1961 AMC 12 真题

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1.

化简 (1125)23\left(-\dfrac{1}{125}\right)^{-\frac{2}{3}},结果为:

When simplified, (1125)23\left(-\dfrac{1}{125}\right)^{-\frac{2}{3}} becomes:

125\dfrac1{25}

125-\dfrac1{25}

2525

25-25

25125\sqrt{-1}

答案:C
知识点:指数根式代数变形
难度评级:1230
小提示:

先开立方,再平方

Apply the cube root before squaring

大提示:

负指数表示随后取倒数

The negative exponent then takes the reciprocal

解答:

由于立方根是实数,(1125)23=(15)2=125 \left(-\frac1{125}\right)^{\frac{2}{3}} =\left(-\frac15\right)^2=\frac1{25}\text{。} 负指数表示取倒数,因此得到 2525

因此,正确答案是 C

Because the cube root is real, (1125)23=(15)2=125. \left(-\frac1{125}\right)^{\frac{2}{3}} =\left(-\frac15\right)^2=\frac1{25}. The negative exponent takes the reciprocal, giving 25.25.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

2.

一辆汽车在 rr 秒内行驶 a6\frac{a}{6} 英尺。若以此速度行驶 33 分钟,它在这 33 分钟内共行驶多少码?

An automobile travels a6\frac{a}{6} feet in rr seconds. If this rate is maintained for 33 minutes, how many yards does it travel in the 33 minutes?

a1080r\dfrac{a}{1080r}

30ra\dfrac{30r}{a}

30ar\dfrac{30a}{r}

10ra\dfrac{10r}{a}

10ar\dfrac{10a}{r}

答案:E
难度评级:1140
小提示:

33 分钟换算成秒

Convert 33 minutes to seconds

大提示:

求出以英尺计的路程后,再除以 33 换算成码

After finding the distance in feet, divide by 33 to convert to yards

解答:

汽车的速度为每秒 a6r\frac{a}{6r} 英尺。在 180180 秒内,汽车行驶 180a6r=30ar 180\cdot\frac{a}{6r}=\frac{30a}{r} 英尺,也就是 10ar\frac{10a}{r} 码。

所以,正确答案是 E

The speed is a6r\frac{a}{6r} feet per second. In 180180 seconds the automobile travels 180a6r=30ar 180\cdot\frac{a}{6r}=\frac{30a}{r} feet, or 10ar\frac{10a}{r} yards.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

3.

2y+x+3=02y+x+3=03y+ax+2=03y+ax+2=0 的图像垂直相交,则 aa 的值为:

If the graphs of 2y+x+3=02y+x+3=0 and 3y+ax+2=03y+ax+2=0 are to meet at right angles, the value of aa is:

±23\pm\dfrac23

23-\dfrac23

32-\dfrac32

66

6-6

答案:E
难度评级:1320
小提示:

将两个方程都化为斜截式

Put both equations into slope-intercept form

大提示:

两条互相垂直的非竖直直线斜率之积为 1-1

The product of the slopes of perpendicular nonvertical lines is 1-1

解答:

两条直线的斜率分别为 12-\frac{1}{2}a3-\frac{a}{3}。垂直条件要求 (12)(a3)=1 \left(-\frac12\right)\left(-\frac a3\right)=-1\text{,} 因而 a=6a=-6

因此,正确答案是 E

The two slopes are 12-\frac{1}{2} and a3.-\frac{a}{3}. Perpendicularity requires (12)(a3)=1, \left(-\frac12\right)\left(-\frac a3\right)=-1, so a=6.a=-6.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

4.

将由正整数的平方组成的集合记为 uu;也就是说,uu 是集合 114499\ldots。若对集合中的一个或多个元素进行某种运算,所得结果总仍属于该集合,就称该集合对这种运算封闭。那么 uu 对下列哪种运算封闭?

Let the set consisting of the squares of the positive integers be called u;u; thus uu is the set 1,1, 4,4, 9,9, .\ldots. If a certain operation on one or more members of the set always yields a member of the set, we say that the set is closed under that operation. Then uu is closed under:

加法

addition

乘法

multiplication

除法

division

开正整数次方根

extraction of a positive integral root

以上都不是

none of these

答案:B
难度评级:1140
小提示:

用任意平方数 m2m^2n2n^2 检验每种运算

Test each operation on arbitrary squares m2m^2 and n2n^2

大提示:

两个平方数的乘积可以立即写成平方的形式

The product of two squares has an immediate square form

解答:

对于正整数 m,nm,nm2n2=(mn)2 m^2n^2=(mn)^2\text{,} 它仍是一个正整数的平方。其他运算均不满足,例如 1+4=5,141+4=5,\frac{1}{4} 以及 4=2\sqrt4=2

所以,正确答案是 B

For positive integers m,n,m,n, m2n2=(mn)2, m^2n^2=(mn)^2, which is again the square of a positive integer. The other operations fail, for example 1+4=5,14,1+4=5,\frac{1}{4}, and 4=2.\sqrt4=2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

S=(x1)4+4(x1)3S=(x-1)^4+4(x-1)^3 +6(x1)2+4(x1)+1+6(x-1)^2+4(x-1)+1。则 SS 等于:

Let S=(x1)4+4(x1)3S=(x-1)^4+4(x-1)^3 +6(x1)2+4(x1)+1.+6(x-1)^2+4(x-1)+1. Then SS equals:

(x2)4(x-2)^4

(x1)4(x-1)^4

x4x^4

(x+1)4(x+1)^4

x4+1x^4+1

答案:C
难度评级:1030
小提示:

将各项系数与 (u+1)4(u+1)^4 的展开式比较

Compare the coefficients with the expansion of (u+1)4(u+1)^4

大提示:

u=x1u=x-1

Use u=x1u=x-1

解答:

该式正是二项式展开 ((x1)+1)4=x4 ((x-1)+1)^4=x^4\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The expression is the binomial expansion ((x1)+1)4=x4. ((x-1)+1)^4=x^4.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

6.

化简 log8÷log18\log 8\div\log\dfrac18,结果为:

When simplified, log8÷log18\log 8\div\log\dfrac18 becomes:

6log26\log2

log2\log2

11

00

1-1

答案:E
知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:960
小提示:

18\frac{1}{8} 写成 818^{-1}

Write 18\frac{1}{8} as 818^{-1}

大提示:

建立 log(18)\log(\frac{1}{8})log8\log8 的关系

Relate log(18)\log(\frac{1}{8}) to log8\log8

解答:

由于 log(18)=log(81)=log8\log(\frac{1}{8})=\log(8^{-1})=-\log8log8log(18)=1 \frac{\log8}{\log(\frac{1}{8})}=-1\text{。}

所以,正确答案是 E

Since log(18)=log(81)=log8,\log(\frac{1}{8})=\log(8^{-1})=-\log8, log8log(18)=1. \frac{\log8}{\log(\frac{1}{8})}=-1.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

7.

展开式 (axxa2)6 \left(\frac{a}{\sqrt{x}}-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{a^2}\right)^6 的第三项化简后为:

When simplified, the third term in the expansion of (axxa2)6 \left(\frac{a}{\sqrt{x}}-\frac{\sqrt{x}}{a^2}\right)^6 is:

15x\dfrac{15}{x}

15x-\dfrac{15}{x}

6x2a9-\dfrac{6x^2}{a^9}

20a3\dfrac{20}{a^3}

20a3-\dfrac{20}{a^3}

答案:A
难度评级:1280
小提示:

第三项中取了两次二项式的第二项

The third term uses two copies of the second binomial term

大提示:

使用系数 (62)\binom62,再化简 aaxx 的幂

Use the coefficient (62)\binom62 and simplify the powers of aa and xx

解答:

第三项为 (62)(ax)4(xa2)2=15a4x2xa4=15x \begin{aligned} &\binom62\left(\frac a{\sqrt x}\right)^4 \left(-\frac{\sqrt x}{a^2}\right)^2\\ &\qquad=15\cdot\frac{a^4}{x^2}\cdot\frac{x}{a^4} =\frac{15}{x} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

The third term is (62)(ax)4(xa2)2=15a4x2xa4=15x. \begin{aligned} &\binom62\left(\frac a{\sqrt x}\right)^4 \left(-\frac{\sqrt x}{a^2}\right)^2\\ &\qquad=15\cdot\frac{a^4}{x^2}\cdot\frac{x}{a^4} =\frac{15}{x}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

8.

设三角形的两个底角为 AABB,且 BB 大于 AA。底边上的高将顶角 CC 分成 C1C_1C2C_2 两部分,其中 C2C_2 与边 aa 相邻。则:

Let the two base angles of a triangle be AA and B,B, with BB larger than A.A. The altitude to the base divides the vertex angle CC into two parts, C1C_1 and C2,C_2, with C2C_2 adjacent to side a.a. Then:

C1+C2=A+BC_1+C_2=A+B

C1C2=BAC_1-C_2=B-A

C1C2=ABC_1-C_2=A-B

C1+C2=BAC_1+C_2=B-A

C1C2=A+BC_1-C_2=A+B

答案:B
难度评级:1470
小提示:

这条高形成两个直角三角形

The altitude creates two right triangles

大提示:

CC 的两部分分别表示为对应底角的余角

Express each part of CC as a complement of the opposite base angle

解答:

由两个直角三角形可得 A+C1=90,B+C2=90 \begin{aligned} A+C_1&=90^\circ,\\ B+C_2&=90^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。} 用第一个关系式减去第二个关系式,得到 C1C2=BAC_1-C_2=B-A

所以,正确答案是 B

The two right triangles give A+C1=90,B+C2=90. \begin{aligned} A+C_1&=90^\circ,\\ B+C_2&=90^\circ. \end{aligned} Subtracting the second relation from the first gives C1C2=BA.C_1-C_2=B-A.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

9.

aba^b 的底数和指数都加倍,所得结果记为 rr,其中 b0b\ne0。若 rr 等于 aba^bxbx^b 的乘积,则 xx 等于:

Let rr be the result of doubling both the base and the exponent of ab,a^b, b0.b\ne0. If rr equals the product of aba^b by xb,x^b, then xx equals:

aa

2a2a

4a4a

22

44

答案:C
知识点:指数代数变形
难度评级:1450
小提示:

将加倍后的式子写成 (2a)2b(2a)^{2b}

Write the doubled expression as (2a)2b(2a)^{2b}

大提示:

将等式两边都表示成某个量的 bb 次幂

Express both sides as a single quantity raised to the bbth power

解答:

r=(2a)2b=(4a2)b r=(2a)^{2b}=(4a^2)^b 同时 r=abxb=(ax)br=a^bx^b=(ax)^b。因此 ax=4a2ax=4a^2,所以 x=4ax=4a

因此,正确答案是 C

We have r=(2a)2b=(4a2)b r=(2a)^{2b}=(4a^2)^b and also r=abxb=(ax)b.r=a^bx^b=(ax)^b. Thus ax=4a2,ax=4a^2, so x=4a.x=4a.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

10.

三角形 ABCABC 的每条边长均为 1212 个单位。由 AABCBC 作垂线,垂足为 DD,且 EEADAD 的中点。以同一单位计,BEBE 的长度为:

Each side of triangle ABCABC is 1212 units. DD is the foot of the perpendicular dropped from AA on BC,BC, and EE is the midpoint of AD.AD. The length of BE,BE, in the same unit, is:

18\sqrt{18}

28\sqrt{28}

66

63\sqrt{63}

98\sqrt{98}

答案:D
难度评级:1340
小提示:

在等边三角形中求出 BDBDADAD

In the equilateral triangle, find BDBD and ADAD

大提示:

ADAD 减半后,利用直角三角形 BDEBDE

Use right triangle BDEBDE after halving ADAD

解答:

在等边三角形中,BD=6BD=6,且 AD=63AD=6\sqrt3。因此 DE=33DE=3\sqrt3,再由直角三角形 BDEBDEBE2=62+(33)2=36+27=63 \begin{aligned} BE^2&=6^2+(3\sqrt3)^2\\ &=36+27=63 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 BE=63BE=\sqrt{63}

所以,正确答案是 D

In the equilateral triangle, BD=6BD=6 and AD=63.AD=6\sqrt3. Hence DE=33,DE=3\sqrt3, and right triangle BDEBDE gives BE2=62+(33)2=36+27=63. \begin{aligned} BE^2&=6^2+(3\sqrt3)^2\\ &=36+27=63. \end{aligned} Therefore BE=63.BE=\sqrt{63}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

从圆外一点 AA 向圆作两条切线,切点分别为 BBCC。第三条切线与线段 ABAB 交于 PP,与 ACAC 交于 RR,并与圆相切于 QQ。若 AB=20AB=20,则三角形 APRAPR 的周长为:

Two tangents are drawn to a circle from an exterior point A;A; they touch the circle at points BB and C,C, respectively. A third tangent intersects segment ABAB in PP and ACAC in R,R, and touches the circle at Q.Q. If AB=20,AB=20, then the perimeter of triangle APRAPR is:

4242

40.540.5

4040

397839\dfrac78

无法由已知信息确定

not determined by the given information

答案:C
难度评级:1440
小提示:

从同一圆外点引出的两条切线段长度相等

Tangent segments from the same exterior point have equal lengths

大提示:

在周长中用 PBPB 代替 PQPQ,用 RCRC 代替 RQRQ

Replace PQPQ by PBPB and RQRQ by RCRC in the perimeter

解答:

由切线段相等可得 PQ=PBPQ=PBRQ=RCRQ=RC。因此 AP+PR+RA=AP+PQ+RQ+RA=AP+PB+RC+RA=AB+AC \begin{aligned} AP+PR+RA &=AP+PQ\\ &\quad+RQ+RA\\ &=AP+PB\\ &\quad+RC+RA\\ &=AB+AC \end{aligned}\text{。}又因为 AB=AC=20AB=AC=20,所以周长为 4040

因此,正确答案是 C

Equal tangent segments give PQ=PBPQ=PB and RQ=RC.RQ=RC. Thus AP+PR+RA=AP+PQ+RQ+RA=AP+PB+RC+RA=AB+AC. \begin{aligned} AP+PR+RA &=AP+PQ\\ &\quad+RQ+RA\\ &=AP+PB\\ &\quad+RC+RA\\ &=AB+AC. \end{aligned} Also AB=AC=20,AB=AC=20, so the perimeter is 40.40.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

12.

一个等比数列的前三项为 2\sqrt223\sqrt[3]226\sqrt[6]2。求第四项。

The first three terms of a geometric progression are 2,\sqrt2, 23,\sqrt[3]2, 26.\sqrt[6]2. Find the fourth term.

11

27\sqrt[7]2

28\sqrt[8]2

29\sqrt[9]2

210\sqrt[10]2

答案:A
知识点:等比数列指数
难度评级:1320
小提示:

将每个根式写成 22 的幂

Write each radical as a power of 22

大提示:

检查相邻指数之间的差

Check the differences between the successive exponents

解答:

各项的指数为 12\frac{1}{2}13\frac{1}{3}16\frac{1}{6}。每一项都是前一项乘以 2162^{-\frac{1}{6}} 得到的,所以后一项的指数为 1616=0\frac{1}{6}-\frac{1}{6}=0。第四项是 20=12^0=1

所以,正确答案是 A

The exponents are 12,\frac{1}{2}, 13,\frac{1}{3}, and 16.\frac{1}{6}. Each term is obtained by multiplying by 216,2^{-\frac{1}{6}}, so the next exponent is 1616=0.\frac{1}{6}-\frac{1}{6}=0. The fourth term is 20=1.2^0=1.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

符号 a|a| 表示:当 aa 为正数或零时取 aa,当 aa 为负数时取 a-a。对于 tt 的所有实数值,表达式 t4+t2\sqrt{t^4+t^2} 等于:

The symbol a|a| means aa if aa is a positive number or zero, and a-a if aa is a negative number. For all real values of tt the expression t4+t2\sqrt{t^4+t^2} is equal to:

t3t^3

t2+tt^2+t

t2+t|t^2+t|

tt2+1t\sqrt{t^2+1}

t1+t2|t|\sqrt{1+t^2}

答案:E
难度评级:1320
小提示:

从根号内提取因子 t2t^2

Factor t2t^2 from under the radical

大提示:

对实数 ttt2=t\sqrt{t^2}=|t|

For real t,t, t2=t\sqrt{t^2}=|t|

解答:

在根号内因式分解可得 t2(t2+1)=t2t2+1=t1+t2 \begin{aligned} \sqrt{t^2(t^2+1)} &=\sqrt{t^2}\sqrt{t^2+1}\\ &=|t|\sqrt{1+t^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Factoring inside the radical gives t2(t2+1)=t2t2+1=t1+t2. \begin{aligned} \sqrt{t^2(t^2+1)} &=\sqrt{t^2}\sqrt{t^2+1}\\ &=|t|\sqrt{1+t^2}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

14.

一个菱形的一条对角线长度是另一条的两倍。用 KK 表示该菱形的边长,其中 KK 是以平方英寸为单位的菱形面积。

A rhombus is given with one diagonal twice the length of the other diagonal. Express the side of the rhombus in terms of K,K, where KK is the area of the rhombus in square inches.

K\sqrt K

122K\dfrac12\sqrt{2K}

133K\dfrac13\sqrt{3K}

144K\dfrac14\sqrt{4K}

以上都不正确

none of these are correct

答案:E
难度评级:1510
小提示:

设两条对角线为 dd2d2d,再使用菱形面积公式

Let the diagonals be dd and 2d2d, then use the rhombus area formula

大提示:

两条半对角线构成直角三角形的两条直角边,其斜边就是菱形的一条边

Half-diagonals form the legs of a right triangle whose hypotenuse is a side

解答:

设两条对角线为 dd2d2d。则 K=d(2d)2=d2K=\frac{d(2d)}{2}=d^2。一条边的长度为 (d2)2+d2=52d=125K \begin{aligned} \sqrt{\left(\frac d2\right)^2+d^2} &=\frac{\sqrt5}{2}d\\ &=\frac12\sqrt{5K} \end{aligned}\text{。} 前四个选项中没有这个结果。

所以,正确答案是 E

Let the diagonals be dd and 2d.2d. Then K=d(2d)2=d2.K=\frac{d(2d)}{2}=d^2. A side has length (d2)2+d2=52d=125K. \begin{aligned} \sqrt{\left(\frac d2\right)^2+d^2} &=\frac{\sqrt5}{2}d\\ &=\frac12\sqrt{5K}. \end{aligned} This is not among the first four choices.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

xx 名工人每天工作 xx 小时,连续工作 xx 天,共生产 xx 件产品,那么 yy 名工人每天工作 yy 小时,连续工作 yy 天,所生产的产品件数(不一定是整数)为:

If xx men working xx hours a day for xx days produce xx articles, then the number of articles (not necessarily an integer) produced by yy men working yy hours a day for yy days is:

x3y2\dfrac{x^3}{y^2}

y3x2\dfrac{y^3}{x^2}

x2y3\dfrac{x^2}{y^3}

y2x3\dfrac{y^2}{x^3}

yy

答案:B
难度评级:1450
小提示:

根据第一种情况求出每工时的产量

Compute the production per man-hour from the first situation

大提示:

第二种情况共使用 y3y^3 个工时

The second situation uses y3y^3 man-hours

解答:

第一组用 x3x^3 个工时生产 xx 件产品,所以每工时的产量为 1x2\frac{1}{x^2} 件。第二组提供 y3y^3 个工时,因此生产 y3x2\frac{y^3}{x^2} 件产品。

所以,正确答案是 B

The first group uses x3x^3 man-hours to make xx articles, so the rate is 1x2\frac{1}{x^2} article per man-hour. The second group supplies y3y^3 man-hours and therefore makes y3x2\frac{y^3}{x^2} articles.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

将三角形的一条高 hh 增加 mm。为了使新三角形的面积为原三角形面积的一半,对应底边 bb 必须减去多少?

An altitude hh of a triangle is increased by a length m.m. How much must be taken from the corresponding base bb so that the area of the new triangle is one-half that of the original triangle?

bmh+m\dfrac{bm}{h+m}

bh2h+2m\dfrac{bh}{2h+2m}

b(2m+h)m+h\dfrac{b(2m+h)}{m+h}

b(m+h)2m+h\dfrac{b(m+h)}{2m+h}

b(2m+h)2(h+m)\dfrac{b(2m+h)}{2(h+m)}

答案:E
难度评级:1510
小提示:

设减去的长度为 tt,则新底边为 btb-t

Let tt be the amount removed, so the new base is btb-t

大提示:

12(bt)(h+m)\frac12(b-t)(h+m) 等于原面积的一半

Set 12(bt)(h+m)\frac12(b-t)(h+m) equal to half the original area

解答:

若减去 tt,新面积应满足 12(bt)(h+m)=12(12bh) \frac12(b-t)(h+m)=\frac12\left(\frac12bh\right)\text{。} 因此 bt=bh2(h+m)b-t=\frac{bh}{2(h+m)},所以 t=bbh2(h+m)=b(2m+h)2(h+m) \begin{aligned} t&=b-\frac{bh}{2(h+m)}\\ &=\frac{b(2m+h)}{2(h+m)} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

If tt is removed, the new area condition is 12(bt)(h+m)=12(12bh). \frac12(b-t)(h+m)=\frac12\left(\frac12bh\right). Hence bt=bh2(h+m),b-t=\frac{bh}{2(h+m)}, so t=bbh2(h+m)=b(2m+h)2(h+m). \begin{aligned} t&=b-\frac{bh}{2(h+m)}\\ &=\frac{b(2m+h)}{2(h+m)}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

在十进制中,数 526526 表示 5102+210+65\cdot10^2+2\cdot10+6。但在“数学国”,数是用 rr 进制书写的。琼斯在那里花 440440 个货币单位(缩写为 m.u.)购买一辆汽车。他交给售货员一张 10001000 m.u. 的钞票,并找回 340340 m.u.。进制的底 rr 为:

In the base ten number system the number 526526 means 5102+210+6.5\cdot10^2+2\cdot10+6. In the Land of Mathesis, however, numbers are written in the base r.r. Jones purchases an automobile there for 440440 monetary units (abbreviated m.u.). He gives the salesman a 10001000 m.u. bill, and receives, in change, 340340 m.u. The base rr is:

22

55

77

88

1212

答案:D
难度评级:1490
小提示:

1000r440r=340r1000_r-440_r=340_r 改写成 rr 的幂

Translate 1000r440r=340r1000_r-440_r=340_r into powers of rr

大提示:

化简所得二次方程,并注意进制底必须大于所有出现的数字

Simplify the resulting quadratic and use a base larger than every digit shown

解答:

用通常的记法,这笔交易表示为 r3(4r2+4r)=3r2+4r r^3-(4r^2+4r)=3r^2+4r\text{。} 因此 r(r27r8)=0r(r^2-7r-8)=0,所以 r=8r=8r=1r=-1。进制的底必须为正且大于 44,故 r=8r=8

因此,正确答案是 D

In ordinary notation the transaction says r3(4r2+4r)=3r2+4r. r^3-(4r^2+4r)=3r^2+4r. Thus r(r27r8)=0,r(r^2-7r-8)=0, so r=8r=8 or r=1.r=-1. A numeral base must be positive and exceed 4,4, hence r=8.r=8.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

18.

某镇人口在连续四年中的逐年变化依次为:增加 25%25\%、增加 25%25\%、减少 25%25\%、减少 25%25\%。这四年的净变化取到最接近的百分数为:

The yearly changes in the population census of a town for four consecutive years are, respectively, 25%25\% increase, 25%25\% increase, 25%25\% decrease, 25%25\% decrease. The net change over the four years, to the nearest percent, is:

12-12

1-1

00

11

1212

答案:A
难度评级:1340
小提示:

每次增加用因子 1.251.25 表示,每次减少用 0.750.75 表示

Represent each increase by a factor of 1.251.25 and each decrease by 0.750.75

大提示:

比较 1.2520.7521.25^2\cdot0.75^211

Compare 1.2520.7521.25^2\cdot0.75^2 with 11

解答:

最终人口相当于原人口乘以 (1.25)2(0.75)2=2252560.879 (1.25)^2(0.75)^2=\frac{225}{256}\approx0.879\text{。} 这表示约减少 12.1%12.1\%,取整后为 12%12\%

所以,正确答案是 A

The final population is multiplied by (1.25)2(0.75)2=2252560.879. (1.25)^2(0.75)^2=\frac{225}{256}\approx0.879. This is a decrease of about 12.1%,12.1\%, which rounds to 12%.12\%.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

考虑 y=2logxy=2\log xy=log2xy=\log2x 的图像。可以说:

Consider the graphs of y=2logxy=2\log x and y=log2x.y=\log2x. We may say that:

它们不相交

they do not intersect

它们恰好交于 11 个点

they intersect at 11 point only

它们恰好交于 22 个点

they intersect at 22 points only

它们交于有限个点,但交点数大于 22

they intersect at a finite number of points but greater than 22

它们重合

they coincide

答案:B
难度评级:1110
小提示:

x>0x>0 时,使用 2logx=log(x2)2\log x=\log(x^2)

Use 2logx=log(x2)2\log x=\log(x^2) for x>0x>0

大提示:

令两个对数的真数相等,并注意对数的定义域

Equate the logarithm arguments and respect the logarithm’s domain

解答:

在定义域 x>0x>0 上,两式相等要求 log(x2)=log(2x) \log(x^2)=\log(2x)\text{,} 因而 x2=2xx^2=2x。唯一的正解是 x=2x=2,所以恰有一个交点。

因此,正确答案是 B

On the domain x>0,x>0, equality requires log(x2)=log(2x), \log(x^2)=\log(2x), so x2=2x.x^2=2x. The only positive solution is x=2,x=2, giving exactly one intersection.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

20.

同时满足不等式 y>2xy>2xy>4xy>4-x 的点集完全位于下列象限:

The set of points satisfying the pair of inequalities y>2xy>2x and y>4xy>4-x is contained entirely in quadrants:

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II}

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I}III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I} and III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III}IV\mathrm{IV}

III\mathrm{III} and IV\mathrm{IV}

I\mathrm{I}IV\mathrm{IV}

I\mathrm{I} and IV\mathrm{IV}

答案:A
难度评级:1410
小提示:

证明每个满足条件的点都有正的 yy 坐标

Show that every feasible point has positive yy

大提示:

检查满足条件的点能否具有正、负两种 xx 坐标

Check whether feasible points can have either sign of xx

解答:

x0x\ge0,则 y>2x0y>2x\ge0。若 x<0x<0,则 y>4x>0y>4-x>0。因此每个满足条件的点都位于 xx 轴上方,同时正、负 xx 值都能出现。该区域位于第 I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II} 象限。

因此,正确答案是 A

If x0,x\ge0, then y>2x0.y>2x\ge0. If x<0,x<0, then y>4x>0.y>4-x>0. Thus every feasible point is above the xx-axis, while both positive and negative xx-values occur. The region lies in quadrants I\mathrm{I} and II.\mathrm{II}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

21.

三角形 ABCABC 的中线 ADADCECE 交于 MMAEAE 的中点为 NN。若三角形 MNEMNE 的面积是三角形 ABCABC 面积的 kk 倍,则 kk 等于:

Medians ADAD and CECE of triangle ABCABC intersect in M.M. The midpoint of AEAE is N.N. Let the area of triangle MNEMNE be kk times the area of triangle ABC.ABC. Then kk equals:

16\dfrac16

18\dfrac18

19\dfrac19

112\dfrac1{12}

116\dfrac1{16}

答案:D
难度评级:1300
小提示:

AA 为原点使用坐标或向量

Use coordinates or vectors with AA as the origin

大提示:

EENNMM 在两条中线方向上对应简单的分数位置

Points E,E, N,N, and MM divide the same two median directions by simple fractions

解答:

A=0A=\mathbf0B=bB=\mathbf bC=cC=\mathbf c。则 E=b2,N=b4,M=b+c3 \begin{aligned} E&=\frac{\mathbf b}{2},\\ N&=\frac{\mathbf b}{4},\\ M&=\frac{\mathbf b+\mathbf c}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}计算行列式得 [MNE]=124det(b,c) [MNE]=\frac1{24} \left|\det(\mathbf b,\mathbf c)\right|\text{,}[ABC]=12det(b,c) [ABC]=\frac12 \left|\det(\mathbf b,\mathbf c)\right|\text{。}两者之比为 112\frac{1}{12}

所以,正确答案是 D

Set A=0,A=\mathbf0, B=b,B=\mathbf b, and C=c.C=\mathbf c. Then E=b2,N=b4,M=b+c3. \begin{aligned} E&=\frac{\mathbf b}{2},\\ N&=\frac{\mathbf b}{4},\\ M&=\frac{\mathbf b+\mathbf c}{3}. \end{aligned} A determinant calculation gives [MNE]=124det(b,c), [MNE]=\frac1{24} \left|\det(\mathbf b,\mathbf c)\right|, while [ABC]=12det(b,c). [ABC]=\frac12 \left|\det(\mathbf b,\mathbf c)\right|. Their ratio is 112.\frac{1}{12}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

3x39x2+kx123x^3-9x^2+kx-12 能被 x3x-3 整除,则它也能被下式整除:

If 3x39x2+kx123x^3-9x^2+kx-12 is divisible by x3,x-3, then it is also divisible by:

3x2x+43x^2-x+4

3x243x^2-4

3x2+43x^2+4

3x43x-4

3x+43x+4

答案:C
难度评级:1180
小提示:

x=3x=3 处应用因式定理求 kk

Apply the factor theorem at x=3x=3 to determine kk

大提示:

然后提出因式 x3x-3

Then factor out x3x-3

解答:

P(x)=3x39x2+kx12P(x)=3x^3-9x^2+kx-12。由于 x3x-3 是因式,P(3)=8181+3k12=0 P(3)=81-81+3k-12=0\text{,}所以 k=4k=4。直接相除得 P(x)=(x3)(3x2+4) P(x)=(x-3)(3x^2+4)\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let P(x)=3x39x2+kx12.P(x)=3x^3-9x^2+kx-12. Since x3x-3 is a factor, P(3)=8181+3k12=0, P(3)=81-81+3k-12=0, so k=4.k=4. Direct division gives P(x)=(x3)(3x2+4). P(x)=(x-3)(3x^2+4).

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

23.

PPQQ 都在线段 ABAB 上,并位于其中点的同一侧。PP2:32:3 的比内分 ABABQQ3:43:4 的比内分 ABAB。若 PQ=2PQ=2,则 ABAB 的长度为:

Points PP and QQ are both in the line segment ABAB and on the same side of its midpoint. PP divides ABAB in the ratio 2:3,2:3, and QQ divides ABAB in the ratio 3:4.3:4. If PQ=2,PQ=2, then the length of ABAB is:

6060

7070

7575

8080

8585

答案:B
难度评级:1390
小提示:

由两个分点比写出 APAB\frac{AP}{AB}AQAB\frac{AQ}{AB}

Express APAB\frac{AP}{AB} and AQAB\frac{AQ}{AB} from the two division ratios

大提示:

两者之差就是 PQPQABAB 的比例

Their difference is the fraction of ABAB represented by PQPQ

解答:

由分点比得 APAB=25\frac{AP}{AB}=\frac25AQAB=37\frac{AQ}{AB}=\frac37。因此 PQ=(3725)AB=AB35PQ=(\frac{3}{7}-\frac{2}{5})AB=\frac{AB}{35}。因为 PQ=2PQ=2,所以 AB=70AB=70

所以,正确答案是 B

The division ratios give APAB=25\frac{AP}{AB}=\frac25 and AQAB=37.\frac{AQ}{AB}=\frac37. Hence PQ=(3725)AB=AB35.PQ=(\frac{3}{7}-\frac{2}{5})AB=\frac{AB}{35}. Since PQ=2,PQ=2, we obtain AB=70.AB=70.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

三十一本书从左到右按价格递增排列。每本书与相邻书的价格相差 $2\$2。用最右端一本书的价格,顾客可以买到中间一本书和与它相邻的一本书。则:

Thirty-one books are arranged from left to right in order of increasing prices. The price of each book differs by $2\$2 from that of each adjacent book. For the price of the book at the extreme right a customer can buy the middle book and an adjacent one. Then:

所指的相邻书位于中间那本书的左侧

the adjacent book referred to is at the left of the middle book

中间那本书售价 $36\$36

the middle book sells for $36\$36

最便宜的书售价 $4\$4

the cheapest book sells for $4\$4

最贵的书售价 $64\$64

the most expensive book sells for $64\$64

以上都不正确

none of these are correct

答案:A
难度评级:1530
小提示:

设最低价格为 pp,写出第 1616 本和第 3131 本的价格

Let the cheapest price be pp; identify the 1616th and 3131st prices

大提示:

分别检验中间书两侧的书,并排除使价格非正的情形

Test the two books adjacent to the middle book and reject any case forcing a nonpositive price

解答:

各书价格为 ppp+2p+2\ldotsp+60p+60,中间一本的价格为 p+30p+30。若取右侧相邻书,则 (p+30)+(p+32)=p+60 (p+30)+(p+32)=p+60\text{,}p=2p=-2,不可能是售价。取左侧相邻书时 (p+30)+(p+28)=p+60 (p+30)+(p+28)=p+60\text{,}所以 p=2p=2。因此相邻书必须是左侧那一本。

因此,正确答案是 A

The prices are p,p, p+2,p+2, ,\ldots, p+60,p+60, and the middle price is p+30.p+30. If the right neighbor is used, then (p+30)+(p+32)=p+60, (p+30)+(p+32)=p+60, which gives p=2,p=-2, impossible for a selling price. The left neighbor gives (p+30)+(p+28)=p+60, (p+30)+(p+28)=p+60, so p=2.p=2. Thus the adjacent book must be the one to the left.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

25.

三角形 ABCABC 是以 ACAC 为底的等腰三角形。点 PPQQ 分别位于 CBCBABAB 上,且 AC=AP=PQ=QBAC=AP=PQ=QB。角 BB 的度数为:

Triangle ABCABC is isosceles with base AC.AC. Points PP and QQ are respectively in CBCB and ABAB and such that AC=AP=PQ=QB.AC=AP=PQ=QB. The number of degrees in angle BB is:

255725\dfrac57

261326\dfrac13

3030

4040

无法由已知信息确定

not determined by the information given

答案:A
难度评级:1780
小提示:

B=m\angle B=m,利用每一对相等线段构造等腰三角形

Let B=m\angle B=m and use each pair of equal segments to create isosceles triangles

大提示:

在三角形 BQPBQPAQPAQPAPCAPC 中逐步追角

Chase the angles through triangles BQP,BQP, AQP,AQP, and APCAPC

解答:

B=m\angle B=m。由 PQ=QBPQ=QB,三角形 BQPBQP 给出 QPB=m\angle QPB=mAQP=2m\angle AQP=2m。由 AP=PQAP=PQ,三角形 AQPAQP 给出 QAP=2m\angle QAP=2m,故 QPA=1804m\angle QPA=180^\circ-4m。由于 B,P,CB,P,C 共线,APC=3m\angle APC=3m。再由 AP=ACAP=ACACP=3m\angle ACP=3m。最后,AB=BCAB=BC 使 ABCABC 的两个底角均为 3m3m,且 m+3m+3m=180 m+3m+3m=180^\circ\text{。}因此 m=1807=2557m=\frac{180^\circ}{7}=25\dfrac57^\circ

所以,正确答案是 A

Let B=m.\angle B=m. Since PQ=QB,PQ=QB, triangle BQPBQP gives QPB=m\angle QPB=m and AQP=2m.\angle AQP=2m. Since AP=PQ,AP=PQ, triangle AQPAQP gives QAP=2m,\angle QAP=2m, so QPA=1804m.\angle QPA=180^\circ-4m. As B,P,CB,P,C are collinear, APC=3m.\angle APC=3m. Now AP=ACAP=AC gives ACP=3m.\angle ACP=3m. Finally AB=BCAB=BC makes both base angles of ABCABC equal to 3m,3m, and m+3m+3m=180. m+3m+3m=180^\circ. Therefore m=1807=2557.m=\frac{180^\circ}{7}=25\dfrac57^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

26.

某等差数列的前 5050 项之和为 200200,接下来的 5050 项之和为 27002700。该数列的首项为:

For a given arithmetic series the sum of the first 5050 terms is 200,200, and the sum of the next 5050 terms is 2700.2700. The first term in the series is:

1212-12\dfrac12

21.5-21.5

20.5-20.5

33

3.53.5

答案:C
难度评级:1280
小提示:

用首项 aa 和公差 dd 表示第一个和

Write the first sum in terms of the first term aa and common difference dd

大提示:

5050 项的首项为 a+50da+50d

The next 5050 terms have first term a+50da+50d

解答:

两个和给出 25(2a+49d)=200,25(2a+149d)=2700 \begin{aligned} 25(2a+49d)&=200,\\ 25(2a+149d)&=2700 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 2a+49d=82a+49d=82a+149d=1082a+149d=108。相减得 d=1d=1,继而 2a=412a=-41,所以 a=20.5a=-20.5

因此,正确答案是 C

The two sums give 25(2a+49d)=200,25(2a+149d)=2700. \begin{aligned} 25(2a+49d)&=200,\\ 25(2a+149d)&=2700. \end{aligned} Thus 2a+49d=82a+49d=8 and 2a+149d=108.2a+149d=108. Subtraction gives d=1,d=1, and then 2a=41,2a=-41, so a=20.5.a=-20.5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

27.

给定边数不同的两个等角多边形 P1P_1P2P_2P1P_1 的每个角为 xx 度,P2P_2 的每个角为 kxkx 度,其中 kk 是大于 11 的整数。数对 (x,k)(x,k) 的可能个数为:

Given two equiangular polygons P1P_1 and P2P_2 with different numbers of sides; each angle of P1P_1 is xx degrees and each angle of P2P_2 is kxkx degrees, where kk is an integer greater than 1.1. The number of possibilities for the pair (x,k)(x,k) is:

无穷多个

infinite

有限个,但多于两个

finite, but greater than two

两个

two

一个

one

零个

zero

答案:D
难度评级:1710
小提示:

等角 nn 边形的每个角为 180360n180^\circ-\frac{360^\circ}{n}

An equiangular nn-gon has angle 180360n180^\circ-\frac{360^\circ}{n}

大提示:

kx<180kx<180^\circk2k\ge2 限制较小的角 xx

Use kx<180kx<180^\circ and k2k\ge2 to constrain the smaller angle xx

解答:

每个多边形内角至少为 6060^\circ,每个凸多边形内角小于 180180^\circ。由于 k2k\ge2kx<180kx<180^\circ,必须有 x<90x<90^\circ。区间 [60,90)[60^\circ,90^\circ) 内唯一可能的等角多边形内角是三角形的 x=60x=60^\circ。此时 k=2k=2 给出 kx=120kx=120^\circ,即正六边形的内角;更大的 kk 不可能。因此只有一对。

所以,正确答案是 D

Every polygon angle is at least 60,60^\circ, and every convex polygon angle is less than 180.180^\circ. Since k2k\ge2 and kx<180,kx<180^\circ, we need x<90.x<90^\circ. The only possible equiangular polygon angle in [60,90)[60^\circ,90^\circ) is the triangle angle x=60.x=60^\circ. Then k=2k=2 gives kx=120,kx=120^\circ, the angle of a regular hexagon; larger kk is impossible. Hence there is one pair.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

28.

21377532137^{753} 完全乘开后,所得乘积的个位数字为:

If 21377532137^{753} is multiplied out, the units’ digit in the final product is:

11

33

55

77

99

答案:D
难度评级:1320
小提示:

只需考虑底数的个位数字

Only the units digit of the base matters

大提示:

列出 77 的幂模 1010 的四项循环

List the four-term cycle of powers of 77 modulo 1010

解答:

77 的各次幂个位数字按 77993311 循环,周期为 44。由于 7531(mod4)753\equiv1\pmod421377532137^{753} 的个位数字为 77

因此,正确答案是 D

Powers of 77 have units digits 7,7, 9,9, 3,3, 11 in a cycle of length 4.4. Since 7531(mod4),753\equiv1\pmod4, the units digit of 21377532137^{753} is 7.7.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

29.

ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0 的两根为 rrss。以 ar+bar+bas+bas+b 为根的方程是:

Let the roots of ax2+bx+c=0ax^2+bx+c=0 be rr and s.s. The equation with roots ar+bar+b and as+bas+b is:

x2bxac=0x^2-bx-ac=0

x2bx+ac=0x^2-bx+ac=0

x2+3bx+ca+2b2=0x^2+3bx+ca+2b^2=0

x2+3bxca+2b2=0x^2+3bx-ca+2b^2=0

x2+bx(2a)+a2c+b2(a+1)=0\begin{gathered}x^2+bx(2-a)\\{}+a^2c+b^2(a+1)=0\end{gathered}

答案:B
难度评级:1500
小提示:

使用 r+s=bar+s=-\frac{b}{a}rs=cars=\frac{c}{a}

Use r+s=bar+s=-\frac{b}{a} and rs=cars=\frac{c}{a}

大提示:

计算 ar+bar+bas+bas+b 的和及乘积

Compute the sum and product of ar+bar+b and as+bas+b

解答:

变换后的两根之和为 a(r+s)+2b=b+2b=b a(r+s)+2b=-b+2b=b 乘积为 (ar+b)(as+b)=a2rs+ab(r+s)+b2=ac \begin{gathered} (ar+b)(as+b)\\ =a^2rs+ab(r+s)+b^2\\ =ac \end{gathered}\text{。} 因此以它们为根的首一方程为 x2bx+ac=0x^2-bx+ac=0

所以,正确答案是 B

The transformed roots have sum a(r+s)+2b=b+2b=b a(r+s)+2b=-b+2b=b and product (ar+b)(as+b)=a2rs+ab(r+s)+b2=ac. \begin{gathered} (ar+b)(as+b)\\ =a^2rs+ab(r+s)+b^2\\ =ac. \end{gathered} Therefore their monic equation is x2bx+ac=0.x^2-bx+ac=0.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

30.

log102=a\log_{10}2=alog103=b\log_{10}3=b,则 log512\log_5 12 等于:

If log102=a\log_{10}2=a and log103=b,\log_{10}3=b, then log512\log_5 12 equals:

a+ba+1\dfrac{a+b}{a+1}

2a+ba+1\dfrac{2a+b}{a+1}

a+2b1+a\dfrac{a+2b}{1+a}

2a+b1a\dfrac{2a+b}{1-a}

a+2b1a\dfrac{a+2b}{1-a}

答案:D
知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:1280
小提示:

对常用对数使用换底公式

Use the change-of-base formula with common logarithms

大提示:

写出 12=22312=2^2\cdot35=1025=\frac{10}{2}

Write 12=22312=2^2\cdot3 and 5=1025=\frac{10}{2}

解答:

由换底公式,log512=log12log5=2log2+log3log10log2=2a+b1a \begin{aligned} \log_5 12 &=\frac{\log12}{\log5}\\ &=\frac{2\log2+\log3} {\log10-\log2}\\ &=\frac{2a+b}{1-a} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

By change of base, log512=log12log5=2log2+log3log10log2=2a+b1a. \begin{aligned} \log_5 12 &=\frac{\log12}{\log5}\\ &=\frac{2\log2+\log3} {\log10-\log2}\\ &=\frac{2a+b}{1-a}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

31.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AC:CBAC:CB3:43:4。顶点 CC 处外角的平分线与 BABA 的延长线交于 PPAA 位于 PPBB 之间)。比值 PA:ABPA:AB 为:

In triangle ABCABC the ratio AC:CBAC:CB is 3:4.3:4. The bisector of the exterior angle at CC intersects BABA extended at PP (AA is between PP and BB). The ratio PA:ABPA:AB is:

1:31:3

3:43:4

4:34:3

3:13:1

7:17:1

答案:D
难度评级:1300
小提示:

对完整线段 PAPAPBPB 应用外角平分线定理

Apply the exterior angle bisector theorem to the full lengths PAPA and PBPB

大提示:

使用 PB=PA+ABPB=PA+AB

Use PB=PA+ABPB=PA+AB

解答:

由外角平分线定理,PAPB=ACCB=34 \frac{PA}{PB}=\frac{AC}{CB}=\frac34\text{。} 因为 PB=PA+ABPB=PA+AB,令 PA=3tPA=3tPB=4tPB=4t。则 AB=tAB=t,所以 PA:AB=3:1PA:AB=3:1

所以,正确答案是 D

The exterior angle bisector theorem gives PAPB=ACCB=34. \frac{PA}{PB}=\frac{AC}{CB}=\frac34. Since PB=PA+AB,PB=PA+AB, write PA=3t,PA=3t, PB=4t.PB=4t. Then AB=t,AB=t, so PA:AB=3:1.PA:AB=3:1.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

32.

一个 nn 边正多边形内接于半径为 RR 的圆。多边形的面积为 3R23R^2。则 nn 等于:

A regular polygon of nn sides is inscribed in a circle of radius R.R. The area of the polygon is 3R2.3R^2. Then nn equals:

88

1010

1212

1515

1818

答案:C
难度评级:1300
小提示:

将多边形分成 nn 个顶点在圆心的全等三角形

Divide the polygon into nn congruent triangles with vertex at the center

大提示:

使用面积 12nR2sin(360n)\frac12nR^2\sin(\frac{360^\circ}{n}) 检验各选项

Use area 12nR2sin(360n)\frac12nR^2\sin(\frac{360^\circ}{n}) and test the choices

解答:

多边形的面积为 n2R2sin360n \frac n2R^2\sin\frac{360^\circ}{n}\text{。}n=12n=12 时,它变为 6R2sin30=3R2 6R^2\sin30^\circ=3R^2\text{,} 符合要求。

因此,正确答案是 C

The polygon’s area is n2R2sin360n. \frac n2R^2\sin\frac{360^\circ}{n}. For n=12,n=12, this becomes 6R2sin30=3R2, 6R^2\sin30^\circ=3R^2, as required.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

33.

方程 22x32y=552^{2x}-3^{2y}=55xxyy 均为整数,其解的个数为:

The number of solutions of 22x32y=55,2^{2x}-3^{2y}=55, in which xx and yy are integers, is:

00

11

22

33

多于三个,但为有限个

more than three, but finite

答案:B
难度评级:1550
小提示:

将左边按平方差因式分解

Factor the left side as a difference of squares

大提示:

两个正因数的乘积为 5555,且奇偶性相同

The two positive factors multiply to 5555 and have the same parity

解答:

因式分解得 (2x3y)(2x+3y)=55 (2^x-3^y)(2^x+3^y)=55\text{。}首先,x>0x>0。若 y0y\le0,则 55<4x5655<4^x\le56,而 44 的整数次幂不可能落在这个范围内。因此 y>0y>0,两个因数都是正奇整数。因数对 551111 给出 2x+1=162^{x+1}=1623y=62\cdot3^y=6,所以 (x,y)=(3,1)(x,y)=(3,1)。因数对 115555 则要求 2x=282^x=28,不可能。因此恰有一个解。

所以,正确答案是 B

Factor: (2x3y)(2x+3y)=55. (2^x-3^y)(2^x+3^y)=55. First, x>0.x>0. If y0,y\le0, then 55<4x56,55<4^x\le56, which is impossible for an integral power of 4.4. Hence y>0,y>0, so both factors are positive odd integers. The factor pair 5,5, 1111 gives 2x+1=162^{x+1}=16 and 23y=6,2\cdot3^y=6, so (x,y)=(3,1).(x,y)=(3,1). The factor pair 1,1, 5555 would require 2x=28,2^x=28, impossible. Hence there is exactly one solution.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

34.

xx 取区间 x0x\ge0 中的任意值时,设分式 2x+3x+2 \frac{2x+3}{x+2} 的所有可能值组成集合 SS。设 MMSS 的最小上界,mmSS 的最大下界。于是可以说:

Let SS be the set of values assumed by the fraction 2x+3x+2 \frac{2x+3}{x+2} when xx is any member of the interval x0.x\ge0. Let MM be the least upper bound of S,S, and let mm be the greatest lower bound of S.S. We may then say:

mm 属于 SS,但 MM 不属于 SS

mm is in S,S, but MM is not in SS

MM 属于 SS,但 mm 不属于 SS

MM is in S,S, but mm is not in SS

mmMM 都属于 SS

both mm and MM are in SS

mmMM 都不属于 SS

neither mm nor MM is in SS

MMSS 内外都不存在

MM does not exist either in or outside SS

答案:A
难度评级:1500
小提示:

将分式改写为 21x+22-\frac1{x+2}

Rewrite the fraction as 21x+22-\frac1{x+2}

大提示:

求出左端点的值,并考察 xx 增大时的极限

Evaluate the lower endpoint and examine the limit as xx increases

解答:

2x+3x+2=21x+2 \frac{2x+3}{x+2}=2-\frac1{x+2}\text{。}x0x\ge0 时,该值从 32\frac{3}{2} 递增并趋近 22,但不等于 22。因此 S=[32,2)S=[\frac32,2),其最大下界 m=32m=\frac{3}{2} 属于 SS,而最小上界 M=2M=2 不属于其中。

因此,正确答案是 A

We have 2x+3x+2=21x+2. \frac{2x+3}{x+2}=2-\frac1{x+2}. For x0,x\ge0, this increases from 32\frac{3}{2} toward 22 without reaching 2.2. Thus S=[32,2),S=[\frac32,2), so its greatest lower bound m=32m=\frac{3}{2} belongs to S,S, while its least upper bound M=2M=2 does not.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

35.

将数 695695 用阶乘进制表示,即 695=a1+a22!+a33!++ann! \begin{aligned} 695={}&a_1+a_2\cdot2!+a_3\cdot3!\\ &+\cdots+a_n\cdot n! \end{aligned}\text{,} 其中 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldotsana_n 是满足 0akk0\le a_k\le k 的整数,且 n!n! 表示 n(n1)(n2)21n(n-1)(n-2)\cdots2\cdot1。求 a4a_4

The number 695695 is to be written with a factorial base of numeration, that is, 695=a1+a22!+a33!++ann!, \begin{aligned} 695={}&a_1+a_2\cdot2!+a_3\cdot3!\\ &+\cdots+a_n\cdot n!, \end{aligned} where a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, ,\ldots, ana_n are integers such that 0akk,0\le a_k\le k, and n!n! means n(n1)(n2)21.n(n-1)(n-2)\cdots2\cdot1. Find a4.a_4.

00

11

22

33

44

答案:D
知识点:进制阶乘
难度评级:1500
小提示:

从不超过 695695 的最大阶乘开始

Begin with the largest factorial not exceeding 695695

大提示:

去掉 5!5! 的贡献后,用余数除以 4!4!

After removing the 5!5! contribution, divide the remainder by 4!4!

解答:

因为 5!=1205!=120695=5120+95 695=5\cdot120+95\text{。} 接着 4!=244!=24,且 95=324+2395=3\cdot24+23。因此系数 a4a_433

所以,正确答案是 D

Since 5!=120,5!=120, 695=5120+95. 695=5\cdot120+95. Next 4!=24,4!=24, and 95=324+23.95=3\cdot24+23. Therefore the coefficient a4a_4 is 3.3.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

36.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,从 AA 引出的中线垂直于从 BB 引出的中线。若 BC=7BC=7AC=6AC=6,求 ABAB 的长度。

In triangle ABCABC the median from AA is perpendicular to the median from B.B. If BC=7BC=7 and AC=6,AC=6, find the length of AB.AB.

44

17\sqrt{17}

4.254.25

252\sqrt5

4.54.5

答案:B
难度评级:1710
小提示:

AA 置于原点,用向量表示 BBCC

Put AA at the origin and represent BB and CC by vectors

大提示:

写出两条中线的方向向量,并令其点积为零

Write direction vectors for the two medians and set their dot product to zero

解答:

A=0A=\mathbf0B=bB=\mathbf bC=cC=\mathbf c,其中 b=|\mathbf b|=\ellc=6|\mathbf c|=6,且 cb=7|\mathbf c-\mathbf b|=7。从 AABB 引出的中线方向分别为 b+c2\frac{\mathbf b+\mathbf c}{2}c2b\frac{\mathbf c}{2}-\mathbf b。其点积为零,故 (b+c)(c2b)=0 (\mathbf b+\mathbf c)\mathbin{\cdot}(\mathbf c-2\mathbf b)=0\text{。}使用 bc=2+36492\mathbf b\mathbin{\cdot}\mathbf c=\frac{\ell^2+36-49}{2},化简得 2=17\ell^2=17。所以 AB=17AB=\sqrt{17}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let A=0,A=\mathbf0, B=b,B=\mathbf b, and C=c,C=\mathbf c, with b=,|\mathbf b|=\ell, c=6,|\mathbf c|=6, and cb=7.|\mathbf c-\mathbf b|=7. The median directions are b+c2\frac{\mathbf b+\mathbf c}{2} from AA and c2b\frac{\mathbf c}{2}-\mathbf b from B.B. Their dot product is zero, so (b+c)(c2b)=0. (\mathbf b+\mathbf c)\mathbin{\cdot}(\mathbf c-2\mathbf b)=0. Using bc=2+36492,\mathbf b\mathbin{\cdot}\mathbf c=\frac{\ell^2+36-49}{2}, this simplifies to 2=17.\ell^2=17. Hence AB=17.AB=\sqrt{17}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

37.

在全程为 dd 码的匀速赛跑中,AA 可领先 BB 2020 码,BB 可领先 CC 1010 码,且 AA 可领先 CC 2828 码。则以码为单位的 dd 等于:

In racing over a distance dd at uniform speed, AA can beat BB by 2020 yards, BB can beat CC by 1010 yards, and AA can beat CC by 2828 yards. Then d,d, in yards, equals:

无法由已知信息确定

not determined by the given information

5858

100100

116116

120120

答案:C
难度评级:1550
小提示:

将每个领先距离转化为速度比

Translate each winning margin into a ratio of speeds

大提示:

vBvA\frac{v_B}{v_A}vCvB\frac{v_C}{v_B} 相乘得到 vCvA\frac{v_C}{v_A}

Multiply the ratios vBvA\frac{v_B}{v_A} and vCvB\frac{v_C}{v_B} to get vCvA\frac{v_C}{v_A}

解答:

由领先距离得 vBvA=d20d,vCvB=d10d,vCvA=d28d \begin{aligned} \frac{v_B}{v_A}&=\frac{d-20}{d},\\ \frac{v_C}{v_B}&=\frac{d-10}{d},\\ \frac{v_C}{v_A}&=\frac{d-28}{d} \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 (d20)(d10)d2=d28d \frac{(d-20)(d-10)}{d^2}=\frac{d-28}{d}\text{。} 展开并化简得 2d=2002d=200,所以 d=100d=100

所以,正确答案是 C

The margins give vBvA=d20d,vCvB=d10d,vCvA=d28d. \begin{aligned} \frac{v_B}{v_A}&=\frac{d-20}{d},\\ \frac{v_C}{v_B}&=\frac{d-10}{d},\\ \frac{v_C}{v_A}&=\frac{d-28}{d}. \end{aligned} Therefore (d20)(d10)d2=d28d. \frac{(d-20)(d-10)}{d^2}=\frac{d-28}{d}. Expanding and simplifying yields 2d=200,2d=200, so d=100.d=100.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

38.

三角形 ABCABC 内接于半径为 rr 的半圆,且其底边 ABAB 与直径 ABAB 重合。点 CC 不与 AABB 重合。令 s=AC+BCs=AC+BC。则对于 CC 的所有允许位置:

Triangle ABCABC is inscribed in a semicircle of radius rr so that its base ABAB coincides with diameter AB.AB. Point CC does not coincide with either AA or B.B. Let s=AC+BC.s=AC+BC. Then, for all permissible positions of C:C:

s28r2s^2\le8r^2

s2=8r2s^2=8r^2

s28r2s^2\ge8r^2

s24r2s^2\le4r^2

s2=4r2s^2=4r^2

答案:A
难度评级:1300
小提示:

直径所对的圆周角是直角

The angle subtended by the diameter is a right angle

大提示:

若两条直角边为 ppqq,比较 (p+q)2(p+q)^22(p2+q2)2(p^2+q^2)

If the legs are pp and q,q, compare (p+q)2(p+q)^2 with 2(p2+q2)2(p^2+q^2)

解答:

由泰勒斯定理,ABCABCCC 处为直角。令 p=ACp=ACq=BCq=BC。则 p2+q2=AB2=4r2 p^2+q^2=AB^2=4r^2\text{。} 因为 (pq)20(p-q)^2\ge0,所以 2pqp2+q22pq\le p^2+q^2。因此 s2=(p+q)22(p2+q2)=8r2 s^2=(p+q)^2\le2(p^2+q^2)=8r^2\text{。}

所以,正确答案是 A

By Thales’ theorem, ABCABC is right at C.C. Put p=ACp=AC and q=BC.q=BC. Then p2+q2=AB2=4r2. p^2+q^2=AB^2=4r^2. Since (pq)20,(p-q)^2\ge0, we have 2pqp2+q2.2pq\le p^2+q^2. Therefore s2=(p+q)22(p2+q2)=8r2. s^2=(p+q)^2\le2(p^2+q^2)=8r^2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

39.

在边长为 11 的正方形内部或边界上任取五个点。设 aa 是满足下述性质的最小数:从这五点中总能选出一对,使其距离小于或等于 aa。则 aa 为:

Any five points are taken inside or on a square with side length 1.1. Let aa be the smallest possible number with the property that it is always possible to select one pair of points from these five such that the distance between them is equal to or less than a.a. Then aa is:

33\dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}

22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

223\dfrac{2\sqrt2}{3}

11

2\sqrt2

答案:B
难度评级:1670
小提示:

将单位正方形分成四个全等小正方形

Partition the unit square into four congruent smaller squares

大提示:

为证明界可达到,寻找使最近点对距离达到该界的五个点

To prove sharpness, look for five points whose closest-pair distance reaches the bound

解答:

将正方形分成四个边长为 12\frac{1}{2} 的小正方形。五点中有两点落在同一小正方形内,所以它们的距离至多为其对角线 22\frac{\sqrt2}{2}。在四个顶点和中心各放一点可以达到此界:此时最短距离为 22\frac{\sqrt2}{2}。因此所求最小保证值是 22\frac{\sqrt2}{2}

因此,正确答案是 B

Divide the square into four squares of side 12.\frac{1}{2}. Two of the five points lie in the same small square, so their distance is at most its diagonal, 22.\frac{\sqrt2}{2}. This bound is attainable by placing points at the four corners and the center: the shortest distance is then 22.\frac{\sqrt2}{2}. Hence the least guaranteed value is 22.\frac{\sqrt2}{2}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

40.

5x+12y=605x+12y=60,求 x2+y2\sqrt{x^2+y^2} 的最小值。

Find the minimum value of x2+y2\sqrt{x^2+y^2} if 5x+12y=60.5x+12y=60.

6013\dfrac{60}{13}

135\dfrac{13}{5}

1312\dfrac{13}{12}

11

00

答案:A
难度评级:1300
小提示:

x2+y2\sqrt{x^2+y^2} 解释为到原点的距离

Interpret x2+y2\sqrt{x^2+y^2} as distance from the origin

大提示:

5x+12y5x+12y 应用柯西-施瓦茨不等式

Apply Cauchy-Schwarz to 5x+12y5x+12y

解答:

由柯西-施瓦茨不等式,60=5x+12y52+122x2+y2=13x2+y2 \begin{aligned} 60&=5x+12y\\ &\le\sqrt{5^2+12^2}\\ &\qquad\cdot\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\\ &=13\sqrt{x^2+y^2} \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此该距离至少为 6013\frac{60}{13}。当 (x,y)(x,y)(5,12)(5,12) 成比例时取等号,所以最小值为 6013\frac{60}{13}

因此,正确答案是 A

By Cauchy-Schwarz, 60=5x+12y52+122x2+y2=13x2+y2. \begin{aligned} 60&=5x+12y\\ &\le\sqrt{5^2+12^2}\\ &\qquad\cdot\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\\ &=13\sqrt{x^2+y^2}. \end{aligned} Thus the distance is at least 6013.\frac{60}{13}. Equality occurs when (x,y)(x,y) is proportional to (5,12),(5,12), so the minimum is 6013.\frac{60}{13}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.