2015 AIME II 第 4 题

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4.

在一个等腰梯形中,两条平行底边的长度分别为 log3\log 3log192\log 192,到底边的高为 log16\log 16。这个梯形的周长可以写成 log2p3q\log 2^p 3^q 的形式,其中 ppqq 是正整数。求 p+qp + q

In an isosceles trapezoid, the parallel bases have lengths log3\log 3 and log192,\log 192, and the altitude to these bases has length log16.\log 16. The perimeter of the trapezoid can be written in the form log2p3q,\log 2^p 3^q, where pp and qq are positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:18
知识点:对数梯形勾股数
难度评级:2170
解答:

从短底的两端向长底作高,每条腰都是一个直角三角形的斜边;该直角三角形的两条直角边为高 log16=4log2\log 16 = 4\log 2,以及两底差的一半 12(log192log3)\frac{1}{2}(\log 192 - \log 3) =12log64= \frac{1}{2}\log 64 =3log2= 3 \log 2。 由 33-44-55 比例,每条腰长为 5log25 \log 2

周长为 log3+log192+25log2=log(3192)+log210=log(2632)+log210=log21632, \begin{aligned} &\log 3 + \log 192 + 2 \cdot 5\log 2 \\ &= \log(3 \cdot 192) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log(2^6 3^2) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log 2^{16} 3^2, \end{aligned} 所以 p+q=16+2=18p + q = 16 + 2 = 18

Dropping altitudes from the ends of the short base, each leg is the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs are the altitude log16=4log2\log 16 = 4\log 2 and half the difference of the bases, 12(log192log3)\frac{1}{2}(\log 192 - \log 3) =12log64= \frac{1}{2}\log 64 =3log2.= 3 \log 2. By the 33-44-55 ratio, each leg has length 5log2.5 \log 2.

The perimeter is log3+log192+25log2=log(3192)+log210=log(2632)+log210=log21632, \begin{aligned} &\log 3 + \log 192 + 2 \cdot 5\log 2 \\ &= \log(3 \cdot 192) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log(2^6 3^2) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log 2^{16} 3^2, \end{aligned} so p+q=16+2=18.p + q = 16 + 2 = 18.

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