2021 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

对正整数 nn,定义函数 f(n)f(n)g(n)g(n) 如下:以及求最小正整数 nn,使得 f(n)g(n)=47\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7}f(n)={nif n isan integer1+f(n+1)otherwise \begin{aligned} &f(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is} \\ \text{an integer}} \\ 1 + f(n+1) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{aligned} g(n)={nif n isan integer2+g(n+2)otherwise \begin{aligned} &g(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is} \\ \text{an integer}} \\ 2 + g(n+2) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{aligned}

Let f(n)f(n) and g(n)g(n) be functions satisfying f(n)={nif n isan integer1+f(n+1)otherwise \begin{aligned} &f(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is} \\ \text{an integer}} \\ 1 + f(n+1) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{aligned} and g(n)={nif n isan integer2+g(n+2)otherwise \begin{aligned} &g(n) = \\ &\quad \begin{cases} \sqrt{n} & \substack{\text{if } \sqrt{n} \text{ is} \\ \text{an integer}} \\ 2 + g(n+2) & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \end{aligned} for positive integers n.n. Find the least positive integer nn such that f(n)g(n)=47.\frac{f(n)}{g(n)} = \frac{4}{7}.

答案:258
知识点:函数完全平方数奇偶性
难度评级:3160
解答:

kk 为满足 k2nk^2 \ge n 的最小整数。函数 ff 每次前进一步直到下一个完全平方数,所以 f(n)=k+(k2n)f(n) = k + (k^2 - n)。函数 gg 每次前进 22 步,保持自变量的奇偶性,而 j2j(mod2)j^2 \equiv j \pmod 2,所以 g(n)=j+(j2n)g(n) = j + (j^2 - n),其中 jj 是满足 j2nj^2 \ge njn(mod2)j \equiv n \pmod 2 的最小整数。若 kn(mod2)k \equiv n \pmod 2,则 j=kj = k,比值为 11;所以需要 k≢n(mod2)k \not\equiv n \pmod 2,此时 j=k+1j = k + 1,且 g(n)f(n)=(k+1)2k2+1g(n) - f(n) = (k+1)^2 - k^2 + 1 =2k+2= 2k + 2

于是 7f=4g=4f+4(2k+2)7f = 4g = 4f + 4(2k + 2),得 f=8(k+1)3f = \frac{8(k+1)}{3},所以 k2(mod3)k \equiv 2 \pmod 3,并且 还需满足 (k1)2<nk2(k-1)^2 \lt n \le k^2n≢k(mod2)n \not\equiv k \pmod 2n=k2+k8(k+1)3,n = k^2 + k - \frac{8(k+1)}{3},

k=2,5,8,11k = 2, 5, 8, 11,公式分别给出 n=2,14,48,100n = -2, 14, 48, 100 都不满足 n>(k1)2n \gt (k-1)^2;对 k=14k = 14n=170n = 170 在范围内,但与 kk。 奇偶性相同。对 k=17k = 17n=289+1748=258n = 289 + 17 - 48 = 258,满足 256<258289256 \lt 258 \le 289,且 nn 为偶数而 kk 为奇数。确实,f(258)=17+31=48f(258) = 17 + 31 = 48g(258)=18+66=84g(258) = 18 + 66 = 84,且 4884=47\frac{48}{84} = \frac{4}{7},所以最小的 n 是 258258

Let kk be the least integer with k2n.k^2 \ge n. The function ff climbs one step at a time to the next perfect square, so f(n)=k+(k2n).f(n) = k + (k^2 - n). The function gg climbs by 22s, preserving the parity of its argument, and j2j(mod2),j^2 \equiv j \pmod 2, so g(n)=j+(j2n)g(n) = j + (j^2 - n) where jj is the least integer with j2nj^2 \ge n and jn(mod2).j \equiv n \pmod 2. If kn(mod2)k \equiv n \pmod 2 then j=kj = k and the ratio is 1;1; so we need k≢n(mod2),k \not\equiv n \pmod 2, in which case j=k+1j = k + 1 and g(n)f(n)=(k+1)2k2+1g(n) - f(n) = (k+1)^2 - k^2 + 1 =2k+2.= 2k + 2.

Then 7f=4g=4f+4(2k+2)7f = 4g = 4f + 4(2k + 2) gives f=8(k+1)3,f = \frac{8(k+1)}{3}, so k2(mod3)k \equiv 2 \pmod 3 and n=k2+k8(k+1)3,n = k^2 + k - \frac{8(k+1)}{3}, subject to (k1)2<nk2(k-1)^2 \lt n \le k^2 and n≢k(mod2).n \not\equiv k \pmod 2.

For k=2,5,8,11k = 2, 5, 8, 11 the formula gives n=2,14,48,100,n = -2, 14, 48, 100, each failing n>(k1)2;n \gt (k-1)^2; for k=14,k = 14, n=170n = 170 is in range but has the same parity as k.k. For k=17,k = 17, n=289+1748=258,n = 289 + 17 - 48 = 258, which satisfies 256<258289256 \lt 258 \le 289 and is even while kk is odd. Indeed f(258)=17+31=48f(258) = 17 + 31 = 48 and g(258)=18+66=84,g(258) = 18 + 66 = 84, with 4884=47,\frac{48}{84} = \frac{4}{7}, so the least nn is 258.258.

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