2023 AIME II 第 4 题

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4.

设实数 xxyyzz 满足方程组 xy+4z=60,yz+4x=60,zx+4y=60. \begin{aligned} xy + 4z &= 60, \\ yz + 4x &= 60, \\ zx + 4y &= 60. \end{aligned}

SSxx 的所有可能取值组成的集合。求 SS 中所有元素的平方和。

Let x,x, y,y, and zz be real numbers satisfying the system of equations xy+4z=60,yz+4x=60,zx+4y=60. \begin{aligned} xy + 4z &= 60, \\ yz + 4x &= 60, \\ zx + 4y &= 60. \end{aligned}

Let SS be the set of possible values of x.x. Find the sum of the squares of the elements of S.S.

答案:273
知识点:方程组因式分解对称性(代数)
难度评级:2460
解答:

用第一个方程减去第二个方程,得 xyyz+4z4x=0xy - yz + 4z - 4x = 0 可因式分解为 (y4)(xz)=0(y - 4)(x - z) = 0。所以 y=4y = 4x=zx = z

y=4y = 4:第一个方程变为 4x+4z=604x + 4z = 60,所以 x+z=15x + z = 15,第二个方程仍给出同一个条件 4z+4x=604z + 4x = 60。第三个方程给出 zx=44zx = 44。于是 xxzzt215t+44=(t4)(t11)t^2 - 15t + 44 = (t - 4)(t - 11) 的根,所以 x{4,11}x \in \{4, 11\}

x=zx = z:第一个方程为 x(y+4)=60x(y + 4) = 60,所以 y=60x4y = \frac{60}{x} - 4,第三个方程为 x2+4y=60x^2 + 4y = 60。代入得 x2+240x16=60x376x+240=0=(x4)(x6)(x+10), \begin{gathered} x^2 + \frac{240}{x} - 16 = 60 \\ \Longrightarrow x^3 - 76x + 240 = 0 \\ = (x - 4)(x - 6)(x + 10), \end{gathered} 所以 x{4,6,10}x \in \{4, 6, -10\},并且每个都对应实数 yyzz。于是 S={10,4,6,11}S = \{-10, 4, 6, 11\},平方和为 100+16+36+121=273100 + 16 + 36 + 121 = 273

Subtracting the second equation from the first gives xyyz+4z4x=0,xy - yz + 4z - 4x = 0, which factors as (y4)(xz)=0.(y - 4)(x - z) = 0. So y=4y = 4 or x=z.x = z.

If y=4:y = 4: the first equation becomes 4x+4z=60,4x + 4z = 60, so x+z=15,x + z = 15, and the second becomes 4z+4x=604z + 4x = 60 again while the third gives zx=44.zx = 44. Then xx and zz are roots of t215t+44=(t4)(t11),t^2 - 15t + 44 = (t - 4)(t - 11), so x{4,11}.x \in \{4, 11\}.

If x=z:x = z: the first equation reads x(y+4)=60,x(y + 4) = 60, so y=60x4,y = \frac{60}{x} - 4, and the third reads x2+4y=60.x^2 + 4y = 60. Substituting, x2+240x16=60x376x+240=0=(x4)(x6)(x+10), \begin{gathered} x^2 + \frac{240}{x} - 16 = 60 \\ \Longrightarrow x^3 - 76x + 240 = 0 \\ = (x - 4)(x - 6)(x + 10), \end{gathered} so x{4,6,10},x \in \{4, 6, -10\}, each with real yy and z.z. Hence S={10,4,6,11}S = \{-10, 4, 6, 11\} and the sum of squares is 100+16+36+121=273.100 + 16 + 36 + 121 = 273.

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