2015 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

一块木头的形状是半径为 66、高为 88 的直圆柱,整个表面都已涂成蓝色。点 AABB 取在圆柱一个圆形底面的边缘上,使该底面上的弧 AB\overset{\frown}{AB} 度数为 120120^\circ。 然后沿通过点 AA、点 BB 与圆柱中心的平面把木块切成两半,在每一半上露出一个平坦的未涂色面。 其中一个未涂色面的面积为 aπ+bca\cdot\pi + b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 是整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

A block of wood has the shape of a right circular cylinder with radius 66 and height 8,8, and its entire surface has been painted blue. Points AA and BB are chosen on the edge of one of the circular faces of the cylinder so that arc AB\overset{\frown}{AB} on that face measures 120.120^\circ. The block is then sliced in half along the plane that passes through point A,A, point B,B, and the center of the cylinder, revealing a flat, unpainted face on each half. The area of one of these unpainted faces is aπ+bc,a\cdot\pi + b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:53
知识点:圆柱立体几何扇形三角学
难度评级:3700
解答:

把木块立在含 AABB 的底面上,设 OO' 为该底面的圆心,MMAB\overline{AB} 的中点, OO 为圆柱中心。切割平面在底面上交出弦 AB\overline{AB},并且由关于 OO 的对称性,在顶面上交出反射弦, 所以切面竖直投影到弦 AB\overline{AB} 与其关于 OO' 的镜像之间的区域 RR'(如下图阴影所示)。 每个被切掉的 120120^\circ 圆弓形面积为 13π621266sin120\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot 6^2 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \sin 120^\circ =12π93= 12\pi - 9\sqrt{3},所以 RR' 的面积为 36π2(12π93)36\pi - 2\left(12\pi - 9\sqrt{3}\right) =12π+183= 12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}

因为 AB=120\overset{\frown}{AB} = 120^\circ,三角形 AOBAO'B 给出 OM=6cos60=3O'M = 6\cos 60^\circ = 3, 且 OO=4OO' = 4,所以 OM=5OM = 5。切面是平面,并且只在 OM\overline{O'M} 的方向上相对水平面倾斜, 倾角 θ\theta 满足 cosθ=OMOM=35\cos\theta = \frac{O'M}{OM} = \frac{3}{5}。还原投影时面积要乘以 53\frac{5}{3},所以未涂色面的面积为 53(12π+183)=20π+303\frac{5}{3}\left(12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}\right) = 20\pi + 30\sqrt{3}。因此 a+b+c=20+30+3=53a + b + c = 20 + 30 + 3 = 53

Stand the block on the face containing AA and B,B, and let OO' be the center of that face, MM the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and OO the center of the cylinder. The cutting plane meets the bottom face in chord AB\overline{AB} and, by symmetry through O,O, meets the top face in the reflected chord, so the cut face projects vertically onto the region RR' between chord AB\overline{AB} and its mirror image through OO' (shaded below). Each 120120^\circ circular segment cut off has area 13π621266sin120\frac{1}{3}\pi \cdot 6^2 - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \sin 120^\circ =12π93,= 12\pi - 9\sqrt{3}, so RR' has area 36π2(12π93)36\pi - 2\left(12\pi - 9\sqrt{3}\right) =12π+183.= 12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}.

Since AB=120,\overset{\frown}{AB} = 120^\circ, triangle AOBAO'B gives OM=6cos60=3,O'M = 6\cos 60^\circ = 3, and OO=4,OO' = 4, so OM=5.OM = 5. The cut face is planar and tilted from the horizontal only in the direction of OM,\overline{O'M}, at the angle θ\theta with cosθ=OMOM=35.\cos\theta = \frac{O'M}{OM} = \frac{3}{5}. Undoing the projection therefore multiplies areas by 53,\frac{5}{3}, so the unpainted face has area 53(12π+183)=20π+303.\frac{5}{3}\left(12\pi + 18\sqrt{3}\right) = 20\pi + 30\sqrt{3}. Thus a+b+c=20+30+3=53.a + b + c = 20 + 30 + 3 = 53.

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