2014 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

十个成年人进入一个房间,脱下鞋子并把鞋子扔成一堆。之后,一个孩子随机地把每只左鞋与一只右鞋配成一双,不考虑它们是否原本属于同一个人。对于每个满足 k<5k \lt 5 的正整数 kk,任意由孩子配出的 kk 双鞋都不会恰好只涉及同样数量的成年人。这个事件的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Ten adults enter a room, remove their shoes, and toss their shoes into a pile. Later, a child randomly pairs each left shoe with a right shoe without regard to which shoes belong together. The probability that for every positive integer k<5,k \lt 5, no collection of kk pairs made by the child contains the shoes from exactly kk of the adults is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:28
知识点:排列基本概率
难度评级:3060
解答:

孩子的配对可以看作把左鞋 jj 配给右鞋 π(j)\pi(j),其中 π\pi{1,,10}\{1, \ldots, 10\} 上的均匀随机排列。由 kk 双鞋组成的集合含有 kk 只左鞋和 kk 只右鞋,所以它恰好涉及 kk 个成年人,当且仅当这些成年人的编号在 π\pi 下封闭;也就是说,该集合是 π\pi 的若干个循环的并。因此条件等价于 π\pi 没有长度小于 55 的循环。

循环长度必须把 1010 分拆成每部分至少为 55:要么是一个 1010-循环,要么是两个 55-循环。共有 9!9! 个十循环,而两个 55-循环的排列数为 12(105)(4!)2=9!5\frac{1}{2}\binom{10}{5}(4!)^2 = \frac{9!}{5}

概率为 9!+159!10!=1+1510=325,\frac{9! + \frac{1}{5} \cdot 9!}{10!} = \frac{1 + \frac{1}{5}}{10} = \frac{3}{25}, 所以 m+n=3+25=28m + n = 3 + 25 = 28

The child's pairing matches left shoe jj with right shoe π(j)\pi(j) for a uniformly random permutation π\pi of {1,,10}.\{1, \ldots, 10\}. A collection of kk pairs uses kk left and kk right shoes, so it involves exactly kk adults precisely when those adults' indices are closed under π\pi — that is, when the collection is a union of cycles of π.\pi. The condition therefore says π\pi has no cycle of length less than 5.5.

The cycle lengths must partition 1010 into parts of size at least 5:5: either one 1010-cycle or two 55-cycles. There are 9!9! ten-cycles, and 12(105)(4!)2=9!5\frac{1}{2}\binom{10}{5}(4!)^2 = \frac{9!}{5} permutations that are products of two 55-cycles.

The probability is 9!+159!10!=1+1510=325,\frac{9! + \frac{1}{5} \cdot 9!}{10!} = \frac{1 + \frac{1}{5}}{10} = \frac{3}{25}, so m+n=3+25=28.m + n = 3 + 25 = 28.

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