2019 AIME II 第 4 题

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4.

一枚标准六面公平骰子掷四次。四次掷出的数字的乘积是完全平方数的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A standard six-sided fair die is rolled four times. The probability that the product of all four numbers rolled is a perfect square is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:187
知识点:骰子(概率)完全平方数奇偶性分类讨论
难度评级:2480
解答:

乘积为完全平方数,当且仅当质数 223355 的指数均为偶数。只有掷出 55 会贡献质数 55,所以 55 的个数必须为偶数:0022, 或 44。把其他数按它们的 2233: 指数奇偶性分类:掷出 1144 贡献 (0,0)(0, 0),掷出 22 贡献 (1,0)(1, 0),掷出 33 贡献 (0,1)(0, 1),掷出 66 贡献 (1,1)(1, 1)。质数 22 的指数为偶数,当且仅当 22 的个数加上 66 的个数为偶数;对 3366 同理。所以一组非 55 掷数可行,当且仅当 223366 的个数全为偶数或全为奇数。

没有 55 时,四次掷数都来自 {1,2,3,4,6}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 6\}。全偶情况:没有 223366 时有 24=162^4 = 16 个序列(每次是 1144);某一种恰好出现两次时有 34!2!2!22=723 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} \cdot 2^2 = 72 个;两种各出现两次时有 34!2!2!=183 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} = 18 个;某一种出现四次时有 33 个。全奇情况:一个 22、一个 33、一个 66,再加一次来自 {1,4}\{1, 4\},共有 4!2=484! \cdot 2 = 48 个。小计 16+72+18+3+48=15716 + 72 + 18 + 3 + 48 = 157。有两个 55 时,先在 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 个位置放 55;另外两次必须属于同一个奇偶类,给出 22+1+1+1=72^2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 个有序对,共 4242 个序列。有四个五时有 11 个序列。

总共有 157+42+1=200157 + 42 + 1 = 200 个可行序列,全部序列数为 64=12966^4 = 1296,所以概率为 2001296=25162\frac{200}{1296} = \frac{25}{162},从而 m+n=25+162=187m + n = 25 + 162 = 187

The product is a perfect square exactly when each of the primes 2,2, 3,3, and 55 appears with even exponent. Only a roll of 55 contributes the prime 5,5, so the number of 55s is even: 0,0, 2,2, or 4.4. Classify the other values by the parities of their exponents of 22 and 3:3: rolls of 11 and 44 contribute (0,0),(0, 0), a 22 contributes (1,0),(1, 0), a 33 contributes (0,1),(0, 1), and a 66 contributes (1,1).(1, 1). The exponent of 22 is even iff the count of 22s plus the count of 66s is even, and similarly for 33s and 66s, so a collection of non-55 rolls works exactly when the counts of 22s, 33s, and 66s are all even or all odd.

With no 55s, all four rolls come from {1,2,3,4,6}.\{1, 2, 3, 4, 6\}. All-even cases: no 22s, 33s, or 66s gives 24=162^4 = 16 sequences (each roll is 11 or 44); exactly two of a single kind gives 34!2!2!22=72;3 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} \cdot 2^2 = 72; two of each of two kinds gives 34!2!2!=18;3 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} = 18; four of one kind gives 3.3. All-odd case: one 2,2, one 3,3, one 6,6, and one roll from {1,4}\{1, 4\} gives 4!2=48.4! \cdot 2 = 48. Subtotal 16+72+18+3+48=157.16 + 72 + 18 + 3 + 48 = 157. With two 55s, choose their positions in (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 ways; the other two rolls must lie in the same parity class, giving 22+1+1+1=72^2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 ordered pairs, for 4242 sequences. With four 55s there is 11 sequence.

In total 157+42+1=200157 + 42 + 1 = 200 of the 64=12966^4 = 1296 sequences work, so the probability is 2001296=25162,\frac{200}{1296} = \frac{25}{162}, and m+n=25+162=187.m + n = 25 + 162 = 187.

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