线方程代入椭圆方程

Substitute the line equation into the ellipse

大提示:

恰有一个交点意味着所得二次方程的判别式为零

Exactly one intersection means the resulting quadratic has discriminant zero

解答:

代入可得 (1+4m2)x2+8mx+3=0 (1+4m^2)x^2+8mx+3=0\text{。} 相切要求判别式为零: 64m212(1+4m2)=0 64m^2-12(1+4m^2)=0\text{。} 因此 16m2=1216m^2=12,所以 m2=34m^2=\frac{3}{4}

因此,正确答案为 C

Substitution gives (1+4m2)x2+8mx+3=0. (1+4m^2)x^2+8mx+3=0. Tangency requires its discriminant to vanish: 64m212(1+4m2)=0. 64m^2-12(1+4m^2)=0. Thus 16m2=12,16m^2=12, so m2=34.m^2=\frac{3}{4}.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

20.

方程 x2+2hx=3x^2+2hx=3 的两根平方和为 1010hh 的绝对值等于:

The sum of the squares of the roots of the equation x2+2hx=3x^2+2hx=3 is 10.10. The absolute value of hh is equal to:

1-1

12\frac{1}{2}

23\frac{2}{3}

22

以上都不是

None of these

答案:E
难度评级:1640
小提示:

利用两根的和与积

Use the sum and product of the two roots

大提示:

若两根为 r,sr,s,则 r+s=2hr+s=-2hrs=3rs=-3

If the roots are r,s,r,s, then r+s=2hr+s=-2h and rs=3rs=-3

解答:

设两根为 r,sr,s,由韦达定理,r+s=2hr+s=-2hrs=3rs=-3。于是 4h2=(r+s)2=r2+s2+2rs=106=4 \begin{aligned} 4h^2=(r+s)^2 &=r^2+s^2+2rs\\ &=10-6=4\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 h=1|h|=1。选项 A 为 1-1,所以选项 A 至 D 中均没有该值。

因此,正确答案为 E

For roots r,s,r,s, Vieta’s formulas give r+s=2hr+s=-2h and rs=3.rs=-3. Hence 4h2=(r+s)2=r2+s2+2rs=106=4. \begin{aligned} 4h^2=(r+s)^2 &=r^2+s^2+2rs\\ &=10-6=4. \end{aligned} Therefore h=1,|h|=1, which is not among choices A-D because choice A is 1.-1.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

21.

log2(log3(log4x))=0,log3(log4(log2y))=0,log4(log2(log3z))=0 \begin{gathered} \log_2(\log_3(\log_4x))=0,\\ \log_3(\log_4(\log_2y))=0,\\ \log_4(\log_2(\log_3z))=0\text{,} \end{gathered} x+y+zx+y+z 等于:

If log2(log3(log4x))=0,log3(log4(log2y))=0,log4(log2(log3z))=0, \begin{gathered} \log_2(\log_3(\log_4x))=0,\\ \log_3(\log_4(\log_2y))=0,\\ \log_4(\log_2(\log_3z))=0, \end{gathered} then x+y+zx+y+z is equal to:

5050

5858

8989

111111

12961296

答案:C
知识点:对数指数函数
难度评级:1850
小提示:

从最外层向内逐层撤销每个对数

Undo each logarithm from the outside inward

大提示:

对第一条对数链,各层内部值依次为 1,31,3,然后得到 x=43x=4^3

For the first chain, the successive inner values are 1,3,1,3, and then x=43x=4^3

解答:

从最外层向内逐层撤销对数,可得 x=43=64,y=24=16,z=32=9 \begin{gathered} x=4^3=64,\\ y=2^4=16,\\ z=3^2=9\text{。} \end{gathered} 因此 x+y+z=64+16+9=89x+y+z=64+16+9=89

因此,正确答案为 C

Undoing the logarithms from the outside inward gives x=43=64,y=24=16,z=32=9. \begin{gathered} x=4^3=64,\\ y=2^4=16,\\ z=3^2=9. \end{gathered} Therefore x+y+z=64+16+9=89.x+y+z=64+16+9=89.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

22.

wwx3=1x^3=1 的一个虚根,则 (1w+w2)(1+ww2)(1-w+w^2)(1+w-w^2) 等于:

If ww is one of the imaginary roots of x3=1,x^3=1, then (1w+w2)(1+ww2)(1-w+w^2)(1+w-w^2) is equal to:

44

ww

22

w2w^2

11

答案:A
难度评级:1700
小提示:

利用 w2+w+1=0w^2+w+1=0

Use w2+w+1=0w^2+w+1=0

大提示:

1+w21+w^2 替换为 w-w,把 1+w1+w 替换为 w2-w^2

Replace 1+w21+w^2 by w-w and 1+w1+w by w2-w^2

解答:

由于 w1w\ne1w3=1w^3=1,有 1+w+w2=01+w+w^2=0。因此 1w+w2=2w,1+ww2=2w2 \begin{gathered} 1-w+w^2=-2w,\\ 1+w-w^2=-2w^2\text{。} \end{gathered} 两式之积为 4w3=44w^3=4

因此,正确答案为 A

Because w1w\ne1 and w3=1,w^3=1, we have 1+w+w2=0.1+w+w^2=0. Thus 1w+w2=2w,1+ww2=2w2. \begin{gathered} 1-w+w^2=-2w,\\ 1+w-w^2=-2w^2. \end{gathered} Their product is 4w3=4.4w^3=4.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

23.

AA 与队 BB 正在进行一系列比赛。若每场比赛两队获胜的概率相同,而且队 AA 再赢两场即可赢得系列赛,队 BB 则需再赢三场,那么队 AA 赢得系列赛的有利赔率为:

Teams AA and BB are playing a series of games. If either team has an equal chance to win any game, and Team AA must win two games while Team BB must win three games to win the series, then the odds favoring Team AA to win the series are:

111155

1111 to 55

5522

55 to 22

8833

88 to 33

3322

33 to 22

131366

1313 to 66

答案:A
难度评级:1990
小提示:

枚举队 AA 输掉系列赛的方式更简短

It is shorter to enumerate the ways Team AA can lose

大提示:

AA 第二次获胜之前,BB 可按 BBB、ABBB、BABB 或 BBAB 的顺序结束系列赛

Before AA’s second win, BB can finish as BBB, ABBB, BABB, or BBAB

解答:

AA 在序列 BBB、ABBB、BABB 和 BBAB 中输掉系列赛。这些序列的总概率为 18+3(116)=516 \frac18+3\left(\frac1{16}\right)=\frac5{16}\text{。} 因此队 AA 获胜的概率为 1116\frac{11}{16},其有利赔率为 11:511:5

因此,正确答案为 A

Team AA loses in the sequences BBB, ABBB, BABB, and BBAB. Their total probability is 18+3(116)=516. \frac18+3\left(\frac1{16}\right)=\frac5{16}. Thus Team AA wins with probability 1116,\frac{11}{16}, so the odds in its favor are 11:5.11:5.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

24.

帕斯卡三角形是如下所示的正整数阵列,其中第一行为 11,第二行有两个 11,每行都以 11 开头和结尾,其余每个数都是其上方两个数之和。

在前 nn 行中,不等于 11 的数的个数与等于 11 的数的个数之比为:

Pascal’s triangle is an array of positive integers, shown below, in which the first row is 1,1, the second row is two 11’s, each row begins and ends with 1,1, and each other entry is the sum of the two entries above it.

The quotient of the number of entries in the first nn rows which are not 11’s and the number of 11’s is:

n2n2n1\dfrac{n^2-n}{2n-1}

n2n4n2\dfrac{n^2-n}{4n-2}

n22n2n1\dfrac{n^2-2n}{2n-1}

n23n+24n2\dfrac{n^2-3n+2}{4n-2}

以上都不是

None of these

答案:D
难度评级:1760
小提示:

先数所有项,再减去边界上的 11

Count all entries and then subtract the boundary 11’s

大提示:

nn 行共有 n(n+1)2\frac{n(n+1)}{2} 项,边界上共有 2n12n-111

The first nn rows contain n(n+1)2\frac{n(n+1)}{2} entries and 2n12n-1 boundary 11’s

解答:

nn 行共有 1+2++n=n(n+1)21+2+\cdots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2} 项。边界上有 2n12n-111,所以其余项的个数为 n(n+1)2(2n1)=n2+n4n+22=n23n+22 \begin{gathered} \frac{n(n+1)}2-(2n-1)\\ =\frac{n^2+n-4n+2}{2}\\ =\frac{n^2-3n+2}{2}\text{。} \end{gathered} 除以 2n12n-1,得到 n23n+24n2\frac{n^2-3n+2}{4n-2}

因此,正确答案为 D

The first nn rows contain 1+2++n=n(n+1)21+2+\cdots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2} entries. There are 2n12n-1 boundary 11’s, so the number of other entries is n(n+1)2(2n1)=n2+n4n+22=n23n+22. \begin{gathered} \frac{n(n+1)}2-(2n-1)\\ =\frac{n^2+n-4n+2}{2}\\ =\frac{n^2-3n+2}{2}. \end{gathered} Dividing by 2n12n-1 gives n23n+24n2.\frac{n^2-3n+2}{4n-2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

25.

一名少年把自己的年龄写在父亲年龄的后面。他从得到的这个四位数中减去两人年龄差的绝对值,结果为 4,2894{,}289。两人的年龄之和为:

A teenage boy wrote his own age after his father’s. From this new four-place number, he subtracted the absolute value of the difference of their ages to get 4,289.4{,}289. The sum of their ages was:

4848

5252

5656

5959

6464

答案:D
难度评级:1880
小提示:

设父亲的年龄为 ff,少年的年龄为 bb

Let the father’s age be ff and the boy’s age be bb

大提示:

拼接所得的数是 100f+b100f+b,所以利用 99f+2b=428999f+2b=4289

The concatenated number is 100f+b100f+b, so use 99f+2b=428999f+2b=4289

解答:

设父亲和少年的年龄分别为 ffbb。由于 f>bf\gt b100f+b(fb)=4289,99f+2b=4289 \begin{aligned} 100f+b-(f-b)&=4289,\\ 99f+2b&=4289\text{。} \end{aligned} 少年处于十几岁,所以 13b1913\le b\le19。模 99 化简得 2b5(mod9)2b\equiv5\pmod9,因此 b=16b=16。于是 f=42893299=43f=\frac{4289-32}{99}=43,且 f+b=59f+b=59

因此,正确答案为 D

Let the father and boy be ff and bb years old. Since f>b,f\gt b, 100f+b(fb)=4289,99f+2b=4289. \begin{aligned} 100f+b-(f-b)&=4289,\\ 99f+2b&=4289. \end{aligned} The boy is a teenager, so 13b19.13\le b\le19. Reducing modulo 99 gives 2b5(mod9),2b\equiv5\pmod9, hence b=16.b=16. Then f=42893299=43,f=\frac{4289-32}{99}=43, and f+b=59.f+b=59.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

26.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,点 FF1:21:2 分割边 ACAC。设 GGBFBF 的中点,直线 AGAG 与边 BCBC 交于点 EE。则 EE 分割 BCBC 的比为:

In triangle ABC,ABC, point FF divides side ACAC in the ratio 1:2.1:2. Let EE be the point where side BCBC meets AG,AG, where GG is the midpoint of BF.BF. Then EE divides BCBC in the ratio:

1:41:4

1:31:3

2:52:5

4:114:11

3:83:8

答案:B
难度评级:2060
小提示:

为端点分配质量,使 AF:FC=1:2AF:FC=1:2

Assign endpoint masses so that AF:FC=1:2AF:FC=1:2

大提示:

中点条件使 BBFF 处的质量相等

The midpoint condition makes the masses at BB and FF equal

解答:

使用质量点法。由于 AF:FC=1:2AF:FC=1:2,给 AACC 分别赋质量 2211,于是 FF 处的质量为 33。因为 GGBFBF 的中点,所以 BB 处的质量也为 33。因此 BE:EC=mC:mB=1:3 BE:EC=m_C:m_B=1:3\text{。}

因此,正确答案为 B

Use mass points. Since AF:FC=1:2,AF:FC=1:2, assign masses 22 and 11 to AA and C,C, so the mass at FF is 3.3. Because GG is the midpoint of BF,BF, the mass at BB is also 3.3. Therefore BE:EC=mC:mB=1:3. BE:EC=m_C:m_B=1:3.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

27.

一个盒子里装有筹码,每枚筹码都是红色、白色或蓝色。蓝色筹码的数量至少是白色筹码数量的一半,且至多是红色筹码数量的三分之一。白色或蓝色筹码总数至少为 5555。红色筹码的最少数量为:

A box contains chips, each of which is red, white, or blue. The number of blue chips is at least half the number of white chips and at most one-third the number of red chips. The number which are white or blue is at least 55.55. The minimum number of red chips is:

2424

3333

4545

5454

5757

答案:E
难度评级:1880
小提示:

设三种筹码的数量分别为 r,w,br,w,b,把每个条件都写成不等式

Let the counts be r,w,br,w,b and translate every condition into an inequality

大提示:

w2bw\le2bw+b55w+b\ge55 求整数 bb 的最小可能值

From w2bw\le2b and w+b55w+b\ge55, find the least possible integer bb

解答:

设三种筹码的数量分别为 r,w,br,w,b。条件给出 w2b,r3b,w+b55 \begin{gathered} w\le2b,\\ r\ge3b,\\ w+b\ge55\text{。} \end{gathered} 因此 3bw+b553b\ge w+b\ge55,所以 b19b\ge19,且 r57r\ge57。取 (w,b,r)=(36,19,57)(w,b,r)=(36,19,57) 时可以达到等号,因此最小值为 5757

因此,正确答案为 E

Let the counts be r,w,b.r,w,b. The conditions give w2b,r3b,w+b55. \begin{gathered} w\le2b,\\ r\ge3b,\\ w+b\ge55. \end{gathered} Hence 3bw+b55,3b\ge w+b\ge55, so b19b\ge19 and r57.r\ge57. Equality is possible with (w,b,r)=(36,19,57),(w,b,r)=(36,19,57), so the minimum is 57.57.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

28.

三角形内有九条平行于底边的直线,把另外两边各分成 1010 个等长线段,并把三角形面积分成 1010 个不同部分。若其中最大部分的面积为 3838,则原三角形的面积为:

Nine lines parallel to the base of a triangle divide the other sides each into 1010 equal segments and the area into 1010 distinct parts. If the area of the largest of these parts is 38,38, then the area of the original triangle is:

180180

190190

200200

210210

240240

答案:C
难度评级:1780
小提示:

最大的部分是最下面的条带

The largest part is the bottom strip

大提示:

该条带上方的小三角形与原三角形的线性比例为 910\frac{9}{10}

The smaller triangle above that strip has linear scale 910\frac{9}{10}

解答:

设总面积为 KK。最下面条带上方的三角形与原三角形相似,线性比例为 910\frac{9}{10},所以其面积为 81K100\frac{81K}{100}。因此最大条带的面积为 K81K100=19K100=38 K-\frac{81K}{100}=\frac{19K}{100}=38\text{,} 从而 K=200K=200

因此,正确答案为 C

If the whole area is K,K, the triangle above the bottom strip is similar to the original with scale 910,\frac{9}{10}, so its area is 81K100.\frac{81K}{100}. Thus the largest strip has area K81K100=19K100=38, K-\frac{81K}{100}=\frac{19K}{100}=38, giving K=200.K=200.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

29.

给定数列 10111,10211,10311,10411,,10n11 \begin{gathered} 10^{\frac{1}{11}},10^{\frac{2}{11}},10^{\frac{3}{11}},\\ 10^{\frac{4}{11}},\ldots,10^{\frac{n}{11}}\text{,} \end{gathered} 使前 nn 项之积大于 100,000100{,}000 的最小正整数 nn 为:

Given the progression 10111,10211,10311,10411,,10n11, \begin{gathered} 10^{\frac{1}{11}},10^{\frac{2}{11}},10^{\frac{3}{11}},\\ 10^{\frac{4}{11}},\ldots,10^{\frac{n}{11}}, \end{gathered} the least positive integer nn such that the product of the first nn terms exceeds 100,000100{,}000 is:

77

88

99

1010

1111

答案:E
难度评级:1760
小提示:

各项相乘时,把指数相加

Add the exponents when multiplying the terms

大提示:

要求 n(n+1)22>5\frac{n(n+1)}{22}\gt5,注意等号并不满足条件

Require n(n+1)22>5\frac{n(n+1)}{22}\gt5, noting that equality is not enough

解答:

该乘积为 101+2++n11=10n(n+1)22 10^{\frac{1+2+\cdots+n}{11}}=10^{\frac{n(n+1)}{22}}\text{。} 它大于 100,000=105100{,}000=10^5 当且仅当 n(n+1)>110n(n+1)\gt110。当 n=10n=10 时恰好相等,而 n=11n=11 时满足条件。

因此,正确答案为 E

The product is 101+2++n11=10n(n+1)22. 10^{\frac{1+2+\cdots+n}{11}}=10^{\frac{n(n+1)}{22}}. It exceeds 100,000=105100{,}000=10^5 exactly when n(n+1)>110.n(n+1)\gt110. For n=10n=10 there is equality, while n=11n=11 works.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

30.

给定线性分式变换 f1(x)=2x1x+1 f_1(x)=\frac{2x-1}{x+1}\text{,} n=1n=12233\ldots,定义 fn+1(x)=f1(fn(x))f_{n+1}(x)=f_1(f_n(x))。若 f35(x)=f5(x)f_{35}(x)=f_5(x),则 f28(x)f_{28}(x) 等于:

Given the linear fractional transformation f1(x)=2x1x+1, f_1(x)=\frac{2x-1}{x+1}, define fn+1(x)=f1(fn(x))f_{n+1}(x)=f_1(f_n(x)) for n=1,n=1, 2,2, 3,3, .\ldots. Assuming f35(x)=f5(x),f_{35}(x)=f_5(x), it follows that f28(x)f_{28}(x) is equal to:

xx

1x\frac{1}{x}

x1x\frac{x-1}{x}

11x\frac{1}{1-x}

以上都不是

None of these

答案:D
知识点:函数递推变换
难度评级:2340
小提示:

通过复合逆变换消去五次迭代

Cancel five iterates by composing with the inverse transformation

大提示:

g=f11g=f_1^{-1},那么在 f30f_{30} 为恒等变换后有 f28=g2f_{28}=g^2

If g=f11g=f_1^{-1}, then f28=g2f_{28}=g^2 once f30f_{30} is the identity

解答:

该变换可逆。由 f35=f5f_{35}=f_5,与 f51f_5^{-1} 复合可知 f30f_{30} 是恒等变换。由 y=2x1x+1y=\frac{2x-1}{x+1} 解出 xx,得 g(y)=f11(y)=y+12y g(y)=f_1^{-1}(y)=\frac{y+1}{2-y}\text{。} 由于迭代的周期为 3030f28=f2=g2f_{28}=f_{-2}=g^2。直接复合得到 g(g(x))=11x g(g(x))=\frac{1}{1-x}\text{。}

因此,正确答案为 D

The transformation is invertible. From f35=f5,f_{35}=f_5, composing with f51f_5^{-1} shows that f30f_{30} is the identity. Solving y=2x1x+1y=\frac{2x-1}{x+1} for xx gives g(y)=f11(y)=y+12y. g(y)=f_1^{-1}(y)=\frac{y+1}{2-y}. Since iterates have period 30,30, f28=f2=g2.f_{28}=f_{-2}=g^2. Direct composition gives g(g(x))=11x. g(g(x))=\frac{1}{1-x}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

31.

四边形 ABCDABCD 内接于一个圆,边 ADAD 是长为 44 的直径。若边 ABABBCBC 的长度都为 11,则边 CDCD 的长度为:

Quadrilateral ABCDABCD is inscribed in a circle with side AD,AD, a diameter of length 4.4. If sides ABAB and BCBC each have length 1,1, then side CDCD has length:

72\frac{7}{2}

522\frac{5\sqrt2}{2}

11\sqrt{11}

13\sqrt{13}

232\sqrt3

答案:A
难度评级:2190
小提示:

等弦 ABABBCBC 所对的圆心角相等

Equal chords ABAB and BCBC subtend equal central angles

大提示:

若其中任一圆心角的一半为 tt,则 4sint=14\sin t=1,且 CD=4cos(2t)CD=4\cos(2t)

If half of either central angle is tt, then 4sint=14\sin t=1 and CD=4cos(2t)CD=4\cos(2t)

解答:

该圆的半径为 22。设等弦 ABABBCBC 所对的圆心角都为 2t2t。则 1=4sint 1=4\sin t\text{,} 所以 sint=14\sin t=\frac{1}{4}。沿半圆从 CCDD 的剩余圆心角为 π4t\pi-4t,故 CD=4sin(π4t2)=4cos(2t)=4(12116)=72 \begin{aligned} CD&=4\sin\left(\frac{\pi-4t}{2}\right)\\ &=4\cos(2t)\\ &=4\left(1-2\cdot\frac1{16}\right)\\ &=\frac72\text{。} \end{aligned}

因此,正确答案为 A

The circle has radius 2.2. Let the central angles subtending the equal chords ABAB and BCBC each be 2t.2t. Then 1=4sint, 1=4\sin t, so sint=14.\sin t=\frac{1}{4}. The remaining central angle from CC to DD along the semicircle is π4t,\pi-4t, hence CD=4sin(π4t2)=4cos(2t)=4(12116)=72. \begin{aligned} CD&=4\sin\left(\frac{\pi-4t}{2}\right)\\ &=4\cos(2t)\\ &=4\left(1-2\cdot\frac1{16}\right)\\ &=\frac72. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

32.

s=(1+2132)(1+2116)(1+218)(1+214)(1+212) \begin{aligned} s={}&(1+2^{-\frac{1}{32}})(1+2^{-\frac{1}{16}})\\ &\cdot(1+2^{-\frac{1}{8}})(1+2^{-\frac{1}{4}})\\ &\cdot(1+2^{-\frac{1}{2}})\text{,} \end{aligned} ss 等于:

If s=(1+2132)(1+2116)(1+218)(1+214)(1+212), \begin{aligned} s={}&(1+2^{-\frac{1}{32}})(1+2^{-\frac{1}{16}})\\ &\cdot(1+2^{-\frac{1}{8}})(1+2^{-\frac{1}{4}})\\ &\cdot(1+2^{-\frac{1}{2}}), \end{aligned} then ss is equal to:

12(12132)1\dfrac12(1-2^{-\frac{1}{32}})^{-1}

(12132)1(1-2^{-\frac{1}{32}})^{-1}

121321-2^{-\frac{1}{32}}

12(12132)\dfrac12(1-2^{-\frac{1}{32}})

12\frac{1}{2}

答案:A
难度评级:2210
小提示:

x=2132x=2^{-\frac{1}{32}}

Set x=2132x=2^{-\frac{1}{32}}

大提示:

从因子 1+x161+x^{16} 开始,反复应用平方差公式

Apply the difference-of-squares identity repeatedly through the factor 1+x161+x^{16}

解答:

x=2132x=2^{-\frac{1}{32}}。则 (1x)s=1x32=112=12 \begin{aligned} (1-x)s&=1-x^{32}\\ &=1-\frac12=\frac12\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 s=12(12132)1 s=\frac12(1-2^{-\frac{1}{32}})^{-1}\text{。}

因此,正确答案为 A

Let x=2132.x=2^{-\frac{1}{32}}. Then (1x)s=1x32=112=12. \begin{aligned} (1-x)s&=1-x^{32}\\ &=1-\frac12=\frac12. \end{aligned} Therefore s=12(12132)1. s=\frac12(1-2^{-\frac{1}{32}})^{-1}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

33.

PP 是等比数列中 nn 个量的乘积,SS 是它们的和,SS' 是它们倒数的和,则用 SSSS'nn 表示的 PP 为:

If PP is the product of nn quantities in geometric progression, SS their sum, and SS' the sum of their reciprocals, then PP in terms of S,S, S,S', and nn is:

(SS)n2(SS')^{\frac{n}{2}}

(SS)n2(\frac{S}{S'})^{\frac{n}{2}}

(SS)n2(SS')^{n-2}

(SS)n(\frac{S}{S'})^n

(SS)n12(\frac{S}{S'})^{\frac{n-1}{2}}

答案:B
难度评级:2300
小提示:

把这个等比数列写成 a,ar,,arn1a,ar,\ldots,ar^{n-1}

Write the progression as a,ar,,arn1a,ar,\ldots,ar^{n-1}

大提示:

证明 SS=a2rn1\frac{S}{S'}=a^2r^{n-1},其 n2\frac{n}{2} 次幂正是所求乘积

Show that SS=a2rn1\frac{S}{S'}=a^2r^{n-1}, whose n2\frac{n}{2} power is the product

解答:

把这些项写成 a,ar,,arn1a,ar,\ldots,ar^{n-1}。将倒数之和反向排列可得 S=Sa2rn1 S'=\frac{S}{a^2r^{n-1}}\text{,} 所以 SS=a2rn1\frac{S}{S'}=a^2r^{n-1}。另一方面, P=anrn(n1)2=(a2rn1)n2=(SS)n2 \begin{aligned} P&=a^nr^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}\\ &=\left(a^2r^{n-1}\right)^{\frac{n}{2}}\\ &=\left(\frac{S}{S'}\right)^{\frac{n}{2}}\text{。} \end{aligned}

因此,正确答案为 B

Write the terms as a,ar,,arn1.a,ar,\ldots,ar^{n-1}. Reversing the reciprocal sum gives S=Sa2rn1, S'=\frac{S}{a^2r^{n-1}}, so SS=a2rn1.\frac{S}{S'}=a^2r^{n-1}. Meanwhile P=anrn(n1)2=(a2rn1)n2=(SS)n2. \begin{aligned} P&=a^nr^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}\\ &=\left(a^2r^{n-1}\right)^{\frac{n}{2}}\\ &=\left(\frac{S}{S'}\right)^{\frac{n}{2}}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

34.

工厂里的一只普通钟走得慢,但分针仍在通常的表盘位置(1212 点等)追上时针,只是每隔 6969 分钟才追上一次。按加班工资为正常工资的一倍半计算,一名时薪 $4.00\$4.00 的工人按这只慢钟工作完正常的 88 小时后,应得的额外工资为:

An ordinary clock in a factory is running slow so that the minute hand passes the hour hand at the usual dial positions (1212 o’clock, etc.) but only every 6969 minutes. At time and one-half for overtime, the extra pay to which a $4.00\$4.00-per-hour worker should be entitled after working a normal 88-hour day by that slow-running clock is:

$2.30\$2.30

$2.60\$2.60

$2.80\$2.80

$3.00\$3.00

$3.30\$3.30

答案:B
难度评级:1850
小提示:

正常时钟的两针每隔 72011\frac{720}{11} 分钟重合一次

A normal clock’s hands pass every 72011\frac{720}{11} minutes

大提示:

慢钟的十一个重合间隔显示为 1212 小时,实际却经过 1212 小时 3939 分钟

Eleven slow-clock intervals total 1212 displayed hours but 1212 hours 3939 minutes of real time

解答:

正常情况下,相邻两次指针重合的实际间隔为 72011\frac{720}{11} 分钟,而这只慢钟在两次重合之间显示经过 6969 分钟。因此,慢钟显示 1212 小时时,实际经过 759759 分钟,因为 1169=759=1260+39 11\cdot69=759=12\cdot60+39\text{。} 所以慢钟显示的八小时实际耗时 88 小时 2626 分钟,加班时间为 2626 分钟。按每小时 $6\$6 计算,加班工资为 $2.60\$2.60

因此,正确答案为 B

Successive hand-overlaps are 72011\frac{720}{11} real minutes apart, while this slow clock displays 6969 minutes between them. Thus 1212 displayed hours correspond to 759759 real minutes, since 1169=759=1260+39. 11\cdot69=759=12\cdot60+39. Eight displayed hours therefore take 88 hours 2626 minutes, so the overtime is 2626 minutes. At $6\$6 per hour, that pays $2.60.\$2.60.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

35.

一个半径递减的无限圆序列中,每个圆都与下一个圆外切,并与一个给定直角的两边相切。第一个圆的面积与序列中其余所有圆的面积之和的比为:

Each circle in an infinite sequence with decreasing radii is tangent externally to the one following it and to both sides of a given right angle. The ratio of the area of the first circle to the sum of the areas of all the other circles in the sequence is:

(4+32):4(4+3\sqrt2):4

92:29\sqrt2:2

(16+122):1(16+12\sqrt2):1

(2+22):1(2+2\sqrt2):1

(3+22):1(3+2\sqrt2):1

答案:C
难度评级:2380
小提示:

各圆圆心都在角平分线上;求相邻两圆半径之比

The centers lie on the angle bisector; find the ratio of consecutive radii

大提示:

半径之比为 3223-2\sqrt2,所以面积之比是它的平方

The radius ratio is 3223-2\sqrt2, so the area ratio is its square

解答:

设相邻两圆半径为 r>rr\gt r',则它们的圆心位于角平分线上,距顶点分别为 r2r\sqrt2r2r'\sqrt2。外切条件给出 2(rr)=r+r \sqrt2(r-r')=r+r'\text{,} 所以 rr=322\frac{r'}{r}=3-2\sqrt2。相邻两圆的面积比为 q=(322)2 q=(3-2\sqrt2)^2\text{。} 因此,第一个圆的面积除以后续所有圆的面积之和为 1qq=1q1=(3+22)21=16+122 \begin{aligned} \frac{1-q}{q} &=\frac1q-1\\ &=(3+2\sqrt2)^2-1\\ &=16+12\sqrt2\text{。} \end{aligned}

因此,正确答案为 C

If consecutive radii are r>r,r\gt r', their centers lie on the angle bisector at distances r2r\sqrt2 and r2r'\sqrt2 from the vertex. External tangency gives 2(rr)=r+r, \sqrt2(r-r')=r+r', so rr=322.\frac{r'}{r}=3-2\sqrt2. The ratio of successive areas is q=(322)2. q=(3-2\sqrt2)^2. Therefore the first area divided by the sum of all later areas is 1qq=1q1=(3+22)21=16+122. \begin{aligned} \frac{1-q}{q} &=\frac1q-1\\ &=(3+2\sqrt2)^2-1\\ &=16+12\sqrt2. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.