2015 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
设 是最小的正整数,它既比某个整数少 %,又比另一个整数多 %。求 除以 的余数。
Let be the least positive integer that is both percent less than one integer and percent greater than another integer. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
写成 ,并把两个分数都约到最简
Write and reduce both fractions to lowest terms
大提示:
最简形式为 ,这会迫使 同时是 和 的倍数
In lowest terms which forces to be a multiple of both and
解答:
条件说明对某些整数 和 有 且 。因为 ,第一个等式迫使 能被 整除,所以 是 的倍数;因为 ,第二个等式迫使 能被 整除,所以 是 的倍数。
同时被这两个数整除的最小正整数是 ,取 和 时可以达到。除以 的余数为 。
The conditions say and for some integers and Since the first equation forces to be divisible by so is a multiple of since the second forces to be divisible by so is a multiple of
The least positive integer divisible by both is achieved with and The remainder upon division by is
2.
一所新学校中,% 的学生是一年级生,% 是二年级生,% 是三年级生,% 是四年级生。所有一年级生都必须上拉丁语课;二年级生中有 %、三年级生中有 %、四年级生中有 % 选择上拉丁语课。随机选一名上拉丁语课的学生,他是二年级生的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
In a new school percent of the students are freshmen, percent are sophomores, percent are juniors, and percent are seniors. All freshmen are required to take Latin, and percent of the sophomores, percent of the juniors, and percent of the seniors elect to take Latin. The probability that a randomly chosen Latin student is a sophomore is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
假设学校有 名学生,分别数出每个年级有多少人上拉丁语课
Suppose the school has students and count how many students in each class take Latin
大提示:
上拉丁语课的学生共有 人,答案来自二年级生在这个总数中的比例。
The Latin students number and the answer comes from the sophomores’ share of that total
解答:
假设学校有 名学生。上拉丁语课的学生有 名一年级生、 名二年级生、 名三年级生,以及 名四年级生,总共 人。
随机选一名拉丁语学生是二年级生的概率为 ,所以 。
Assume the school has students. The Latin students are then freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, for a total of
The probability that a random Latin student is a sophomore is so
3.
设 是能被 整除且各位数字和为 的最小正整数。求 。
Let be the least positive integer divisible by whose digits sum to Find
小提示:
一个数与它的各位数字和模 同余,所以 要求 。
A number is congruent to its digit sum modulo so requires
大提示:
这迫使 ;按从小到大的顺序检查 、、、、
That forces check the cases in increasing order
解答:
每个数都与它的各位数字和模 同余,所以 必须满足 ,也就是 ,因此 。
按从小到大的顺序检查候选值:、 和 分别给出 、 和 ,它们的数字和都为 ;但 给出 ,数字和为 。所以 。
Every number is congruent to its digit sum modulo so must satisfy that is which gives
Checking the candidates in increasing order: and give and with digit sums each, but gives with digit sum So
4.
在一个等腰梯形中,两条平行底边的长度分别为 和 ,到底边的高为 。这个梯形的周长可以写成 的形式,其中 和 是正整数。求 。
In an isosceles trapezoid, the parallel bases have lengths and and the altitude to these bases has length The perimeter of the trapezoid can be written in the form where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
每条腰都是一个直角三角形的斜边,两条直角边为 和 的一半
Each leg is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs and half of
大提示:
这两条直角边为 和 ,所以由 -- 三角形可知,每条斜边为 。
Those legs are and so each slanted side is by a -- triangle
解答:
从短底的两端向长底作高,每条腰都是一个直角三角形的斜边;该直角三角形的两条直角边为高 ,以及两底差的一半 。由 -- 比例,每条腰长为 。
周长为 所以 。
Dropping altitudes from the ends of the short base, each leg is the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs are the altitude and half the difference of the bases, By the -- ratio, each leg has length
The perimeter is so
5.
从一个由单位正方形组成的 方格中,不放回地随机选出两个单位正方形。求最小正整数 ,使得这两个选出的正方形水平相邻或竖直相邻的概率小于 。
Two unit squares are selected at random without replacement from an grid of unit squares. Find the least positive integer such that the probability that the two selected squares are horizontally or vertically adjacent is less than
小提示:
直接数相邻对:水平相邻有 对,竖直相邻也有 对
Count the adjacent pairs directly: horizontal and vertical
大提示:
除以 后,概率化简为 ;让它小于
Dividing by simplifies the probability to make that less than
解答:
行中的每一行有 对水平相邻的正方形,共 对;竖直相邻同样有 对。在所有 个等可能的正方形对中,相邻的概率为
需要 。因为 ,而 ,满足条件的最小 是 。
Each of the rows contains horizontally adjacent pairs, so there are horizontal pairs and likewise vertical pairs. Out of equally likely pairs, the probability of adjacency is
We need Since and the least such is
6.
Steve 对 Jon 说:“我在想一个多项式,它的根全都是正整数。这个多项式形如 ,其中 和 是正整数。你能告诉我 和 的值吗?”
经过一些计算后,Jon 说:“这样的多项式不止一个。”
Steve 说:“你说得对。这是 的值。”他写下一个正整数并问:“你能告诉我 的值吗?”
Jon 说:“ 仍然有两个可能值。”
求这两个可能的 值之和。
Steve says to Jon, “I am thinking of a polynomial whose roots are all positive integers. The polynomial has the form for some positive integers and Can you tell me the values of and ”
After some calculations, Jon says, “There is more than one such polynomial.”
Steve says, “You’re right. Here is the value of ” He writes down a positive integer and asks, “Can you tell me the value of ”
Jon says, “There are still two possible values of ”
Find the sum of the two possible values of
小提示:
若根为 、、,韦达定理给出 和
If the roots are and Vieta’s formulas give and
大提示:
于是 。列出满足条件的正整数三元组,看看哪个 值出现两次。
Then List the positive integer triples and see which value of occurs twice.
解答:
除以 后,根 满足 、,以及 。因此
平方和为 的正整数三元组为 、,和 ,对应的 分别为 、,和 。因为知道 后 Jon 仍有两个选择,所以 ,两个多项式来自 和 。
对应的 分别为 和 ,和为 。
Dividing by the roots satisfy and Therefore
The triples of positive integers whose squares sum to are and with equal to and Since knowing still left Jon two choices, and the two polynomials come from and
The corresponding values of are and with sum
7.
三角形 的边长为 、、。长方形 的顶点 在 上,顶点 在 上,顶点 和 在 上。用边长 表示时, 的面积可写成二次多项式 其中系数 , 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Triangle has side lengths and Rectangle has vertex on vertex on and vertices and on In terms of the side length the area of can be expressed as the quadratic polynomial Then the coefficient where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
用海伦公式可得 的面积为 ,所以从 到 的高为
Heron’s formula gives area for so the altitude from to is
大提示:
三角形 与 相似,相似比为 ,所以长方形的高为
Triangle is similar to with ratio so the rectangle’s height is
解答:
由海伦公式,半周长 ,所以 的面积为 ,因此从 到 的高为 。
因为 ,三角形 与 相似,相似比为 ,所以从 到直线 的距离为 ,长方形的高为 。面积为
因此 ,所以 。
By Heron’s formula with the area of is so the altitude from to has length
Since triangle is similar to with ratio so the distance from down to line is and the rectangle’s height is The area is
Thus and
8.
设 和 是满足 的正整数。 的最大可能值为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Let and be positive integers satisfying The maximum possible value of is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
答案:36
小提示:
若 或 ,第二个表达式等于 。否则清除分母,并把不等式重新整理成两个因子的乘积。
If or the second expression equals Otherwise clear denominators and rearrange the inequality into a product of two factors.
大提示:
对 ,条件变为 ,不计对称只剩 和
For the condition becomes leaving only and up to symmetry
解答:
若 或 ,则 。因此设 。清除分母后,假设条件为 ,两边乘以 并整理,得到
对 ,两个因子都是正奇数,所以不计对称,唯一的可能为 和 ;它们都满足原不等式,而 会给出乘积 。
对 ,表达式值为 ;对 值为 。较大者是 ,所以 。
If or then So assume Clearing denominators, the hypothesis says and multiplying by and rearranging gives
For both factors are positive odd integers, so up to symmetry the only options are and (both of which do satisfy the original inequality, while gives the product ).
The values are for and for The larger is so
9.
一个半径为 英尺、高为 英尺的圆柱形桶装满了水。把一个边长为 英尺的实心立方体放入桶中,使立方体的一条对角线竖直。由此排开的水的体积为 立方英尺。求 。
A cylindrical barrel with radius feet and height feet is full of water. A solid cube with side length feet is set into the barrel so that the diagonal of the cube is vertical. The volume of water thus displaced is cubic feet. Find
小提示:
排开的水等于立方体位于桶口平面以下的部分:一个从角上切出的四面体,其三条两两垂直的棱相等
The displaced water fills the part of the cube below the plane of the barrel’s rim: a corner tetrahedron with three mutually perpendicular equal edges
大提示:
桶口截面是一个内接于半径 圆的等边三角形,所以其边长为 ,对应的三条两两垂直棱长均为
The rim cross-section is an equilateral triangle inscribed in the radius- circle, so its side is and the perpendicular edges have length
解答:
排开水的体积等于立方体位于桶口平面以下的部分体积。由对称性,该区域是从立方体底角切出的四面体:沿立方体棱方向有三条两两垂直且等长的棱,记其长度为 ,顶面是桶口平面中的一个等边三角形。这个等边截面内接于半径为 的桶口圆,因此边长为 ,所以 。
取其中一个等腰直角三角形面为底面,则体积为
因此 ,所以 。
The displaced volume equals the volume of the part of the cube lying below the plane of the barrel’s rim. By symmetry that region is a tetrahedron cut from the bottom corner of the cube: three mutually perpendicular edges of equal length along the cube’s edges, capped by an equilateral triangle in the rim plane. The equilateral cross-section is inscribed in the rim circle of radius so its side length is and therefore
Taking one of the right isosceles faces as the base, the volume is
Thus and
10.
若整数 、、、 的一个排列 、、、 满足对每个 都有 ,则称它为准递增排列。例如, 和 是整数 、、、、 的准递增排列,但 不是。求整数 、、、 的准递增排列个数。
Call a permutation of the integers quasi-increasing if for each For example, and are quasi-increasing permutations of the integers but is not. Find the number of quasi-increasing permutations of the integers
小提示:
试着把 插入一个 的准递增排列中,从而构造 的准递增排列
Try building a quasi-increasing permutation of by inserting into a quasi-increasing permutation of
大提示:
可以放在 正前方、 正前方,或最后面;总是恰好 个位置,所以每加入新的 ,数量乘以三
The can go immediately before immediately before or at the very end — always exactly places, so the count triples with each new
解答:
设 为 的准递增排列个数。把 插入一个 的准递增排列中:紧跟在 后面的数必须至少为 ,所以 可以放在 正前方、 正前方,或最后面,恰好有 个位置;每种插入都会保持其他相邻条件不变。
反过来,从一个 的准递增排列中删除 会留下一个 的准递增排列,因为当 时,被删去的 两侧的数满足 。所以对 有 。
因为 ,所以 。
Let be the number of quasi-increasing permutations of Insert into a quasi-increasing permutation of the entry following must be at least so can go immediately before immediately before or at the very end — exactly positions, and each insertion keeps every other adjacent condition intact.
Conversely, deleting from a quasi-increasing permutation of leaves a quasi-increasing permutation of since the entries around the deleted satisfy when So for
Since we get
11.
锐角三角形 的外接圆圆心为 。过点 且垂直于 的直线分别与直线 和 交于 和 ,又已知 、、,且 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
The circumcircle of acute has center The line passing through point perpendicular to intersects lines and at and respectively. Also and where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
答案:23
小提示:
在直角三角形 中,,而等腰三角形 给出
In right triangle and isosceles triangle gives
大提示:
因此 ,从而 ,并有
So making with
解答:
弦 所对的圆心角为 ,且 ,所以三角形 是等腰三角形,。在三角形 中,点 处的角为 ,因此
三角形 与 共用点 处的角,且 ,所以它们相似,得到 。于是 所以 。
The central angle over is and makes triangle isosceles, so In triangle the angle at is hence
Triangles and share the angle at and have so they are similar, giving Therefore and
12.
由 个字母组成、且每个字母都是 A 或 B 的字符串共有 个。求其中不含超过 个连续相同字母的字符串个数。
There are possible -letter strings in which each letter is either an A or a B. Find the number of such strings that do not have more than adjacent letters that are identical.
小提示:
条件等价于每一段连续相同字母的长度至多为 。按第一段的长度分类有效字符串。
The condition says every run of identical letters has length at most Classify valid strings by the length of their first run.
大提示:
若 表示以指定字母开头的有效 位字符串个数,则
If counts valid length- strings starting with a given letter, then
解答:
条件说明每一段连续相同字母的长度至多为 。令 表示以 A 开头的有效 位字符串个数;由对称性,答案为 。去掉第一段(长度为 、 或 )后,剩下的是一个以 B 开头的更短有效字符串,所以
由初值 、、 出发,序列接下来依次为 ,所以 。
有效字符串数为 。
The condition says every maximal run of identical letters has length at most Let count the valid strings of length whose first letter is A; by symmetry the answer is Removing the first run (of length or ) leaves a valid shorter string beginning with B, so
Starting from the sequence runs so
The number of valid strings is
13.
定义数列 、、、,其中 ,且 表示弧度。求第 个满足 的项的下标。
Define the sequence by where represents radian measure. Find the index of the th term for which
小提示:
将这个和乘以 ,并用积化和差恒等式让它裂项相消
Multiply the sum by and use a product-to-sum identity to make it telescope
大提示:
当且仅当对某个正整数 有 ,且每个这样的区间恰含一个整数
exactly when for some positive integer and each such interval contains exactly one integer
解答:
把每一项乘以 ,并使用 ,这个和会裂项相消:
因此 当且仅当 ,这正好发生在 与某个 的倍数相差小于 时:也就是 每个区间 长度为 ,且恰好包含一个整数,即 。
因此第 个负项的下标为 。因为 ,所以 ,故下标为 。
Multiplying each term by and using the sum telescopes:
So exactly when which happens exactly when is within of a multiple of i.e. Each interval has length and contains exactly one integer, namely
Hence the th negative term has index Since we have so the index is
14.
设实数 和 满足 且 。求 的值。
Let and be real numbers satisfying and Evaluate
小提示:
将两个方程分解为 和 ,再令 、
Factor the equations as and then set and
大提示:
两式相除得到 ,所以 ;再代回去求 和 。
Dividing the equations gives so substitute back to find and
解答:
两个方程可分解为 和 。令 、,并使用 ,它们变为 和 。相除得 所以
把 代入 ,得到 ,所以 ,这说明 。于是 ,且 。
最后
The equations factor as and With and using they become and Dividing, so
Substituting into gives so which means Then and
Finally
15.
圆 和 的半径分别为 和 ,并在点 外切。点 在 上,点 在 上,使直线 是两圆的一条公外切线。过 的一条直线 再次与 交于 ,再次与 交于 。点 和 位于 的同侧,且 与 的面积相等。这个公共面积为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Circles and have radii and respectively, and are externally tangent at point Point is on and point is on so that line is a common external tangent of the two circles. A line through intersects again at and intersects again at Points and lie on the same side of and the areas of and are equal. This common area is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
以 为中心、把 映到 的位似会把 映到 ,所以 ;面积相等迫使 到 的距离是 到该直线距离的 倍
The homothety at taking to sends to so and equal areas force ’s distance to to be times ’s
大提示:
设 、、,求过 且使 、 在同侧、到直线距离之比为 的直线
Set and find the line through whose distances to and have ratio same side
解答:
把直线 放在 -轴上,则圆心为 和 ;两圆心之间的距离为 。此时 、,切点为 。以 为中心、比为 的位似把 映到 ,并把 映到 ,所以 。由于 且 ,面积相等条件为 ,并且 、 在 的同侧。
将 写成 。它在 和 处的带符号值分别为 和 ,所以同侧且距离比为 的条件为 ,得到 ,即 。取 ,直线为 。
于是 。圆心 到 的距离为 ,因此由弦长可得 。公共面积为 所以 。
Place line on the -axis, so the centers are and (their distance is ), with and the tangency point The homothety centered at with ratio carries to and to so Since and the equal-area condition is with and on the same side of
Write as Its signed values at and are and so the same-side ratio- condition reads giving i.e. Taking the line is
Then and the center is at distance from so the chord gives The common area is so