2013 AIME II 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
假设一天中的时间计量改用公制,使得每天有 个公制小时,每个公制小时有 个公制分钟。于是会生产新的电子钟:午夜前一刻显示 ,午夜显示 ,原来的凌晨 显示 ,原来的下午 显示 。改制后,如果一个人想在相当于原来上午 的时间醒来,他会把新的电子闹钟设为 ,其中 、、 都是数字。求 。
Suppose that the measurement of time during the day is converted to the metric system so that each day has metric hours, and each metric hour has metric minutes. Digital clocks would then be produced that would read just before midnight, at midnight, at the former AM, and at the former PM. After the conversion, a person who wanted to wake up at the equivalent of the former AM would set his new digital alarm clock for where and are digits. Find
小提示:
两种钟表示的是一天中相同的比例,而一个公制日有 个公制分钟。
Both clocks measure the same fraction of a full day, and a metric day has metric minutes
大提示:
原来的上午 距离一天开始已有 个普通分钟;普通一天有 分钟,闹钟设置就是 个公制分钟中的同一比例。
The former AM comes of the ordinary minutes into the day; the alarm setting is that same fraction of metric minutes
解答:
普通一天有 分钟,而上午 是午夜后 分钟。一个公制日有 个公制分钟,所以对应的公制时间为 个公制分钟,也就是新钟显示的 。
因此 。
An ordinary day has minutes, and AM comes minutes after midnight. A metric day has metric minutes, so the equivalent metric time is metric minutes after midnight, which the new clock displays as
Therefore
2.
正整数 和 满足条件 求所有可能的 的值之和。
Positive integers and satisfy the condition Find the sum of all possible values of
小提示:
从外向内逐层剥开对数:最外层方程说明下一层表达式等于 ,再下一层等于 。
Peel the logarithms from the outside in: the outer equation says the next expression equals then the next equals
大提示:
一切都化为 ,所以 只能是 、 或 。
Everything reduces to so can only be or
解答:
从外向内计算, 强制 ,所以 ,从而 。因此
因为 ,且 是正整数, 必须是 、、 中的一个,得到 、、。所有可能的 的值之和为 。
Working from the outside in, forces so so Hence
Since and is a positive integer, must be one of giving and The sum of all possible values of is
3.
一支大蜡烛高 厘米。它的设计是刚点燃时烧得较快,越接近底部烧得越慢。具体地,从顶端烧掉第一厘米需要 秒,烧掉第二厘米需要 秒,烧掉第 厘米需要 秒。设蜡烛完全烧完需要 秒。那么点燃后 秒时,蜡烛高度为 厘米。求 。
A large candle is centimeters tall. It is designed to burn down more quickly when it is first lit and more slowly as it approaches its bottom. Specifically, the candle takes seconds to burn down the first centimeter from the top, seconds to burn down the second centimeter, and seconds to burn down the -th centimeter. Suppose it takes seconds for the candle to burn down completely. Then seconds after it is lit, the candle’s height in centimeters will be Find
小提示:
烧掉前 厘米需要 秒。
Burning the first centimeters takes seconds
大提示:
令 等于 ,并把 写成两个连续整数的乘积。
Set equal to and write as a product of two consecutive integers
解答:
烧掉前 厘米需要 秒,所以 ,且 。
令 ,得到 ,所以在 时刻蜡烛恰好烧掉 厘米。它的高度为 ,因此 。
Burning the first centimeters takes seconds, so and
Setting gives so at time the candle has burned down exactly centimeters. Its height is and
4.
在平面直角坐标系中,设 ,。作等边三角形 ,使点 位于第一象限。设 为 的中心。则 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数,且 是不被任何质数平方整除的整数。求 。
In the Cartesian plane let and Equilateral triangle is constructed so that lies in the first quadrant. Let be the center of Then can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers and is an integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
是 的中点沿垂直方向平移 倍 的长度得到的点,而 是重心。
is the midpoint of shifted perpendicularly by times the length of and is the centroid
大提示:
垂直于 的一个单位向量是 ;把三个顶点坐标取平均即可得到 。
A unit vector perpendicular to is average the three vertices to get
解答:
的中点是 ,且 。第三个顶点沿着垂直于 的方向,离 的距离为 ;一个单位垂直向量是 。选取使点落在第一象限的符号,得到 (另一种选择的 坐标为负)。
等边三角形的中心是它的重心,即三个顶点坐标的平均:
因此 ,所以 。
The midpoint of is and The third vertex lies at distance from along a direction perpendicular to a unit perpendicular is Taking the sign that lands in the first quadrant, (the other choice has negative -coordinate).
The center of an equilateral triangle is its centroid, the average of the vertices:
Then so
5.
在等边 中,点 和 将 三等分。则 可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数,且 是不被任何质数平方整除的整数。求 。
In equilateral let points and trisect Then can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers, and is an integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
取边长为 ,于是 ,并用余弦定理求 。
Take side length so and find with the law of cosines
大提示:
三角形 的面积是 的三分之一;把它与 比较。
Triangle has one third the area of compare that with
解答:
缩放使边长为 ,且 。在三角形 中,余弦定理给出 所以 ,由对称性 。
因为 是 的三分之一,且三角形 和 共有顶点 ,所以 。另一方面, 。
因此 ,且 。
Scale so the side length is with In triangle the law of cosines gives so and by symmetry.
Since is one third of and triangles and share the apex we get On the other hand
Therefore and
6.
求最小正整数 ,使得从 开始的 个连续整数中不含任何整数平方数。
Find the least positive integer such that the set of consecutive integers beginning with contains no square of an integer.
小提示:
相邻平方数相差 ,所以只有当 时,一个长度为 的整数块才可能被跳过。
Consecutive squares differ by so a block of integers can be skipped only once
大提示:
写成 ,则 。求最小的 ,使 。
Write so Find the least with
解答:
区间 不含任何平方数,当且仅当某两个相邻平方数 和 跨过这个区间;这要求 ,所以 。特别地,低于 的每个区间都含有平方数,因此从这里开始查找。
令 ,其中 。则 ,所以只要 (即 ),平方数 就落在第 个区间;这些区间编号从 到 。第 个区间被跳过,当且仅当 也就是 。当 时不成立(所以 落在第 个区间),而在 时首次成立,因为 。
确实, 和 分别位于以 开头的区间两侧。最小的这种 是 。
The block misses all squares exactly when some consecutive squares and jump over it, which requires so In particular every block below contains a square, so we search from there.
Write with Then so as long as (that is, ), the square lies in block these cover blocks through Block is skipped exactly when that is, For this fails (so lands in block ), and it first holds at since
Indeed and straddle the block starting at The least such is
7.
一组文员被安排整理 份文件。每名文员以每小时 份文件的恒定速度整理。第一小时结束时,其中一些文员被调去做另一项任务;第二小时结束时,剩余文员中同样数量的人也被调走;第三小时结束时也发生类似调配。这组人在 小时 分钟内完成整理。求整理开始后的前一个半小时内整理了多少份文件。
A group of clerks is assigned the task of sorting files. Each clerk sorts at a constant rate of files per hour. At the end of the first hour, some of the clerks are reassigned to another task; at the end of the second hour, the same number of the remaining clerks are also reassigned to another task, and a similar reassignment occurs at the end of the third hour. The group finishes the sorting in hours and minutes. Find the number of files sorted during the first one and a half hours of sorting.
小提示:
设开始时有 名文员,每小时结束时调走 名;把每小时以及最后 分钟整理的文件数相加。
With clerks at the start and removed at the end of each hour, add up the files sorted in each hour plus the final minutes
大提示:
总数化简为 ;对 取模求正整数解,并保持 。
The total reduces to solve in positive integers by working modulo keeping
解答:
设开始时有 名文员,每小时结束时调走 名。最后 分钟每名剩余文员整理 份文件,所以 化简为 ,即 。
对 取模,得到 ,所以 ,且 。取 得 ;下一个候选 给出 ,此时 。所以 ,。
第一小时 名文员整理 份文件,接下来的半小时 名文员整理 份文件,总计 。
Let clerks start and be reassigned at the end of each hour. In the final minutes each remaining clerk sorts files, so which simplifies to or
Modulo this reads so and Taking gives the next candidate, gives for which So and
In the first hour clerks sort files, and in the next half hour clerks sort for a total of
8.
一个内接于圆的六边形,其边长按顺序为 、、、、 和 。该圆的半径可写成 ,其中 和 是正整数。求 。
A hexagon that is inscribed in a circle has side lengths and in that order. The radius of the circle can be written as where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
若每条长度为 的弦所对圆心角为 ,每条长度为 的弦所对圆心角为 ,则 ,所以 。
If each -chord subtends central angle and each -chord subtends then so
大提示:
余弦定理给出 ,而 ;令二者相等会得到关于 的二次方程。
The law of cosines gives while equating them yields a quadratic in
解答:
长度为 的弦的一半给出 ,而在两腰为 、底边为 的等腰三角形中应用余弦定理,得到 ,所以 。令二者相等,得到 所以 (取正根)。
所以 。
Half a -chord gives and the law of cosines on the isosceles triangle with legs and base gives so Equating, so (taking the positive root).
Therefore
9.
一个 的板完全由 的砖覆盖且不重叠;每块砖可以覆盖任意数量的连续小方格,并且每块砖都完全位于板上。每块砖要么是红色、蓝色,要么是绿色。设 为铺满 的板且三种颜色都至少使用一次的铺法数。例如,一块 的红砖后接一块 的绿砖、一块 的绿砖、一块 的蓝砖、以及一块 的绿砖,是一种合法铺法。注意,如果那块 的蓝砖换成两块 的蓝砖,会得到一种不同的铺法。求 除以 的余数。
A board is completely covered by tiles without overlap; each tile may cover any number of consecutive squares, and each tile lies completely on the board. Each tile is either red, blue, or green. Let be the number of tilings of the board in which all three colors are used at least once. For example, a red tile followed by a green tile, a green tile, a blue tile, and a green tile is a valid tiling. Note that if the blue tile is replaced by two blue tiles, this results in a different tiling. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
先数允许使用 种颜色时的所有铺法:从左到右扫描,注意每个新方格要么延续当前砖,要么开始一块新砖。
First count all tilings when colors are allowed: scan left to right, and note each new square either extends the current tile or starts a fresh tile
大提示:
这个计数是 。然后对哪些颜色没有被使用做容斥。
That count is Then use inclusion-exclusion over which of the three colors go unused.
解答:
先数有 种颜色可用时的彩色铺法。第一个方格所在的砖有 种颜色可选;之后的 个方格中,每个方格要么延续当前砖,要么以 种颜色之一开始一块新砖,所以每个方格有 种选择。因此共有 种铺法。
三种颜色时共有 种铺法。对未使用的颜色做容斥,使用全部三种颜色的铺法数为
除以 的余数是 。
First count colored tilings when colors are available. The first square’s tile can be colored in ways, and each of the remaining squares either extends the current tile or starts a new tile in one of the colors, giving choices per square. So there are tilings.
With three colors that is tilings. By inclusion-exclusion over the unused colors, the number using all three colors is
The remainder when is divided by is
10.
给定一个半径为 的圆,设 是到圆心 距离为 的一点。设 是圆上离点 最近的点。一条过点 的直线与圆交于点 和 。 的最大可能面积可写成 ,其中 、、、 是正整数, 和 互质,且 不被任何质数平方整除。求 。
Given a circle of radius let be a point at a distance from the center of the circle. Let be the point on the circle nearest to point A line passing through the point intersects the circle at points and The maximum possible area for can be written in the form where and are positive integers, and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
位于线段 上,且 。对任意过 的直线, 到该直线的距离和 到该直线的距离之比为 。
lies on segment with For any line through the distances from and from to that line are in the ratio
大提示:
所以 ,且 在 时最大。
So and is largest when
解答:
最近点 在线段 上,满足 且 。三角形 和 共用底边 ,它们的高分别是 和 到过 的那条直线的距离。对直线 上任意一点 ,该距离为 ,其中 是两条直线的夹角,所以
因为 ,所以 ,等号在 时成立。这样的弦到 的距离为 ,小于 ,所以某条过 的直线能够实现它。
最大面积为 所以 。
The nearest point lies on segment with and Triangles and share the base and their heights are the distances from and to the line through For any point on line that distance is where is the angle between the two lines, so
Since we have with equality when Such a chord lies at distance from which is less than so a line through can achieve it.
The maximum area is so
11.
设 ,并设 为从集合 到集合 的函数 的个数,使得 是常值函数。求 除以 的余数。
Let and let be the number of functions from set to set such that is a constant function. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
如果 恒成立,令 为被 映到 的元素集合。证明 ,且 之外的每个元素都映入 。
If always, let be the set of elements that sends to Show and every element outside maps into
大提示:
设 :选择 ,选择 中其余元素,然后把外面的 个元素各自映到 中的任意元素,并对 求和。
With choose choose the rest of then send each of the outside elements anywhere in and sum over
解答:
设对所有 都有 ,并令 。任取 ,得到 ,所以 。每个 都满足 (因为 ),且若 ,则 ,所以 把 的补集映入 。反过来,按这种方式构造的任何 都满足要求。
若 ,常值 有 种选择, 中其余 个元素有 种选择,而其余 个元素各自在 中选择像,共有 种。因此
除以 的余数是 。
Say for all and let Picking any we get so Every satisfies (because ), and if then so maps the complement of into Conversely, any built this way works.
If we choose the constant in ways, the remaining elements of in ways, and an image in for each of the other elements in ways. Hence
The remainder when is divided by is
12.
设 为所有形如 的多项式集合,其中 、、 都是整数。求 中有多少个多项式,使得它的每个根 都满足 或 。
Let be the set of all polynomials of the form where and are integers. Find the number of polynomials in such that each of its roots satisfies either or
小提示:
非实根成共轭对出现,所以要么三个根都来自 、,要么一个实根配上一对位于两个圆之一上的共轭根。
Nonreal roots come in conjugate pairs, so either all three roots are among and or one real root is joined by a conjugate pair on one of the two circles
大提示:
对根 和实数 ,展开可知系数为整数当且仅当 是整数;数出满足 小于模长的半整数 。
For roots and real expanding shows integer coefficients hold exactly when is an integer; count the half-integers with less than the modulus
解答:
实系数三次多项式要么有三个实根,要么有一个实根和一对共轭根。模长为 或 的实数只有 和 ,所以全实根情形中,根是从这 个值中选出的大小为 的多重集合:共有 个多项式。
否则,根为 以及共轭对 ,其中 ,且 或 。展开 可知各项系数为 、 和 ,它们全为整数当且仅当 是整数。在半径为 的圆上,需要 ,允许 ,有 种选择;在半径为 的圆上,,有 种选择。再乘以 的 种选择,得到 个多项式;每个都不同,因为根决定多项式。
总共有 个这样的多项式。
A cubic with real coefficients has either three real roots or one real root and a conjugate pair. The only real numbers with modulus or are and so in the all-real case the roots form a multiset of size from those values: polynomials.
Otherwise the roots are and a conjugate pair with and or Expanding shows the coefficients are and which are all integers exactly when is an integer. On the circle of radius we need allowing choices; on the circle of radius choices. With choices of that gives polynomials, each distinct since the roots determine the polynomial.
In total there are such polynomials.
13.
在 中,,点 在 上,且 。设 为 的中点。已知 且 , 的面积可表示为 ,其中 和 是正整数,且 不被任何质数平方整除。求 。
In and point is on so that Let be the midpoint of Given that and the area of can be expressed in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
设 ,;则 ,并在三角形 中用余弦定理把 用 和 表示。
Set and then and the law of cosines in triangle gives in terms of and
大提示:
和 分别是三角形 与 中边 上的中线;中线公式 给出关于 和 的两个方程。
and are medians of triangles and to side the median formula gives two equations in and
解答:
设 ,,于是 ,,并且 (从 向 的中点作高)。在三角形 中用余弦定理:
和 都是以 为一边的中线,分别位于三角形 和 中。中线公式 给出 由第二个方程 ;代入第一个方程得到 ,所以 ,,进而 。
从 作出的高长为 ,所以面积为 ,因此 。
Let and so and (drop the altitude from to the midpoint of ). The law of cosines in triangle gives
Both and are medians to in triangles and respectively. The median formula gives From the second equation substituting into the first gives so and then
The altitude from has length so the area is and
14.
对正整数 和 ,令 为 除以 的余数;并对 定义 求 除以 的余数。
For positive integers and let be the remainder when is divided by and for let Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
当 时,商至少为 ,所以余数至多为 ;尝试 接近 的情况。
For the quotient is at least so the remainder is at most try near
大提示:
证明 ,,且 ,它们都在 处取得,然后对范围求和。
Show and each achieved at then sum over the range
解答:
当 时,商 至少为 ,所以余数 ,也有 。写 ,其中 。用 去除,商为 ,余数为 ,所以 。反过来,当 时,,而对更小的 ,用上界 即可完成证明:当 时,对 ,余数至多为 ;当 时,对 ,余数至多为 ;当 时,对 ,余数至多为 ,而 正好整除 ,余数为 。因此
把 按三元组 、、 分组,其中 (注意 ),每组三项贡献 ,所以
所求余数为 。
For the quotient is at least so the remainder satisfies as well as Write with Dividing by gives quotient and remainder so Conversely, for and for smaller the bound finishes the job: when it gives at most for when it gives at most for and when it gives at most for while divides exactly, leaving remainder Hence
Grouping as triples for (note ), each triple contributes so
The requested remainder is
15.
设 、、 是一个三角形的三个角,其中 和 为锐角, 为钝角,并满足 以及 存在正整数 、、、,使得 其中 与 互质,且 不被任何质数平方整除。求 。
Let be angles of a triangle with and acute and greater than a right angle satisfying and There are positive integers and for which where and are relatively prime and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
把第一个方程改写为 ;正弦定理和余弦定理会把左边变成 。
Rewrite the first equation as the laws of sines and cosines turn the left side into
大提示:
因此 ,且 ,而所求量为 ,其中 。
So and and the requested quantity is with
解答:
把每个 替换为 ,第一个方程变为 。由正弦定理,,其他角同理,所以左边等于 其中最后一步用到了余弦定理。因此 。同样的论证把第二个方程化为 ,并说明所求表达式等于 。
因为 和 是锐角,,,且 ,。于是 所以 。
因此 ,且 。
Replacing each by the first equation becomes By the law of sines, and so on, so the left side equals by the law of cosines. Hence The same argument turns the second equation into and shows the requested expression equals
Since and are acute, and with and Then so
Therefore and