2013 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AC=BCAC = BC,点 DDBC\overline{BC} 上,且 CD=3BDCD = 3 \cdot BD。设 EEAD\overline{AD} 的中点。已知 CE=7CE = \sqrt{7}BE=3BE = 3ABC\triangle ABC 的面积可表示为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数平方整除。求 m+nm + n

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AC=BC,AC = BC, and point DD is on BC\overline{BC} so that CD=3BD.CD = 3 \cdot BD. Let EE be the midpoint of AD.\overline{AD}. Given that CE=7CE = \sqrt{7} and BE=3,BE = 3, the area of ABC\triangle ABC can be expressed in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:10
知识点:余弦定理中线(几何)方程组
难度评级:3060
解答:

AB=2xAB = 2xAC=BC=yAC = BC = y,于是 BD=y4BD = \frac{y}{4}CD=3y4CD = \frac{3y}{4},并且 cosB=xy\cos B = \frac{x}{y}(从 CCAB\overline{AB} 的中点作高)。在三角形 ABDABD 中用余弦定理: AD2=4x2+y21622xy4xy=3x2+y216. \begin{aligned} AD^2 &= 4x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16} \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 2x \cdot \frac{y}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{y} \\ &= 3x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16}. \end{aligned}

CECEBEBE 都是到 AD\overline{AD} 的中线,分别位于三角形 ACDACDABDABD 中。中线公式 4m2=2b2+2c2a24m^2 = 2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2 给出 由第二个方程 y216=365x2\frac{y^2}{16} = 36 - 5x^2;代入第一个方程得到 49(365x2)3x2=2849(36 - 5x^2) - 3x^2 = 28,所以 248x2=1736248x^2 = 1736x2=7x^2 = 7,进而 y2=16y^2 = 1628=2y2+18y216AD2=49y2163x2, \begin{aligned} 28 &= 2y^2 + \frac{18y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= \frac{49y^2}{16} - 3x^2, \end{aligned} 36=8x2+2y216AD2=5x2+y216. \begin{aligned} 36 &= 8x^2 + \frac{2y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= 5x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16}. \end{aligned}

CC 作出的高长为 y2x2=3\sqrt{y^2 - x^2} = 3,所以面积为 122x3=37\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2x \cdot 3 = 3\sqrt{7},因此 m+n=3+7=10m + n = 3 + 7 = 10

Let AB=2xAB = 2x and AC=BC=y,AC = BC = y, so BD=y4,BD = \frac{y}{4}, CD=3y4,CD = \frac{3y}{4}, and cosB=xy\cos B = \frac{x}{y} (drop the altitude from CC to the midpoint of AB\overline{AB}). The law of cosines in triangle ABDABD gives AD2=4x2+y21622xy4xy=3x2+y216. \begin{aligned} AD^2 &= 4x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16} \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 2x \cdot \frac{y}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{y} \\ &= 3x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16}. \end{aligned}

Both CECE and BEBE are medians to AD,\overline{AD}, in triangles ACDACD and ABDABD respectively. The median formula 4m2=2b2+2c2a24m^2 = 2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2 gives 28=2y2+18y216AD2=49y2163x2, \begin{aligned} 28 &= 2y^2 + \frac{18y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= \frac{49y^2}{16} - 3x^2, \end{aligned} 36=8x2+2y216AD2=5x2+y216. \begin{aligned} 36 &= 8x^2 + \frac{2y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= 5x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16}. \end{aligned} From the second equation y216=365x2;\frac{y^2}{16} = 36 - 5x^2; substituting into the first gives 49(365x2)3x2=28,49(36 - 5x^2) - 3x^2 = 28, so 248x2=1736,248x^2 = 1736, x2=7,x^2 = 7, and then y2=16.y^2 = 16.

The altitude from CC has length y2x2=3,\sqrt{y^2 - x^2} = 3, so the area is 122x3=37,\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2x \cdot 3 = 3\sqrt{7}, and m+n=3+7=10.m + n = 3 + 7 = 10.

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