1971 AMC 12 详解
向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试。
所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
若 名工人用 天砌好 块砖,那么按相同速度, 名工人砌好 块砖所需的天数是:
If men take days to lay bricks, then the number of days it will take men working at the same rate to lay bricks is:
小提示:
先求一名工人一天能砌多少块砖
Find the number of bricks laid by one man in one day
大提示:
每个工日的效率是 块砖
The rate is bricks per man-day
解答:
每个工日的效率是 块砖。因此, 名工人每天砌 块砖,所以砌好 块砖需要 天。
因此,正确答案为 D。
The rate is bricks per man-day. Thus men lay bricks per day, so laying bricks takes days.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
3.
在 平面内,点 位于连接 与 的直线上,则 等于:
If the point lies on the straight line joining the points and in the -plane, then is equal to:
4.
按年利率 计入两个月的单利后,某童子军团在理事会金库中的总额为 。所计利息为若干美元再加上下列多少美分:
After simple interest for two months at per annum was credited, a Boy Scout Troop had a total of in the Council Treasury. The interest credited was a number of dollars plus the following number of cents:
5.
点 、、、 和 位于图示圆上,弧 与 的度数分别为 和 。角 与 的度数之和是:
Points and lie on the circle shown, and the measures of arcs and are and respectively. The sum of the measures of angles and is:
以上都不是
None of these
小提示:
对角 使用圆外两割线所成角公式
Use the external-secant formula for angle
大提示:
加上角 后,未知的截弧会相消
Adding angle cancels the unknown intercepted arc
解答:
令 。由圆外两割线所成角公式, 而圆周角定理给出 。因此
因此,正确答案为 C。
Let The external-secant formula gives while the inscribed-angle theorem gives Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
6.
设符号 表示非零实数集合 上如下定义的二元运算:对任意 、,都有 。下列哪一项不正确?
Let be a symbol denoting the binary operation on the set of all nonzero real numbers as follows: for any Which statement is not true?
在 上满足交换律
is commutative over
在 上满足结合律
is associative over
是 中运算 的单位元
is an identity element for in
中每个元素关于 都有逆元
Every element of has an inverse for
是 中元素 关于 的逆元
is an inverse for of the element of
小提示:
先由 求单位元
First determine the identity from
大提示:
的逆元 必须满足
An inverse of must satisfy
解答:
该运算满足交换律,并且 所以它也满足结合律。其单位元为 。 的逆元必须满足 ,故逆元为 ,而不是 。
因此,正确答案为 E。
The operation is commutative, and so it is associative. Its identity is The inverse of must satisfy so it is not
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
7.
8.
不等式 的解集是满足下列哪一条件的所有 :
The solution set of is the set of all values of such that:
或
or
或
or
9.
一条不交叉且没有松弛的皮带绕在半径分别为 英寸和 英寸的两个圆形皮带轮上。若皮带与两皮带轮的两个切点之间相距 英寸,则两皮带轮圆心之间的距离(英寸)为:
An uncrossed belt is fitted without slack around two circular pulleys with radii of inches and inches. If the distance between the points of contact of the belt with the pulleys is inches, then the distance between the centers of the pulleys in inches is:
小提示:
连接两个圆心,并利用半径之差
Join the centers and use the difference of the radii
大提示:
圆心距是两直角边为 和 的直角三角形的斜边
The center distance is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs and
解答:
公外切线与连接圆心和切点的两条半径构成一个直角三角形,其两条直角边长为 和 。因此圆心距为
因此,正确答案为 D。
The common external tangent and the radii to its contact points form a right triangle whose legs are and Thus the center distance is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
10.
某组有 名女孩,每人都是金发或深色头发,并且都是蓝眼睛或棕眼睛。若其中 名是蓝眼睛的金发女孩, 名是深色头发, 名是棕眼睛,则棕眼睛且深色头发的女孩有:
Each of a group of girls is blonde or brunette and is blue-eyed or brown-eyed. If are blue-eyed blondes, are brunettes, and are brown-eyed, then the number of brown-eyed brunettes is:
小提示:
先求金发女孩的总人数
First find the total number of blondes
大提示:
从所有棕眼睛女孩中减去棕眼睛的金发女孩人数
Subtract the brown-eyed blondes from all brown-eyed girls
解答:
共有 名金发女孩,其中 名是棕眼睛。因此,棕眼睛且深色头发的女孩有 名。
因此,正确答案为 E。
There are blondes, of whom are brown-eyed. Hence the number of brown-eyed brunettes is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
11.
进制数 与 进制数 表示同一个数。假设两个进制的基数都是正整数,则 的最小可能值写成罗马数字是:
The numeral in base represents the same number as in base Assuming both bases are positive integers, the least possible value of written as a Roman numeral, is:
小提示:
把这两个进制数写成等式
Translate the numerals into
大提示:
两个基数都大于 ;解 ,求最小的有效数对
Both bases exceed ; solve for the least valid pair
解答:
等式为 ,即 。由于两个数码都必须有效,所以 。模 化简得 。第一个有效值是 ,对应 。因此 ,写成罗马数字为 。
因此,正确答案为 D。
The equality is or Since both digits must be valid, Reducing modulo gives The first valid value is which gives Thus written
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
12.
对每个整数 ,规定:若两个正整数除以 后所得的非负余数相同,则称它们同余。若 、 和 在某个这样的体系中同余,那么在同一体系中, 与下列哪个数同余:
For each integer define positive integers to be congruent if they leave the same nonnegative remainder when divided by If and are congruent in one such system, then in that same system, is congruent to:
13.
将 的值精确到小数点后 位,则小数点后第五位数字是:
If is evaluated correct to decimal places, then the digit in the fifth decimal place is:
14.
数 能被 与 之间的两个数整除。这两个数是:
The number is exactly divisible by two numbers between and These numbers are:
、
、
、
、
、
小提示:
利用性质:若 是 的倍数,则 整除
Use the fact that divides whenever is divisible by
大提示:
注意 ,并且 是 的倍数
Recognize and that is divisible by
解答:
因为 是 的倍数,所以 是 的倍数。又有 ,且 是 的倍数,所以 是 的倍数。因此这两个数是 和 。
因此,正确答案为 C。
Because is divisible by the number is divisible by Also and is divisible by so is divisible by Thus the two numbers are and
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
15.
一个放在水平桌面上的长方体水族箱宽 英寸、高 英寸。将水族箱倾斜时,水恰好覆盖一个 英寸乘 英寸的端面,而只覆盖长方形底面的四分之三。将底面重新放平后,水深为:
An aquarium on a level table has rectangular faces and is inches wide and inches high. When it was tilted, the water in it just covered an -inch by -inch end but only three-fourths of the rectangular bottom. The depth of the water when the bottom was again made level was:
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
小提示:
比较倾斜和水平放置时的水量
Compare the water volume in the tilted and level positions
大提示:
倾斜时的纵向截面是一个高为 、底为水族箱长度四分之三的三角形
The tilted side view is a triangle with height and base three-fourths of the aquarium length
解答:
设水族箱长为 ,水平放置时的水深为 。倾斜时,水的纵向截面是一个底为 、高为 的三角形。因此 所以 英寸。
因此,正确答案为 B。
Let the aquarium length be and the level-water depth be In the tilted position the longitudinal cross-section of the water is a triangle with base and height Therefore so inches.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
16.
一名学生求出 个分数的平均数后,粗心地把这个平均数也加入原来的 个分数中,再求这 个数的平均数。第二次所得平均数与真实平均数之比为:
After finding the average of scores, a student carelessly included the average with the scores and found the average of these numbers. The ratio of the second average to the true average was:
以上都不是
None of these
小提示:
设原来的平均数为
Call the original average
大提示:
原来的总和为 ,额外加入的数也是
The original sum is , and the extra number is also
解答:
若真实平均数为 ,则原来的总和为 。再加入 本身后, 个数的总和为 ,所以新平均数仍为 。所求比为 。
因此,正确答案为 A。
If the true average is then the original sum is Including itself gives a sum of over numbers, so the new average is still The ratio is
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
17.
用 条等间隔的半径 和一条割线分割一个圆盘。该圆盘最多能被分成多少个互不重叠的区域:
A circular disk is divided by equally spaced radii and one secant line. The maximum number of nonoverlapping areas into which the disk can be divided is:
小提示:
从这 条半径形成的扇形数开始计算
Begin with the sectors made by the radii
大提示:
一条割线至多与 条半径相交,再数割线弦段被分成的部分
A secant can cross at most of the radii, so count the pieces of the secant chord
解答:
这些半径先形成 个扇形。一条不过圆心的割线在 对反向半径中的每一对里至多与一条相交,因此至多与 条半径相交。这些交点把圆内的割线弦段分成 段,每段都会增加一个区域。因此最大区域数为 。
因此,正确答案为 E。
The radii first make sectors. A secant not through the center can meet at most one radius in each of opposite pairs, hence at most radii. Those intersections divide the secant chord into pieces, each of which adds one region. The maximum is therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
18.
河水以每小时 英里的速度稳定流动。一艘在静水中速度恒定的摩托艇顺流行驶 英里后返回出发点。除去掉头时间,全程用时一小时。顺流速度与逆流速度之比为:
The current in a river flows steadily at miles per hour. A motorboat traveling at a constant rate in still water goes downstream miles and then returns to its starting point. The trip takes one hour, excluding turning time. The ratio of the downstream rate to the upstream rate is:
小提示:
设船在静水中的速度为
Let be the boat’s still-water speed
大提示:
解方程
Solve
解答:
若 是船在静水中的速度,则 化简得 ,所以满足条件的正根是 。顺流与逆流速度分别为 和 ,其比为 。
因此,正确答案为 D。
If is the still-water speed, then This simplifies to so the positive admissible solution is The downstream and upstream rates are and whose ratio is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
19.
若直线 与椭圆 恰有一个交点,则 的值为:
If the line intersects the ellipse exactly once, then the value of is:
小提示:
将直线方程代入椭圆方程
Substitute the line equation into the ellipse
大提示:
恰有一个交点意味着所得二次方程的判别式为零
Exactly one intersection means the resulting quadratic has discriminant zero
解答:
代入可得 相切要求判别式为零: 因此 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案为 C。
Substitution gives Tangency requires its discriminant to vanish: Thus so
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
20.
方程 的两根平方和为 。 的绝对值等于:
The sum of the squares of the roots of the equation is The absolute value of is equal to:
以上都不是
None of these
小提示:
利用两根的和与积
Use the sum and product of the two roots
大提示:
若两根为 ,则 且
If the roots are then and
解答:
设两根为 ,由韦达定理, 且 。于是 因此 。选项 A 为 ,所以选项 A 至 D 中均没有该值。
因此,正确答案为 E。
For roots Vieta’s formulas give and Hence Therefore which is not among choices A-D because choice A is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
21.
若 则 等于:
If then is equal to:
小提示:
从最外层向内逐层撤销每个对数
Undo each logarithm from the outside inward
大提示:
对第一条对数链,各层内部值依次为 ,然后得到
For the first chain, the successive inner values are and then
解答:
从最外层向内逐层撤销对数,可得 因此 。
因此,正确答案为 C。
Undoing the logarithms from the outside inward gives Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
22.
23.
队 与队 正在进行一系列比赛。若每场比赛两队获胜的概率相同,而且队 再赢两场即可赢得系列赛,队 则需再赢三场,那么队 赢得系列赛的有利赔率为:
Teams and are playing a series of games. If either team has an equal chance to win any game, and Team must win two games while Team must win three games to win the series, then the odds favoring Team to win the series are:
比
to
比
to
比
to
比
to
比
to
小提示:
枚举队 输掉系列赛的方式更简短
It is shorter to enumerate the ways Team can lose
大提示:
在 第二次获胜之前, 可按 BBB、ABBB、BABB 或 BBAB 的顺序结束系列赛
Before ’s second win, can finish as BBB, ABBB, BABB, or BBAB
解答:
队 在序列 BBB、ABBB、BABB 和 BBAB 中输掉系列赛。这些序列的总概率为 因此队 获胜的概率为 ,其有利赔率为 。
因此,正确答案为 A。
Team loses in the sequences BBB, ABBB, BABB, and BBAB. Their total probability is Thus Team wins with probability so the odds in its favor are
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
24.
帕斯卡三角形是如下所示的正整数阵列,其中第一行为 ,第二行有两个 ,每行都以 开头和结尾,其余每个数都是其上方两个数之和。
在前 行中,不等于 的数的个数与等于 的数的个数之比为:
Pascal’s triangle is an array of positive integers, shown below, in which the first row is the second row is two ’s, each row begins and ends with and each other entry is the sum of the two entries above it.
The quotient of the number of entries in the first rows which are not ’s and the number of ’s is:
以上都不是
None of these
小提示:
先数所有项,再减去边界上的
Count all entries and then subtract the boundary ’s
大提示:
前 行共有 项,边界上共有 个
The first rows contain entries and boundary ’s
解答:
前 行共有 项。边界上有 个 ,所以其余项的个数为 除以 ,得到 。
因此,正确答案为 D。
The first rows contain entries. There are boundary ’s, so the number of other entries is Dividing by gives
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
25.
一名少年把自己的年龄写在父亲年龄的后面。他从得到的这个四位数中减去两人年龄差的绝对值,结果为 。两人的年龄之和为:
A teenage boy wrote his own age after his father’s. From this new four-place number, he subtracted the absolute value of the difference of their ages to get The sum of their ages was:
小提示:
设父亲的年龄为 ,少年的年龄为
Let the father’s age be and the boy’s age be
大提示:
拼接所得的数是 ,所以利用
The concatenated number is , so use
解答:
设父亲和少年的年龄分别为 与 。由于 , 少年处于十几岁,所以 。模 化简得 ,因此 。于是 ,且 。
因此,正确答案为 D。
Let the father and boy be and years old. Since The boy is a teenager, so Reducing modulo gives hence Then and
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
26.
在三角形 中,点 按 分割边 。设 为 的中点,直线 与边 交于点 。则 分割 的比为:
In triangle point divides side in the ratio Let be the point where side meets where is the midpoint of Then divides in the ratio:
小提示:
为端点分配质量,使
Assign endpoint masses so that
大提示:
中点条件使 与 处的质量相等
The midpoint condition makes the masses at and equal
解答:
使用质量点法。由于 ,给 与 分别赋质量 与 ,于是 处的质量为 。因为 是 的中点,所以 处的质量也为 。因此
因此,正确答案为 B。
Use mass points. Since assign masses and to and so the mass at is Because is the midpoint of the mass at is also Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
27.
一个盒子里装有筹码,每枚筹码都是红色、白色或蓝色。蓝色筹码的数量至少是白色筹码数量的一半,且至多是红色筹码数量的三分之一。白色或蓝色筹码总数至少为 。红色筹码的最少数量为:
A box contains chips, each of which is red, white, or blue. The number of blue chips is at least half the number of white chips and at most one-third the number of red chips. The number which are white or blue is at least The minimum number of red chips is:
小提示:
设三种筹码的数量分别为 ,把每个条件都写成不等式
Let the counts be and translate every condition into an inequality
大提示:
由 与 求整数 的最小可能值
From and , find the least possible integer
解答:
设三种筹码的数量分别为 。条件给出 因此 ,所以 ,且 。取 时可以达到等号,因此最小值为 。
因此,正确答案为 E。
Let the counts be The conditions give Hence so and Equality is possible with so the minimum is
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
28.
三角形内有九条平行于底边的直线,把另外两边各分成 个等长线段,并把三角形面积分成 个不同部分。若其中最大部分的面积为 ,则原三角形的面积为:
Nine lines parallel to the base of a triangle divide the other sides each into equal segments and the area into distinct parts. If the area of the largest of these parts is then the area of the original triangle is:
小提示:
最大的部分是最下面的条带
The largest part is the bottom strip
大提示:
该条带上方的小三角形与原三角形的线性比例为
The smaller triangle above that strip has linear scale
解答:
设总面积为 。最下面条带上方的三角形与原三角形相似,线性比例为 ,所以其面积为 。因此最大条带的面积为 从而 。
因此,正确答案为 C。
If the whole area is the triangle above the bottom strip is similar to the original with scale so its area is Thus the largest strip has area giving
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
29.
给定数列 使前 项之积大于 的最小正整数 为:
Given the progression the least positive integer such that the product of the first terms exceeds is:
小提示:
各项相乘时,把指数相加
Add the exponents when multiplying the terms
大提示:
要求 ,注意等号并不满足条件
Require , noting that equality is not enough
解答:
该乘积为 它大于 当且仅当 。当 时恰好相等,而 时满足条件。
因此,正确答案为 E。
The product is It exceeds exactly when For there is equality, while works.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
30.
给定线性分式变换 对 、、、,定义 。若 ,则 等于:
Given the linear fractional transformation define for Assuming it follows that is equal to:
以上都不是
None of these
小提示:
通过复合逆变换消去五次迭代
Cancel five iterates by composing with the inverse transformation
大提示:
若 ,那么在 为恒等变换后有
If , then once is the identity
解答:
该变换可逆。由 ,与 复合可知 是恒等变换。由 解出 ,得 由于迭代的周期为 ,。直接复合得到
因此,正确答案为 D。
The transformation is invertible. From composing with shows that is the identity. Solving for gives Since iterates have period Direct composition gives
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
31.
四边形 内接于一个圆,边 是长为 的直径。若边 和 的长度都为 ,则边 的长度为:
Quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle with side a diameter of length If sides and each have length then side has length:
小提示:
等弦 与 所对的圆心角相等
Equal chords and subtend equal central angles
大提示:
若其中任一圆心角的一半为 ,则 ,且
If half of either central angle is , then and
解答:
该圆的半径为 。设等弦 与 所对的圆心角都为 。则 所以 。沿半圆从 到 的剩余圆心角为 ,故
因此,正确答案为 A。
The circle has radius Let the central angles subtending the equal chords and each be Then so The remaining central angle from to along the semicircle is hence
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
32.
33.
若 是等比数列中 个量的乘积, 是它们的和, 是它们倒数的和,则用 、 和 表示的 为:
If is the product of quantities in geometric progression, their sum, and the sum of their reciprocals, then in terms of and is:
34.
工厂里的一只普通钟走得慢,但分针仍在通常的表盘位置( 点等)追上时针,只是每隔 分钟才追上一次。按加班工资为正常工资的一倍半计算,一名时薪 的工人按这只慢钟工作完正常的 小时后,应得的额外工资为:
An ordinary clock in a factory is running slow so that the minute hand passes the hour hand at the usual dial positions ( o’clock, etc.) but only every minutes. At time and one-half for overtime, the extra pay to which a -per-hour worker should be entitled after working a normal -hour day by that slow-running clock is:
小提示:
正常时钟的两针每隔 分钟重合一次
A normal clock’s hands pass every minutes
大提示:
慢钟的十一个重合间隔显示为 小时,实际却经过 小时 分钟
Eleven slow-clock intervals total displayed hours but hours minutes of real time
解答:
正常情况下,相邻两次指针重合的实际间隔为 分钟,而这只慢钟在两次重合之间显示经过 分钟。因此,慢钟显示 小时时,实际经过 分钟,因为 所以慢钟显示的八小时实际耗时 小时 分钟,加班时间为 分钟。按每小时 计算,加班工资为 。
因此,正确答案为 B。
Successive hand-overlaps are real minutes apart, while this slow clock displays minutes between them. Thus displayed hours correspond to real minutes, since Eight displayed hours therefore take hours minutes, so the overtime is minutes. At per hour, that pays
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
35.
一个半径递减的无限圆序列中,每个圆都与下一个圆外切,并与一个给定直角的两边相切。第一个圆的面积与序列中其余所有圆的面积之和的比为:
Each circle in an infinite sequence with decreasing radii is tangent externally to the one following it and to both sides of a given right angle. The ratio of the area of the first circle to the sum of the areas of all the other circles in the sequence is:
小提示:
各圆圆心都在角平分线上;求相邻两圆半径之比
The centers lie on the angle bisector; find the ratio of consecutive radii
大提示:
半径之比为 ,所以面积之比是它的平方
The radius ratio is , so the area ratio is its square
解答:
设相邻两圆半径为 ,则它们的圆心位于角平分线上,距顶点分别为 和 。外切条件给出 所以 。相邻两圆的面积比为 因此,第一个圆的面积除以后续所有圆的面积之和为
因此,正确答案为 C。
If consecutive radii are their centers lie on the angle bisector at distances and from the vertex. External tangency gives so The ratio of successive areas is Therefore the first area divided by the sum of all later areas is
Therefore, the correct answer is C.