2015 AIME II 真题

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1.

NN 是最小的正整数,它既比某个整数少 2222%,又比另一个整数多 1616%。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let NN be the least positive integer that is both 2222 percent less than one integer and 1616 percent greater than another integer. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:131
知识点:百分数整除性最小公倍数
难度评级:2050
小提示:

写成 N=78100a=116100bN = \frac{78}{100}a = \frac{116}{100}b,并把两个分数都约到最简

Write N=78100a=116100bN = \frac{78}{100}a = \frac{116}{100}b and reduce both fractions to lowest terms

大提示:

最简形式为 N=3950a=2925bN = \frac{39}{50}a = \frac{29}{25}b,这会迫使 NN 同时是 39392929 的倍数

In lowest terms N=3950a=2925b,N = \frac{39}{50}a = \frac{29}{25}b, which forces NN to be a multiple of both 3939 and 2929

解答:

条件说明对某些整数 aabbN=78100a=3950aN = \frac{78}{100}a = \frac{39}{50}aN=116100b=2925bN = \frac{116}{100}b = \frac{29}{25}b。因为 gcd(39,50)=1\gcd(39, 50) = 1,第一个等式迫使 aa 能被 5050 整除,所以 NN3939 的倍数;因为 gcd(29,25)=1\gcd(29, 25) = 1,第二个等式迫使 bb 能被 2525 整除,所以 NN2929 的倍数。

同时被这两个数整除的最小正整数是 N=3929=1131N = 39 \cdot 29 = 1131,取 a=1450a = 1450b=975b = 975 时可以达到。除以 10001000 的余数为 131131

The conditions say N=78100a=3950aN = \frac{78}{100}a = \frac{39}{50}a and N=116100b=2925bN = \frac{116}{100}b = \frac{29}{25}b for some integers aa and b.b. Since gcd(39,50)=1,\gcd(39, 50) = 1, the first equation forces aa to be divisible by 50,50, so NN is a multiple of 39;39; since gcd(29,25)=1,\gcd(29, 25) = 1, the second forces bb to be divisible by 25,25, so NN is a multiple of 29.29.

The least positive integer divisible by both is N=3929=1131,N = 39 \cdot 29 = 1131, achieved with a=1450a = 1450 and b=975.b = 975. The remainder upon division by 10001000 is 131.131.

2.

一所新学校中,4040% 的学生是一年级生,3030% 是二年级生,2020% 是三年级生,1010% 是四年级生。所有一年级生都必须上拉丁语课;二年级生中有 8080%、三年级生中有 5050%、四年级生中有 2020% 选择上拉丁语课。随机选一名上拉丁语课的学生,他是二年级生的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

In a new school 4040 percent of the students are freshmen, 3030 percent are sophomores, 2020 percent are juniors, and 1010 percent are seniors. All freshmen are required to take Latin, and 8080 percent of the sophomores, 5050 percent of the juniors, and 2020 percent of the seniors elect to take Latin. The probability that a randomly chosen Latin student is a sophomore is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:25
难度评级:1750
小提示:

假设学校有 100100 名学生,分别数出每个年级有多少人上拉丁语课

Suppose the school has 100100 students and count how many students in each class take Latin

大提示:

上拉丁语课的学生共有 40+24+10+240 + 24 + 10 + 2 人,答案来自二年级生在这个总数中的比例。

The Latin students number 40+24+10+2,40 + 24 + 10 + 2, and the answer comes from the sophomores’ share of that total

解答:

假设学校有 100100 名学生。上拉丁语课的学生有 4040 名一年级生、30(0.8)=2430(0.8) = 24 名二年级生、20(0.5)=1020(0.5) = 10 名三年级生,以及 10(0.2)=210(0.2) = 2 名四年级生,总共 7676 人。

随机选一名拉丁语学生是二年级生的概率为 2476=619\frac{24}{76} = \frac{6}{19},所以 m+n=6+19=25m + n = 6 + 19 = 25

Assume the school has 100100 students. The Latin students are then 4040 freshmen, 30(0.8)=2430(0.8) = 24 sophomores, 20(0.5)=1020(0.5) = 10 juniors, and 10(0.2)=210(0.2) = 2 seniors, for a total of 76.76.

The probability that a random Latin student is a sophomore is 2476=619,\frac{24}{76} = \frac{6}{19}, so m+n=6+19=25.m + n = 6 + 19 = 25.

3.

mm 是能被 1717 整除且各位数字和为 1717 的最小正整数。求 mm

Let mm be the least positive integer divisible by 1717 whose digits sum to 17.17. Find m.m.

答案:476
难度评级:2070
小提示:

一个数与它的各位数字和模 99 同余,所以 m=17nm = 17n 要求 17n17(mod9)17n \equiv 17 \pmod 9

A number is congruent to its digit sum modulo 9,9, so m=17nm = 17n requires 17n17(mod9)17n \equiv 17 \pmod 9

大提示:

这迫使 n1(mod9)n \equiv 1 \pmod 9;按从小到大的顺序检查 n=1n = 1n=10n = 10n=19n = 19n=28n = 28\ldots

That forces n1(mod9);n \equiv 1 \pmod 9; check the cases n=1,n = 1, n=10,n = 10, n=19,n = 19, n=28,n = 28, \ldots in increasing order

解答:

每个数都与它的各位数字和模 99 同余,所以 m=17nm = 17n 必须满足 17n17(mod9)17n \equiv 17 \pmod 9,也就是 8n8(mod9)8n \equiv 8 \pmod 9,因此 n1(mod9)n \equiv 1 \pmod 9

按从小到大的顺序检查候选值:n=1n = 1n=10n = 10n=19n = 19 分别给出 1717170170323323,它们的数字和都为 88;但 n=28n = 28 给出 1728=47617 \cdot 28 = 476,数字和为 4+7+6=174 + 7 + 6 = 17。所以 m=476m = 476

Every number is congruent to its digit sum modulo 9,9, so m=17nm = 17n must satisfy 17n17(mod9),17n \equiv 17 \pmod 9, that is 8n8(mod9),8n \equiv 8 \pmod 9, which gives n1(mod9).n \equiv 1 \pmod 9.

Checking the candidates in increasing order: n=1,n = 1, n=10,n = 10, and n=19n = 19 give 17,17, 170,170, and 323,323, with digit sums 88 each, but n=28n = 28 gives 1728=47617 \cdot 28 = 476 with digit sum 4+7+6=17.4 + 7 + 6 = 17. So m=476.m = 476.

4.

在一个等腰梯形中,两条平行底边的长度分别为 log3\log 3log192\log 192,到底边的高为 log16\log 16。这个梯形的周长可以写成 log2p3q\log 2^p 3^q 的形式,其中 ppqq 是正整数。求 p+qp + q

In an isosceles trapezoid, the parallel bases have lengths log3\log 3 and log192,\log 192, and the altitude to these bases has length log16.\log 16. The perimeter of the trapezoid can be written in the form log2p3q,\log 2^p 3^q, where pp and qq are positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:18
难度评级:2170
小提示:

每条腰都是一个直角三角形的斜边,两条直角边为 log16\log 16log192log3\log 192 - \log 3 的一半

Each leg is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs log16\log 16 and half of log192log3\log 192 - \log 3

大提示:

这两条直角边为 4log24\log 23log23\log 2,所以由 33-44-55 三角形可知,每条斜边为 5log25\log 2

Those legs are 4log24\log 2 and 3log2,3\log 2, so each slanted side is 5log25\log 2 by a 33-44-55 triangle

解答:

从短底的两端向长底作高,每条腰都是一个直角三角形的斜边;该直角三角形的两条直角边为高 log16=4log2\log 16 = 4\log 2,以及两底差的一半 12(log192log3)\frac{1}{2}(\log 192 - \log 3) =12log64= \frac{1}{2}\log 64 =3log2= 3 \log 2。由 33-44-55 比例,每条腰长为 5log25 \log 2

周长为 log3+log192+25log2=log(3192)+log210=log(2632)+log210=log21632 \begin{aligned} &\log 3 + \log 192 + 2 \cdot 5\log 2 \\ &= \log(3 \cdot 192) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log(2^6 3^2) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log 2^{16} 3^2 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 p+q=16+2=18p + q = 16 + 2 = 18

Dropping altitudes from the ends of the short base, each leg is the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose legs are the altitude log16=4log2\log 16 = 4\log 2 and half the difference of the bases, 12(log192log3)\frac{1}{2}(\log 192 - \log 3) =12log64= \frac{1}{2}\log 64 =3log2.= 3 \log 2. By the 33-44-55 ratio, each leg has length 5log2.5 \log 2.

The perimeter is log3+log192+25log2=log(3192)+log210=log(2632)+log210=log21632, \begin{aligned} &\log 3 + \log 192 + 2 \cdot 5\log 2 \\ &= \log(3 \cdot 192) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log(2^6 3^2) + \log 2^{10} \\ &= \log 2^{16} 3^2, \end{aligned} so p+q=16+2=18.p + q = 16 + 2 = 18.

5.

从一个由单位正方形组成的 n×nn \times n 方格中,不放回地随机选出两个单位正方形。求最小正整数 nn,使得这两个选出的正方形水平相邻或竖直相邻的概率小于 12015\frac{1}{2015}

Two unit squares are selected at random without replacement from an n×nn \times n grid of unit squares. Find the least positive integer nn such that the probability that the two selected squares are horizontally or vertically adjacent is less than 12015.\frac{1}{2015}.

答案:90
难度评级:2270
小提示:

直接数相邻对:水平相邻有 n(n1)n(n-1) 对,竖直相邻也有 n(n1)n(n-1)

Count the adjacent pairs directly: n(n1)n(n-1) horizontal and n(n1)n(n-1) vertical

大提示:

除以 (n22)\binom{n^2}{2} 后,概率化简为 4n(n+1)\frac{4}{n(n+1)};让它小于 12015\frac{1}{2015}

Dividing by (n22)\binom{n^2}{2} simplifies the probability to 4n(n+1);\frac{4}{n(n+1)}; make that less than 12015\frac{1}{2015}

解答:

nn 行中的每一行有 n1n - 1 对水平相邻的正方形,共 n(n1)n(n-1) 对;竖直相邻同样有 n(n1)n(n-1) 对。在所有 (n22)=n2(n21)2\binom{n^2}{2} = \frac{n^2(n^2-1)}{2} 个等可能的正方形对中,相邻的概率为 2n(n1)2n2(n21)=4n(n+1)\frac{2n(n-1) \cdot 2}{n^2(n^2 - 1)} = \frac{4}{n(n+1)}\text{。}

需要 n(n+1)>42015=8060n(n+1) \gt 4 \cdot 2015 = 8060。因为 8990=801089 \cdot 90 = 8010,而 9091=819090 \cdot 91 = 8190,满足条件的最小 nn9090

Each of the nn rows contains n1n - 1 horizontally adjacent pairs, so there are n(n1)n(n-1) horizontal pairs and likewise n(n1)n(n-1) vertical pairs. Out of (n22)=n2(n21)2\binom{n^2}{2} = \frac{n^2(n^2-1)}{2} equally likely pairs, the probability of adjacency is 2n(n1)2n2(n21)=4n(n+1).\frac{2n(n-1) \cdot 2}{n^2(n^2 - 1)} = \frac{4}{n(n+1)}.

We need n(n+1)>42015=8060.n(n+1) \gt 4 \cdot 2015 = 8060. Since 8990=801089 \cdot 90 = 8010 and 9091=8190,90 \cdot 91 = 8190, the least such nn is 90.90.

6.

Steve 对 Jon 说:“我在想一个多项式,它的根全都是正整数。这个多项式形如 P(x)=2x32ax2P(x) = 2x^3 - 2ax^2 +(a281)xc+ (a^2 - 81)x - c,其中 aacc 是正整数。你能告诉我 aacc 的值吗?”

经过一些计算后,Jon 说:“这样的多项式不止一个。”

Steve 说:“你说得对。这是 aa 的值。”他写下一个正整数并问:“你能告诉我 cc 的值吗?”

Jon 说:“cc 仍然有两个可能值。”

求这两个可能的 cc 值之和。

Steve says to Jon, “I am thinking of a polynomial whose roots are all positive integers. The polynomial has the form P(x)=2x32ax2P(x) = 2x^3 - 2ax^2 +(a281)xc+ (a^2 - 81)x - c for some positive integers aa and c.c. Can you tell me the values of aa and c?c?

After some calculations, Jon says, “There is more than one such polynomial.”

Steve says, “You’re right. Here is the value of a.a.” He writes down a positive integer and asks, “Can you tell me the value of c?c?

Jon says, “There are still two possible values of c.c.

Find the sum of the two possible values of c.c.

答案:440
难度评级:2500
小提示:

若根为 rrsstt,韦达定理给出 r+s+t=ar + s + t = ars+rt+st=a2812rs + rt + st = \frac{a^2 - 81}{2}

If the roots are r,r, s,s, and t,t, Vieta’s formulas give r+s+t=ar + s + t = a and rs+rt+st=a2812rs + rt + st = \frac{a^2 - 81}{2}

大提示:

于是 r2+s2+t2=81r^2 + s^2 + t^2 = 81。列出满足条件的正整数三元组,看看哪个 aa 值出现两次。

Then r2+s2+t2=81.r^2 + s^2 + t^2 = 81. List the positive integer triples and see which value of aa occurs twice.

解答:

除以 22 后,根 rstr \le s \le t 满足 r+s+t=ar + s + t = ars+rt+st=a2812rs + rt + st = \frac{a^2 - 81}{2},以及 rst=c2rst = \frac{c}{2}。因此 r2+s2+t2=(r+s+t)22(rs+rt+st)=a2(a281)=81 \begin{aligned} &r^2 + s^2 + t^2 \\ &= (r + s + t)^2 - 2(rs + rt + st) \\ &= a^2 - (a^2 - 81) \\ &= 81 \end{aligned}\text{。}

平方和为 8181 的正整数三元组为 (1,4,8)(1, 4, 8)(4,4,7)(4, 4, 7),和 (3,6,6)(3, 6, 6),对应的 a=r+s+ta = r + s + t 分别为 13131515,和 1515。因为知道 aa 后 Jon 仍有两个选择,所以 a=15a = 15,两个多项式来自 (4,4,7)(4, 4, 7)(3,6,6)(3, 6, 6)

对应的 c=2rstc = 2rst 分别为 2447=2242 \cdot 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 7 = 2242366=2162 \cdot 3 \cdot 6 \cdot 6 = 216,和为 224+216=440224 + 216 = 440

Dividing by 2,2, the roots rstr \le s \le t satisfy r+s+t=a,r + s + t = a, rs+rt+st=a2812,rs + rt + st = \frac{a^2 - 81}{2}, and rst=c2.rst = \frac{c}{2}. Therefore r2+s2+t2=(r+s+t)22(rs+rt+st)=a2(a281)=81. \begin{aligned} &r^2 + s^2 + t^2 \\ &= (r + s + t)^2 - 2(rs + rt + st) \\ &= a^2 - (a^2 - 81) \\ &= 81. \end{aligned}

The triples of positive integers whose squares sum to 8181 are (1,4,8),(1, 4, 8), (4,4,7),(4, 4, 7), and (3,6,6),(3, 6, 6), with a=r+s+ta = r + s + t equal to 13,13, 15,15, and 15.15. Since knowing aa still left Jon two choices, a=15,a = 15, and the two polynomials come from (4,4,7)(4, 4, 7) and (3,6,6).(3, 6, 6).

The corresponding values of c=2rstc = 2rst are 2447=2242 \cdot 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 7 = 224 and 2366=216,2 \cdot 3 \cdot 6 \cdot 6 = 216, with sum 224+216=440.224 + 216 = 440.

7.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 AB=12AB = 12BC=25BC = 25CA=17CA = 17。长方形 PQRSPQRS 的顶点 PPAB\overline{AB} 上,顶点 QQAC\overline{AC} 上,顶点 RRSSBC\overline{BC} 上。用边长 PQ=wPQ = w 表示时,PQRSPQRS 的面积可写成二次多项式 Area(PQRS)=αwβw2\text{Area}(PQRS) = \alpha w - \beta \cdot w^2\text{。}其中系数 β=mn\beta = \frac{m}{n}mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Triangle ABCABC has side lengths AB=12,AB = 12, BC=25,BC = 25, and CA=17.CA = 17. Rectangle PQRSPQRS has vertex PP on AB,\overline{AB}, vertex QQ on AC,\overline{AC}, and vertices RR and SS on BC.\overline{BC}. In terms of the side length PQ=w,PQ = w, the area of PQRSPQRS can be expressed as the quadratic polynomial Area(PQRS)=αwβw2.\text{Area}(PQRS) = \alpha w - \beta \cdot w^2. Then the coefficient β=mn,\beta = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:161
难度评级:2470
小提示:

用海伦公式可得 ABCABC 的面积为 9090,所以从 AABC\overline{BC} 的高为 365\frac{36}{5}

Heron’s formula gives area 9090 for ABC,ABC, so the altitude from AA to BC\overline{BC} is 365\frac{36}{5}

大提示:

三角形 APQAPQABCABC 相似,相似比为 w25\frac{w}{25},所以长方形的高为 365(1w25)\frac{36}{5}\left(1 - \frac{w}{25}\right)

Triangle APQAPQ is similar to ABCABC with ratio w25,\frac{w}{25}, so the rectangle’s height is 365(1w25)\frac{36}{5}\left(1 - \frac{w}{25}\right)

解答:

由海伦公式,半周长 s=27s = 27,所以 ABCABC 的面积为 2721015=8100=90\sqrt{27 \cdot 2 \cdot 10 \cdot 15} = \sqrt{8100} = 90,因此从 AABC\overline{BC} 的高为 h=29025=365h = \frac{2 \cdot 90}{25} = \frac{36}{5}

因为 PQBC\overline{PQ} \parallel \overline{BC},三角形 APQAPQABCABC 相似,相似比为 w25\frac{w}{25},所以从 AA 到直线 PQPQ 的距离为 w25h\frac{w}{25}h,长方形的高为 PS=hw25hPS = h - \frac{w}{25}h。面积为 wh(1w25)=365w36125w2 \begin{aligned} &w \cdot h\left(1 - \frac{w}{25}\right) \\ &= \frac{36}{5}\,w - \frac{36}{125}\,w^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 β=36125\beta = \frac{36}{125},所以 m+n=36+125=161m + n = 36 + 125 = 161

By Heron’s formula with s=27,s = 27, the area of ABCABC is 2721015=8100=90,\sqrt{27 \cdot 2 \cdot 10 \cdot 15} = \sqrt{8100} = 90, so the altitude from AA to BC\overline{BC} has length h=29025=365.h = \frac{2 \cdot 90}{25} = \frac{36}{5}.

Since PQBC,\overline{PQ} \parallel \overline{BC}, triangle APQAPQ is similar to ABCABC with ratio w25,\frac{w}{25}, so the distance from AA down to line PQPQ is w25h,\frac{w}{25}h, and the rectangle’s height is PS=hw25h.PS = h - \frac{w}{25}h. The area is wh(1w25)=365w36125w2. \begin{aligned} &w \cdot h\left(1 - \frac{w}{25}\right) \\ &= \frac{36}{5}\,w - \frac{36}{125}\,w^2. \end{aligned}

Thus β=36125,\beta = \frac{36}{125}, and m+n=36+125=161.m + n = 36 + 125 = 161.

8.

aabb 是满足 ab+1a+b<32\frac{ab + 1}{a + b} \lt \frac{3}{2} 的正整数。a3b3+1a3+b3\frac{a^3 b^3 + 1}{a^3 + b^3} 的最大可能值为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Let aa and bb be positive integers satisfying ab+1a+b<32.\frac{ab + 1}{a + b} \lt \frac{3}{2}. The maximum possible value of a3b3+1a3+b3\frac{a^3 b^3 + 1}{a^3 + b^3} is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:36
难度评级:2650
小提示:

a=1a = 1b=1b = 1,第二个表达式等于 11。否则清除分母,并把不等式重新整理成两个因子的乘积。

If a=1a = 1 or b=1b = 1 the second expression equals 1.1. Otherwise clear denominators and rearrange the inequality into a product of two factors.

大提示:

a,b2a, b \ge 2,条件变为 (2a3)(2b3)<5(2a - 3)(2b - 3) \lt 5,不计对称只剩 (2,2)(2, 2)(2,3)(2, 3)

For a,b2a, b \ge 2 the condition becomes (2a3)(2b3)<5,(2a - 3)(2b - 3) \lt 5, leaving only (2,2)(2, 2) and (2,3)(2, 3) up to symmetry

解答:

a=1a = 1b=1b = 1,则 a3b3+1a3+b3=1\frac{a^3b^3 + 1}{a^3 + b^3} = 1。因此设 a,b2a, b \ge 2。清除分母后,假设条件为 2ab+2<3a+3b2ab + 2 \lt 3a + 3b,两边乘以 22 并整理,得到 (2a3)(2b3)=4ab6a6b+9<5 \begin{aligned} &(2a - 3)(2b - 3) \\ &= 4ab - 6a - 6b + 9 \lt 5 \end{aligned}\text{。}

a,b2a, b \ge 2,两个因子都是正奇数,所以不计对称,唯一的可能为 (a,b)=(2,2)(a, b) = (2, 2)(2,3)(2, 3);它们都满足原不等式,而 (3,3)(3, 3) 会给出乘积 99

(2,2)(2, 2),表达式值为 6516\frac{65}{16};对 (2,3)(2, 3) 值为 827+18+27=21735=315\frac{8 \cdot 27 + 1}{8 + 27} = \frac{217}{35} = \frac{31}{5}。较大者是 315\frac{31}{5},所以 p+q=31+5=36p + q = 31 + 5 = 36

If a=1a = 1 or b=1,b = 1, then a3b3+1a3+b3=1.\frac{a^3b^3 + 1}{a^3 + b^3} = 1. So assume a,b2.a, b \ge 2. Clearing denominators, the hypothesis says 2ab+2<3a+3b,2ab + 2 \lt 3a + 3b, and multiplying by 22 and rearranging gives (2a3)(2b3)=4ab6a6b+9<5. \begin{aligned} &(2a - 3)(2b - 3) \\ &= 4ab - 6a - 6b + 9 \lt 5. \end{aligned}

For a,b2a, b \ge 2 both factors are positive odd integers, so up to symmetry the only options are (a,b)=(2,2)(a, b) = (2, 2) and (2,3)(2, 3) (both of which do satisfy the original inequality, while (3,3)(3, 3) gives the product 99).

The values are 6516\frac{65}{16} for (2,2)(2, 2) and 827+18+27=21735=315\frac{8 \cdot 27 + 1}{8 + 27} = \frac{217}{35} = \frac{31}{5} for (2,3).(2, 3). The larger is 315,\frac{31}{5}, so p+q=31+5=36.p + q = 31 + 5 = 36.

9.

一个半径为 44 英尺、高为 1010 英尺的圆柱形桶装满了水。把一个边长为 88 英尺的实心立方体放入桶中,使立方体的一条对角线竖直。由此排开的水的体积为 vv 立方英尺。求 v2v^2

A cylindrical barrel with radius 44 feet and height 1010 feet is full of water. A solid cube with side length 88 feet is set into the barrel so that the diagonal of the cube is vertical. The volume of water thus displaced is vv cubic feet. Find v2.v^2.

答案:384
难度评级:2760
小提示:

排开的水等于立方体位于桶口平面以下的部分:一个从角上切出的四面体,其三条两两垂直的棱相等

The displaced water fills the part of the cube below the plane of the barrel’s rim: a corner tetrahedron with three mutually perpendicular equal edges

大提示:

桶口截面是一个内接于半径 44 圆的等边三角形,所以其边长为 434\sqrt{3},对应的三条两两垂直棱长均为 262\sqrt{6}

The rim cross-section is an equilateral triangle inscribed in the radius-44 circle, so its side is 434\sqrt{3} and the perpendicular edges have length 262\sqrt{6}

解答:

排开水的体积等于立方体位于桶口平面以下的部分体积。由对称性,该区域是从立方体底角切出的四面体:沿立方体棱方向有三条两两垂直且等长的棱,记其长度为 \ell,顶面是桶口平面中的一个等边三角形。这个等边截面内接于半径为 44 的桶口圆,因此边长为 434\sqrt{3},所以 =432=26\ell = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}} = 2\sqrt{6}

取其中一个等腰直角三角形面为底面,则体积为 13(122)=36=(26)36=4866=86 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{2}\ell^2\right)\ell = \frac{\ell^3}{6} \\ &= \frac{(2\sqrt{6})^3}{6} \\ &= \frac{48\sqrt{6}}{6} = 8\sqrt{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 v=86v = 8\sqrt{6},所以 v2=646=384v^2 = 64 \cdot 6 = 384

The displaced volume equals the volume of the part of the cube lying below the plane of the barrel’s rim. By symmetry that region is a tetrahedron cut from the bottom corner of the cube: three mutually perpendicular edges of equal length \ell along the cube’s edges, capped by an equilateral triangle in the rim plane. The equilateral cross-section is inscribed in the rim circle of radius 4,4, so its side length is 43,4\sqrt{3}, and therefore =432=26.\ell = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}} = 2\sqrt{6}.

Taking one of the right isosceles faces as the base, the volume is 13(122)=36=(26)36=4866=86. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{2}\ell^2\right)\ell = \frac{\ell^3}{6} \\ &= \frac{(2\sqrt{6})^3}{6} \\ &= \frac{48\sqrt{6}}{6} = 8\sqrt{6}. \end{aligned}

Thus v=86v = 8\sqrt{6} and v2=646=384.v^2 = 64 \cdot 6 = 384.

10.

若整数 1122\ldotsnn 的一个排列 a1a_1a2a_2\ldotsana_n 满足对每个 1kn11 \le k \le n - 1 都有 akak+1+2a_k \le a_{k+1} + 2,则称它为准递增排列。例如,53421534211425314253 是整数 1122334455 的准递增排列,但 4512345123 不是。求整数 1122\ldots77 的准递增排列个数。

Call a permutation a1,a_1, a2,a_2, ,\ldots, ana_n of the integers 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, nn quasi-increasing if akak+1+2a_k \le a_{k+1} + 2 for each 1kn1.1 \le k \le n - 1. For example, 5342153421 and 1425314253 are quasi-increasing permutations of the integers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, but 4512345123 is not. Find the number of quasi-increasing permutations of the integers 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 7.7.

答案:486
知识点:排列递推计数
难度评级:2890
小提示:

试着把 nn 插入一个 1,,n11, \ldots, n-1 的准递增排列中,从而构造 1,,n1, \ldots, n 的准递增排列

Try building a quasi-increasing permutation of 1,,n1, \ldots, n by inserting nn into a quasi-increasing permutation of 1,,n11, \ldots, n-1

大提示:

nn 可以放在 n1n-1 正前方、n2n-2 正前方,或最后面;总是恰好 33 个位置,所以每加入新的 nn,数量乘以三

The nn can go immediately before n1,n-1, immediately before n2,n-2, or at the very end — always exactly 33 places, so the count triples with each new nn

解答:

SnS_n1,,n1, \ldots, n 的准递增排列个数。把 nn 插入一个 1,,n11, \ldots, n - 1 的准递增排列中:紧跟在 nn 后面的数必须至少为 n2n - 2,所以 nn 可以放在 n1n - 1 正前方、n2n - 2 正前方,或最后面,恰好有 33 个位置;每种插入都会保持其他相邻条件不变。

反过来,从一个 1,,n1, \ldots, n 的准递增排列中删除 nn 会留下一个 1,,n11, \ldots, n - 1 的准递增排列,因为当 n3n \ge 3 时,被删去的 nn 两侧的数满足 ak1n1ak+1+2a_{k-1} \le n - 1 \le a_{k+1} + 2。所以对 n3n \ge 3Sn=3Sn1S_n = 3S_{n-1}

因为 S2=2S_2 = 2,所以 S7=235=486S_7 = 2 \cdot 3^5 = 486

Let SnS_n be the number of quasi-increasing permutations of 1,,n.1, \ldots, n. Insert nn into a quasi-increasing permutation of 1,,n1:1, \ldots, n - 1: the entry following nn must be at least n2,n - 2, so nn can go immediately before n1,n - 1, immediately before n2,n - 2, or at the very end — exactly 33 positions, and each insertion keeps every other adjacent condition intact.

Conversely, deleting nn from a quasi-increasing permutation of 1,,n1, \ldots, n leaves a quasi-increasing permutation of 1,,n1,1, \ldots, n - 1, since the entries around the deleted nn satisfy ak1n1ak+1+2a_{k-1} \le n - 1 \le a_{k+1} + 2 when n3.n \ge 3. So Sn=3Sn1S_n = 3S_{n-1} for n3.n \ge 3.

Since S2=2,S_2 = 2, we get S7=235=486.S_7 = 2 \cdot 3^5 = 486.

11.

锐角三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 的外接圆圆心为 OO。过点 OO 且垂直于 OB\overline{OB} 的直线分别与直线 ABABBCBC 交于 PPQQ,又已知 AB=5AB = 5BC=4BC = 4BQ=4.5BQ = 4.5,且 BP=mnBP = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The circumcircle of acute ABC\triangle ABC has center O.O. The line passing through point OO perpendicular to OB\overline{OB} intersects lines ABAB and BCBC at PP and Q,Q, respectively. Also AB=5,AB = 5, BC=4,BC = 4, BQ=4.5,BQ = 4.5, and BP=mn,BP = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:23
难度评级:3060
小提示:

在直角三角形 OBQOBQ 中,OQB=90OBC\angle OQB = 90^\circ - \angle OBC,而等腰三角形 OBCOBC 给出 OBC=90A\angle OBC = 90^\circ - \angle A

In right triangle OBQ,OBQ, OQB=90OBC,\angle OQB = 90^\circ - \angle OBC, and isosceles triangle OBCOBC gives OBC=90A\angle OBC = 90^\circ - \angle A

大提示:

因此 BQP=BAC\angle BQP = \angle BAC,从而 BQPBAC\triangle BQP \sim \triangle BAC,并有 BPBC=BQBA\frac{BP}{BC} = \frac{BQ}{BA}

So BQP=BAC,\angle BQP = \angle BAC, making BQPBAC\triangle BQP \sim \triangle BAC with BPBC=BQBA\frac{BP}{BC} = \frac{BQ}{BA}

解答:

BC\overline{BC} 所对的圆心角为 BOC=2A\angle BOC = 2\angle A,且 OB=OCOB = OC,所以三角形 OBCOBC 是等腰三角形,OBC=90A\angle OBC = 90^\circ - \angle A。在三角形 OBQOBQ 中,点 OO 处的角为 9090^\circ,因此 BQP=90OBQ=90(90A)=A \begin{aligned} &\angle BQP = 90^\circ - \angle OBQ \\ &= 90^\circ - (90^\circ - \angle A) \\ &= \angle A \end{aligned}\text{。}

三角形 BQPBQPBACBAC 共用点 BB 处的角,且 BQP=BAC\angle BQP = \angle BAC,所以它们相似,得到 BPBC=BQBA\frac{BP}{BC} = \frac{BQ}{BA}。于是 BP=BQBCBA=4.545=185 \begin{aligned} &BP = \frac{BQ \cdot BC}{BA} \\ &= \frac{4.5 \cdot 4}{5} = \frac{18}{5} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=18+5=23m + n = 18 + 5 = 23

The central angle over BC\overline{BC} is BOC=2A,\angle BOC = 2\angle A, and OB=OCOB = OC makes triangle OBCOBC isosceles, so OBC=90A.\angle OBC = 90^\circ - \angle A. In triangle OBQOBQ the angle at OO is 90,90^\circ, hence BQP=90OBQ=90(90A)=A. \begin{aligned} &\angle BQP = 90^\circ - \angle OBQ \\ &= 90^\circ - (90^\circ - \angle A) \\ &= \angle A. \end{aligned}

Triangles BQPBQP and BACBAC share the angle at BB and have BQP=BAC,\angle BQP = \angle BAC, so they are similar, giving BPBC=BQBA.\frac{BP}{BC} = \frac{BQ}{BA}. Therefore BP=BQBCBA=4.545=185, \begin{aligned} &BP = \frac{BQ \cdot BC}{BA} \\ &= \frac{4.5 \cdot 4}{5} = \frac{18}{5}, \end{aligned} and m+n=18+5=23.m + n = 18 + 5 = 23.

12.

1010 个字母组成、且每个字母都是 A 或 B 的字符串共有 210=10242^{10} = 1024 个。求其中不含超过 33 个连续相同字母的字符串个数。

There are 210=10242^{10} = 1024 possible 1010-letter strings in which each letter is either an A or a B. Find the number of such strings that do not have more than 33 adjacent letters that are identical.

答案:548
难度评级:2890
小提示:

条件等价于每一段连续相同字母的长度至多为 33。按第一段的长度分类有效字符串。

The condition says every run of identical letters has length at most 3.3. Classify valid strings by the length of their first run.

大提示:

sns_n 表示以指定字母开头的有效 nn 位字符串个数,则 sn=sn1+sn2+sn3s_n = s_{n-1} + s_{n-2} + s_{n-3}

If sns_n counts valid length-nn strings starting with a given letter, then sn=sn1+sn2+sn3s_n = s_{n-1} + s_{n-2} + s_{n-3}

解答:

条件说明每一段连续相同字母的长度至多为 33。令 sns_n 表示以 A 开头的有效 nn 位字符串个数;由对称性,答案为 2s102s_{10}。去掉第一段(长度为 112233)后,剩下的是一个以 B 开头的更短有效字符串,所以 sn=sn1+sn2+sn3s_n = s_{n-1} + s_{n-2} + s_{n-3}\text{。}

由初值 s1=1s_1 = 1s2=2s_2 = 2s3=4s_3 = 4 出发,序列接下来依次为 7,13,24,44,81,149,2747, 13, 24, 44, 81, 149, 274,所以 s10=274s_{10} = 274

有效字符串数为 2274=5482 \cdot 274 = 548

The condition says every maximal run of identical letters has length at most 3.3. Let sns_n count the valid strings of length nn whose first letter is A; by symmetry the answer is 2s10.2s_{10}. Removing the first run (of length 1,1, 2,2, or 33) leaves a valid shorter string beginning with B, so sn=sn1+sn2+sn3.s_n = s_{n-1} + s_{n-2} + s_{n-3}.

Starting from s1=1,s_1 = 1, s2=2,s_2 = 2, s3=4,s_3 = 4, the sequence runs 7,13,24,44,81,149,274,7, 13, 24, 44, 81, 149, 274, so s10=274.s_{10} = 274.

The number of valid strings is 2274=548.2 \cdot 274 = 548.

13.

定义数列 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots,其中 an=k=1nsin(k)a_n = \sum_{k=1}^{n} \sin(k),且 kk 表示弧度。求第 100100 个满足 an<0a_n \lt 0 的项的下标。

Define the sequence a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots by an=k=1nsin(k),a_n = \sum_{k=1}^{n} \sin(k), where kk represents radian measure. Find the index of the 100100th term for which an<0.a_n \lt 0.

答案:628
难度评级:3270
小提示:

将这个和乘以 2sin122\sin\frac{1}{2},并用积化和差恒等式让它裂项相消

Multiply the sum by 2sin122\sin\frac{1}{2} and use a product-to-sum identity to make it telescope

大提示:

an<0a_n \lt 0 当且仅当对某个正整数 mm2πm1<n<2πm2\pi m - 1 \lt n \lt 2\pi m,且每个这样的区间恰含一个整数

an<0a_n \lt 0 exactly when 2πm1<n<2πm2\pi m - 1 \lt n \lt 2\pi m for some positive integer m,m, and each such interval contains exactly one integer

解答:

把每一项乘以 2sin122\sin\frac{1}{2},并使用 2sinksin122\sin k \sin\frac{1}{2} =cos(k12)= \cos\left(k - \frac{1}{2}\right) cos(k+12)- \cos\left(k + \frac{1}{2}\right),这个和会裂项相消:an=cos12cos(n+12)2sin12a_n = \frac{\cos\frac{1}{2} - \cos\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right)}{2\sin\frac{1}{2}}\text{。}

因此 an<0a_n \lt 0 当且仅当 cos(n+12)>cos12\cos\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right) \gt \cos\frac{1}{2},这正好发生在 n+12n + \frac{1}{2} 与某个 2π2\pi 的倍数相差小于 12\frac{1}{2} 时:2πm12<n+12<2πm+12 \begin{aligned} &2\pi m - \tfrac{1}{2} \lt n + \tfrac{1}{2} \\ &\lt 2\pi m + \tfrac{1}{2} \end{aligned}\text{,}也就是 2πm1<n<2πm2\pi m - 1 \lt n \lt 2\pi m\text{。}每个区间 (2πm1,2πm)(2\pi m - 1,\, 2\pi m) 长度为 11,且恰好包含一个整数,即 2πm\lfloor 2\pi m \rfloor

因此第 100100 个负项的下标为 200π\lfloor 200\pi \rfloor。因为 3.14<π<3.1453.14 \lt \pi \lt 3.145,所以 628<200π<629628 \lt 200\pi \lt 629,故下标为 628628

Multiplying each term by 2sin122\sin\frac{1}{2} and using 2sinksin122\sin k \sin\frac{1}{2} =cos(k12)= \cos\left(k - \frac{1}{2}\right) cos(k+12),- \cos\left(k + \frac{1}{2}\right), the sum telescopes: an=cos12cos(n+12)2sin12.a_n = \frac{\cos\frac{1}{2} - \cos\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right)}{2\sin\frac{1}{2}}.

So an<0a_n \lt 0 exactly when cos(n+12)>cos12,\cos\left(n + \frac{1}{2}\right) \gt \cos\frac{1}{2}, which happens exactly when n+12n + \frac{1}{2} is within 12\frac{1}{2} of a multiple of 2π:2\pi: 2πm12<n+12<2πm+12, \begin{aligned} &2\pi m - \tfrac{1}{2} \lt n + \tfrac{1}{2} \\ &\lt 2\pi m + \tfrac{1}{2}, \end{aligned} i.e. 2πm1<n<2πm.2\pi m - 1 \lt n \lt 2\pi m. Each interval (2πm1,2πm)(2\pi m - 1,\, 2\pi m) has length 11 and contains exactly one integer, namely 2πm.\lfloor 2\pi m \rfloor.

Hence the 100100th negative term has index 200π.\lfloor 200\pi \rfloor. Since 3.14<π<3.145,3.14 \lt \pi \lt 3.145, we have 628<200π<629,628 \lt 200\pi \lt 629, so the index is 628.628.

14.

设实数 xxyy 满足 x4y5+y4x5=810x^4 y^5 + y^4 x^5 = 810x3y6+y3x6=945x^3 y^6 + y^3 x^6 = 945。求 2x3+(xy)3+2y32x^3 + (xy)^3 + 2y^3 的值。

Let xx and yy be real numbers satisfying x4y5+y4x5=810x^4 y^5 + y^4 x^5 = 810 and x3y6+y3x6=945.x^3 y^6 + y^3 x^6 = 945. Evaluate 2x3+(xy)3+2y3.2x^3 + (xy)^3 + 2y^3.

答案:89
难度评级:3160
小提示:

将两个方程分解为 x4y4(x+y)=810x^4y^4(x + y) = 810x3y3(x3+y3)=945x^3y^3(x^3 + y^3) = 945,再令 s=x+ys = x + yp=xyp = xy

Factor the equations as x4y4(x+y)=810x^4y^4(x + y) = 810 and x3y3(x3+y3)=945,x^3y^3(x^3 + y^3) = 945, then set s=x+ys = x + y and p=xyp = xy

大提示:

两式相除得到 s23pp=76\frac{s^2 - 3p}{p} = \frac{7}{6},所以 6s2=25p6s^2 = 25p;再代回去求 s3s^3p3p^3

Dividing the equations gives s23pp=76,\frac{s^2 - 3p}{p} = \frac{7}{6}, so 6s2=25p;6s^2 = 25p; substitute back to find s3s^3 and p3p^3

解答:

两个方程可分解为 x4y4(x+y)=810x^4y^4(x + y) = 810x3y3(x3+y3)=945x^3y^3(x^3 + y^3) = 945。令 s=x+ys = x + yp=xyp = xy,并使用 x3+y3=s(s23p)x^3 + y^3 = s(s^2 - 3p),它们变为 p4s=810p^4 s = 810p3s(s23p)=945p^3 s\,(s^2 - 3p) = 945。相除得 s23pp=945810=76 \begin{aligned} &\frac{s^2 - 3p}{p} = \frac{945}{810} \\ &= \frac{7}{6} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 6s2=25p6s^2 = 25p\text{。}

p=6s225p = \frac{6s^2}{25} 代入 p4s=810p^4 s = 810,得到 (625)4s9=810\left(\frac{6}{25}\right)^4 s^9 = 810,所以 s9=8103906251296=19531258s^9 = 810 \cdot \frac{390625}{1296} = \frac{1953125}{8},这说明 s3=1252s^3 = \frac{125}{2}。于是 ps=6s325=15ps = \frac{6s^3}{25} = 15,且 p3=216s6253=21615625415625=54p^3 = \frac{216 s^6}{25^3} = \frac{\frac{216 \cdot 15625}{4}}{15625} = 54

最后 2x3+(xy)3+2y3=2(s33ps)+p3=2(125245)+54=35+54=89 \begin{aligned} &2x^3 + (xy)^3 + 2y^3 \\ &= 2(s^3 - 3ps) + p^3 \\ &= 2\left(\frac{125}{2} - 45\right) + 54 \\ &= 35 + 54 = 89 \end{aligned}\text{。}

The equations factor as x4y4(x+y)=810x^4y^4(x + y) = 810 and x3y3(x3+y3)=945.x^3y^3(x^3 + y^3) = 945. With s=x+ys = x + y and p=xy,p = xy, using x3+y3=s(s23p),x^3 + y^3 = s(s^2 - 3p), they become p4s=810p^4 s = 810 and p3s(s23p)=945.p^3 s\,(s^2 - 3p) = 945. Dividing, s23pp=945810=76, \begin{aligned} &\frac{s^2 - 3p}{p} = \frac{945}{810} \\ &= \frac{7}{6}, \end{aligned} so 6s2=25p.6s^2 = 25p.

Substituting p=6s225p = \frac{6s^2}{25} into p4s=810p^4 s = 810 gives (625)4s9=810,\left(\frac{6}{25}\right)^4 s^9 = 810, so s9=8103906251296=19531258,s^9 = 810 \cdot \frac{390625}{1296} = \frac{1953125}{8}, which means s3=1252.s^3 = \frac{125}{2}. Then ps=6s325=15ps = \frac{6s^3}{25} = 15 and p3=216s6253=21615625415625=54.p^3 = \frac{216 s^6}{25^3} = \frac{\frac{216 \cdot 15625}{4}}{15625} = 54.

Finally 2x3+(xy)3+2y3=2(s33ps)+p3=2(125245)+54=35+54=89. \begin{aligned} &2x^3 + (xy)^3 + 2y^3 \\ &= 2(s^3 - 3ps) + p^3 \\ &= 2\left(\frac{125}{2} - 45\right) + 54 \\ &= 35 + 54 = 89. \end{aligned}

15.

P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q} 的半径分别为 1144,并在点 AA 外切。点 BBP\mathcal{P} 上,点 CCQ\mathcal{Q} 上,使直线 BCBC 是两圆的一条公外切线。过 AA 的一条直线 \ell 再次与 P\mathcal{P} 交于 DD,再次与 Q\mathcal{Q} 交于 EE。点 BBCC 位于 \ell 的同侧,且 DBA\triangle DBAACE\triangle ACE 的面积相等。这个公共面积为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Circles P\mathcal{P} and Q\mathcal{Q} have radii 11 and 4,4, respectively, and are externally tangent at point A.A. Point BB is on P\mathcal{P} and point CC is on Q\mathcal{Q} so that line BCBC is a common external tangent of the two circles. A line \ell through AA intersects P\mathcal{P} again at DD and intersects Q\mathcal{Q} again at E.E. Points BB and CC lie on the same side of ,\ell, and the areas of DBA\triangle DBA and ACE\triangle ACE are equal. This common area is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:129
难度评级:3500
小提示:

AA 为中心、把 P\mathcal{P} 映到 Q\mathcal{Q} 的位似会把 DD 映到 EE,所以 AE=4ADAE = 4\,AD;面积相等迫使 BB\ell 的距离是 CC 到该直线距离的 44

The homothety at AA taking P\mathcal{P} to Q\mathcal{Q} sends DD to E,E, so AE=4ADAE = 4\,AD and equal areas force BB’s distance to \ell to be 44 times CC’s

大提示:

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(4,0)C = (4, 0)A=(45,85)A = \left(\frac{4}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\right),求过 AA 且使 BBCC 在同侧、到直线距离之比为 4:14 : 1 的直线

Set B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), C=(4,0),C = (4, 0), A=(45,85)A = \left(\frac{4}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\right) and find the line through AA whose distances to BB and CC have ratio 4:1,4 : 1, same side

解答:

把直线 BCBC 放在 xx-轴上,则圆心为 P=(0,1)P = (0, 1)Q=(4,4)Q = (4, 4);两圆心之间的距离为 1+4=51 + 4 = 5。此时 B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(4,0)C = (4, 0),切点为 A=P+15(QP)=(45,85)A = P + \frac{1}{5}(Q - P) = \left(\frac{4}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\right)。以 AA 为中心、比为 4-4 的位似把 P\mathcal{P} 映到 Q\mathcal{Q},并把 DD 映到 EE,所以 AE=4ADAE = 4\,AD。由于 [DBA]=12ADd(B,)[DBA] = \frac{1}{2} AD \cdot d(B, \ell)[ACE]=12AEd(C,)[ACE] = \frac{1}{2} AE \cdot d(C, \ell),面积相等条件为 d(B,)=4d(C,)d(B, \ell) = 4\,d(C, \ell),并且 BBCC\ell 的同侧。

\ell 写成 u(x45)+v(y85)=0u\left(x - \frac{4}{5}\right) + v\left(y - \frac{8}{5}\right) = 0。它在 BBCC 处的带符号值分别为 4u+8v5-\frac{4u + 8v}{5}16u8v5\frac{16u - 8v}{5},所以同侧且距离比为 44 的条件为 (4u+8v)=4(16u8v)-(4u + 8v) = 4(16u - 8v),得到 24v=68u24v = 68u,即 v=176uv = \frac{17}{6}u。取 (u,v)=(6,17)(u, v) = (6, 17),直线为 6x+17y=326x + 17y = 32

于是 d(B,)=32325d(B, \ell) = \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}}。圆心 P=(0,1)P = (0, 1)\ell 的距离为 15325\frac{15}{\sqrt{325}},因此由弦长可得 AD=21225325=20325AD = 2\sqrt{1 - \frac{225}{325}} = \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}}。公共面积为 122032532325=320325=6465 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}} \cdot \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}} \\ &= \frac{320}{325} = \frac{64}{65} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=64+65=129m + n = 64 + 65 = 129

Place line BCBC on the xx-axis, so the centers are P=(0,1)P = (0, 1) and Q=(4,4)Q = (4, 4) (their distance is 1+4=51 + 4 = 5), with B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), C=(4,0),C = (4, 0), and the tangency point A=P+15(QP)=(45,85).A = P + \frac{1}{5}(Q - P) = \left(\frac{4}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\right). The homothety centered at AA with ratio 4-4 carries P\mathcal{P} to Q\mathcal{Q} and DD to E,E, so AE=4AD.AE = 4\,AD. Since [DBA]=12ADd(B,)[DBA] = \frac{1}{2} AD \cdot d(B, \ell) and [ACE]=12AEd(C,),[ACE] = \frac{1}{2} AE \cdot d(C, \ell), the equal-area condition is d(B,)=4d(C,)d(B, \ell) = 4\,d(C, \ell) with BB and CC on the same side of .\ell.

Write \ell as u(x45)+v(y85)=0.u\left(x - \frac{4}{5}\right) + v\left(y - \frac{8}{5}\right) = 0. Its signed values at BB and CC are 4u+8v5-\frac{4u + 8v}{5} and 16u8v5,\frac{16u - 8v}{5}, so the same-side ratio-44 condition reads (4u+8v)=4(16u8v),-(4u + 8v) = 4(16u - 8v), giving 24v=68u,24v = 68u, i.e. v=176u.v = \frac{17}{6}u. Taking (u,v)=(6,17),(u, v) = (6, 17), the line is 6x+17y=32.6x + 17y = 32.

Then d(B,)=32325,d(B, \ell) = \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}}, and the center P=(0,1)P = (0, 1) is at distance 15325\frac{15}{\sqrt{325}} from ,\ell, so the chord gives AD=21225325=20325.AD = 2\sqrt{1 - \frac{225}{325}} = \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}}. The common area is 122032532325=320325=6465, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}} \cdot \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}} \\ &= \frac{320}{325} = \frac{64}{65}, \end{aligned} so m+n=64+65=129.m + n = 64 + 65 = 129.