2013 AIME II 真题

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1.

假设一天中的时间计量改用公制,使得每天有 1010 个公制小时,每个公制小时有 100100 个公制分钟。于是会生产新的电子钟:午夜前一刻显示 9:999{:}99,午夜显示 0:000{:}00,原来的凌晨 3:003{:}00 显示 1:251{:}25,原来的下午 6:006{:}00 显示 7:507{:}50。改制后,如果一个人想在相当于原来上午 6:366{:}36 的时间醒来,他会把新的电子闹钟设为 A:BCA{:}BC,其中 AABBCC 都是数字。求 100A+10B+C100A + 10B + C

Suppose that the measurement of time during the day is converted to the metric system so that each day has 1010 metric hours, and each metric hour has 100100 metric minutes. Digital clocks would then be produced that would read 9:999{:}99 just before midnight, 0:000{:}00 at midnight, 1:251{:}25 at the former 3:003{:}00 AM, and 7:507{:}50 at the former 6:006{:}00 PM. After the conversion, a person who wanted to wake up at the equivalent of the former 6:366{:}36 AM would set his new digital alarm clock for A:BC,A{:}BC, where A,A, B,B, and CC are digits. Find 100A+10B+C.100A + 10B + C.

答案:275
知识点:时钟单位换算比与比例
难度评级:1820
小提示:

两种钟表示的是一天中相同的比例,而一个公制日有 10001000 个公制分钟。

Both clocks measure the same fraction of a full day, and a metric day has 10001000 metric minutes

大提示:

原来的上午 6:366{:}36 距离一天开始已有 396396 个普通分钟;普通一天有 14401440 分钟,闹钟设置就是 10001000 个公制分钟中的同一比例。

The former 6:366{:}36 AM comes 396396 of the 14401440 ordinary minutes into the day; the alarm setting is that same fraction of 10001000 metric minutes

解答:

普通一天有 6024=144060 \cdot 24 = 1440 分钟,而上午 6:366{:}36 是午夜后 660+36=3966 \cdot 60 + 36 = 396 分钟。一个公制日有 10100=100010 \cdot 100 = 1000 个公制分钟,所以对应的公制时间为 39614401000=275\frac{396}{1440} \cdot 1000 = 275 个公制分钟,也就是新钟显示的 2:752{:}75

因此 100A+10B+C=275100A + 10B + C = 275

An ordinary day has 6024=144060 \cdot 24 = 1440 minutes, and 6:366{:}36 AM comes 660+36=3966 \cdot 60 + 36 = 396 minutes after midnight. A metric day has 10100=100010 \cdot 100 = 1000 metric minutes, so the equivalent metric time is 39614401000=275\frac{396}{1440} \cdot 1000 = 275 metric minutes after midnight, which the new clock displays as 2:75.2{:}75.

Therefore 100A+10B+C=275.100A + 10B + C = 275.

2.

正整数 aabb 满足条件 log2(log2a(log2b(21000)))=0\log_2(\log_{2^a}(\log_{2^b}(2^{1000}))) = 0\text{。}求所有可能的 a+ba + b 的值之和。

Positive integers aa and bb satisfy the condition log2(log2a(log2b(21000)))=0.\log_2(\log_{2^a}(\log_{2^b}(2^{1000}))) = 0. Find the sum of all possible values of a+b.a + b.

答案:881
难度评级:2030
小提示:

从外向内逐层剥开对数:最外层方程说明下一层表达式等于 11,再下一层等于 2a2^a

Peel the logarithms from the outside in: the outer equation says the next expression equals 1,1, then the next equals 2a2^a

大提示:

一切都化为 b2a=1000=23125b \cdot 2^a = 1000 = 2^3 \cdot 125,所以 2a2^a 只能是 224488

Everything reduces to b2a=1000=23125,b \cdot 2^a = 1000 = 2^3 \cdot 125, so 2a2^a can only be 2,2, 4,4, or 88

解答:

从外向内计算,log2()=0\log_2(\cdot) = 0 强制 log2a(log2b(21000))=1\log_{2^a}(\log_{2^b}(2^{1000})) = 1,所以 log2b(21000)=2a\log_{2^b}(2^{1000}) = 2^a,从而 21000=(2b)2a=2b2a2^{1000} = (2^b)^{2^a} = 2^{b \cdot 2^a}。因此 b2a=1000=23125b \cdot 2^a = 1000 = 2^3 \cdot 125\text{。}

因为 a1a \ge 1,且 bb 是正整数,2a2^a 必须是 224488 中的一个,得到 (a,b)=(1,500)(a, b) = (1, 500)(2,250)(2, 250)(3,125)(3, 125)。所有可能的 a+ba + b 的值之和为 501+252+128=881501 + 252 + 128 = 881

Working from the outside in, log2()=0\log_2(\cdot) = 0 forces log2a(log2b(21000))=1,\log_{2^a}(\log_{2^b}(2^{1000})) = 1, so log2b(21000)=2a,\log_{2^b}(2^{1000}) = 2^a, so 21000=(2b)2a=2b2a.2^{1000} = (2^b)^{2^a} = 2^{b \cdot 2^a}. Hence b2a=1000=23125.b \cdot 2^a = 1000 = 2^3 \cdot 125.

Since a1a \ge 1 and bb is a positive integer, 2a2^a must be one of 2,2, 4,4, 8,8, giving (a,b)=(1,500),(a, b) = (1, 500), (2,250),(2, 250), and (3,125).(3, 125). The sum of all possible values of a+ba + b is 501+252+128=881.501 + 252 + 128 = 881.

3.

一支大蜡烛高 119119 厘米。它的设计是刚点燃时烧得较快,越接近底部烧得越慢。具体地,从顶端烧掉第一厘米需要 1010 秒,烧掉第二厘米需要 2020 秒,烧掉第 kk 厘米需要 10k10k 秒。设蜡烛完全烧完需要 TT 秒。那么点燃后 T2\frac{T}{2} 秒时,蜡烛高度为 hh 厘米。求 10h10h

A large candle is 119119 centimeters tall. It is designed to burn down more quickly when it is first lit and more slowly as it approaches its bottom. Specifically, the candle takes 1010 seconds to burn down the first centimeter from the top, 2020 seconds to burn down the second centimeter, and 10k10k seconds to burn down the kk-th centimeter. Suppose it takes TT seconds for the candle to burn down completely. Then T2\frac{T}{2} seconds after it is lit, the candle’s height in centimeters will be h.h. Find 10h.10h.

答案:350
难度评级:1970
小提示:

烧掉前 xx 厘米需要 10(1+2++x)=5x(x+1)10(1 + 2 + \cdots + x) = 5x(x+1) 秒。

Burning the first xx centimeters takes 10(1+2++x)=5x(x+1)10(1 + 2 + \cdots + x) = 5x(x+1) seconds

大提示:

5x(x+1)5x(x+1) 等于 T2=560119\frac{T}{2} = 5 \cdot 60 \cdot 119,并把 71407140 写成两个连续整数的乘积。

Set 5x(x+1)5x(x+1) equal to T2=560119\frac{T}{2} = 5 \cdot 60 \cdot 119 and write 71407140 as a product of two consecutive integers

解答:

烧掉前 xx 厘米需要 10(1+2++x)=5x(x+1)10(1 + 2 + \cdots + x) = 5x(x+1) 秒,所以 T=5119120=71400T = 5 \cdot 119 \cdot 120 = 71400,且 T2=35700\frac{T}{2} = 35700

5x(x+1)=357005x(x+1) = 35700,得到 x(x+1)=7140=8485x(x+1) = 7140 = 84 \cdot 85,所以在 T2\frac{T}{2} 时刻蜡烛恰好烧掉 8484 厘米。它的高度为 h=11984=35h = 119 - 84 = 35,因此 10h=35010h = 350

Burning the first xx centimeters takes 10(1+2++x)=5x(x+1)10(1 + 2 + \cdots + x) = 5x(x+1) seconds, so T=5119120=71400T = 5 \cdot 119 \cdot 120 = 71400 and T2=35700.\frac{T}{2} = 35700.

Setting 5x(x+1)=357005x(x+1) = 35700 gives x(x+1)=7140=8485,x(x+1) = 7140 = 84 \cdot 85, so at time T2\frac{T}{2} the candle has burned down exactly 8484 centimeters. Its height is h=11984=35,h = 119 - 84 = 35, and 10h=350.10h = 350.

4.

在平面直角坐标系中,设 A=(1,0)A = (1, 0)B=(2,23)B = (2, 2\sqrt{3})。作等边三角形 ABCABC,使点 CC 位于第一象限。设 P=(x,y)P = (x, y)ABC\triangle ABC 的中心。则 xyx \cdot y 可写成 pqr\frac{p\sqrt{q}}{r},其中 pprr 是互质的正整数,且 qq 是不被任何质数平方整除的整数。求 p+q+rp + q + r

In the Cartesian plane let A=(1,0)A = (1, 0) and B=(2,23).B = (2, 2\sqrt{3}). Equilateral triangle ABCABC is constructed so that CC lies in the first quadrant. Let P=(x,y)P = (x, y) be the center of ABC.\triangle ABC. Then xyx \cdot y can be written as pqr,\frac{p\sqrt{q}}{r}, where pp and rr are relatively prime positive integers and qq is an integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find p+q+r.p + q + r.

答案:40
难度评级:2270
小提示:

CCAB\overline{AB} 的中点沿垂直方向平移 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}AB\overline{AB} 的长度得到的点,而 PP 是重心。

CC is the midpoint of AB\overline{AB} shifted perpendicularly by 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} times the length of AB,\overline{AB}, and PP is the centroid

大提示:

垂直于 AB=(1,23)\overrightarrow{AB} = (1, 2\sqrt{3}) 的一个单位向量是 113(23,1)\frac{1}{\sqrt{13}}(2\sqrt{3}, -1);把三个顶点坐标取平均即可得到 PP

A unit vector perpendicular to AB=(1,23)\overrightarrow{AB} = (1, 2\sqrt{3}) is 113(23,1);\frac{1}{\sqrt{13}}(2\sqrt{3}, -1); average the three vertices to get PP

解答:

AB\overline{AB} 的中点是 M=(32,3)M = \left(\frac{3}{2}, \sqrt{3}\right),且 AB=1+12=13AB = \sqrt{1 + 12} = \sqrt{13}。第三个顶点沿着垂直于 AB=(1,23)\overrightarrow{AB} = (1, 2\sqrt{3}) 的方向,离 MM 的距离为 3213\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\sqrt{13};一个单位垂直向量是 113(23,1)\frac{1}{\sqrt{13}}(2\sqrt{3}, -1)。选取使点落在第一象限的符号,得到 C=M+32(23,1)=(92,32) \begin{aligned} C &= M + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\,(2\sqrt{3}, -1) \\ &= \left(\frac{9}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) \end{aligned} (另一种选择的 xx 坐标为负)。

等边三角形的中心是它的重心,即三个顶点坐标的平均:P=(1+2+923, 0+23+323)=(52,536) \begin{aligned} P &= \small \left(\frac{1 + 2 + \frac{9}{2}}{3},\ \frac{0 + 2\sqrt{3} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{3} \right) \\ &= \left(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{5\sqrt{3}}{6}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 xy=52536=25312x \cdot y = \frac{5}{2} \cdot \frac{5\sqrt{3}}{6} = \frac{25\sqrt{3}}{12},所以 p+q+r=25+3+12=40p + q + r = 25 + 3 + 12 = 40

The midpoint of AB\overline{AB} is M=(32,3),M = \left(\frac{3}{2}, \sqrt{3}\right), and AB=1+12=13.AB = \sqrt{1 + 12} = \sqrt{13}. The third vertex lies at distance 3213\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\sqrt{13} from MM along a direction perpendicular to AB=(1,23);\overrightarrow{AB} = (1, 2\sqrt{3}); a unit perpendicular is 113(23,1).\frac{1}{\sqrt{13}}(2\sqrt{3}, -1). Taking the sign that lands in the first quadrant, C=M+32(23,1)=(92,32) \begin{aligned} C &= M + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\,(2\sqrt{3}, -1) \\ &= \left(\frac{9}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) \end{aligned} (the other choice has negative xx-coordinate).

The center of an equilateral triangle is its centroid, the average of the vertices: P=(1+2+923, 0+23+323)=(52,536). \begin{aligned} P &= \small \left(\frac{1 + 2 + \frac{9}{2}}{3},\ \frac{0 + 2\sqrt{3} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{3} \right) \\ &= \left(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{5\sqrt{3}}{6}\right). \end{aligned}

Then xy=52536=25312,x \cdot y = \frac{5}{2} \cdot \frac{5\sqrt{3}}{6} = \frac{25\sqrt{3}}{12}, so p+q+r=25+3+12=40.p + q + r = 25 + 3 + 12 = 40.

5.

在等边 ABC\triangle ABC 中,点 DDEEBC\overline{BC} 三等分。则 sin(DAE)\sin(\angle DAE) 可表示为 abc\frac{a\sqrt{b}}{c},其中 aacc 是互质的正整数,且 bb 是不被任何质数平方整除的整数。求 a+b+ca + b + c

In equilateral ABC\triangle ABC let points DD and EE trisect BC.\overline{BC}. Then sin(DAE)\sin(\angle DAE) can be expressed in the form abc,\frac{a\sqrt{b}}{c}, where aa and cc are relatively prime positive integers, and bb is an integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:20
难度评级:2330
小提示:

取边长为 66,于是 BD=DE=EC=2BD = DE = EC = 2,并用余弦定理求 AD=AEAD = AE

Take side length 6,6, so BD=DE=EC=2,BD = DE = EC = 2, and find AD=AEAD = AE with the law of cosines

大提示:

三角形 ADEADE 的面积是 ABCABC 的三分之一;把它与 12ADAEsin(DAE)\frac{1}{2} \cdot AD \cdot AE \cdot \sin(\angle DAE) 比较。

Triangle ADEADE has one third the area of ABC;ABC; compare that with 12ADAEsin(DAE)\frac{1}{2} \cdot AD \cdot AE \cdot \sin(\angle DAE)

解答:

缩放使边长为 66,且 BD=DE=EC=2BD = DE = EC = 2。在三角形 AECAEC 中,余弦定理给出 AE2=62+22262cos60=28 \begin{aligned} AE^2 &= 6^2 + 2^2 - 2 \cdot 6 \cdot 2 \cos 60^\circ \\ &= 28 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 AE=27AE = 2\sqrt{7},由对称性 AD=27AD = 2\sqrt{7}

因为 DEDEBCBC 的三分之一,且三角形 ADEADEABCABC 共有顶点 AA,所以 [ADE]=13[ABC][ADE] = \frac{1}{3}[ABC] =133634= \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{36\sqrt{3}}{4} =33= 3\sqrt{3}。另一方面,[ADE]=12ADAE[ADE] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot AD \cdot AE sin(DAE)\cdot \sin(\angle DAE) =14sin(DAE)= 14\sin(\angle DAE)

因此 sin(DAE)=3314\sin(\angle DAE) = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{14},且 a+b+c=3+3+14=20a + b + c = 3 + 3 + 14 = 20

Scale so the side length is 6,6, with BD=DE=EC=2.BD = DE = EC = 2. In triangle AEC,AEC, the law of cosines gives AE2=62+22262cos60=28, \begin{aligned} AE^2 &= 6^2 + 2^2 - 2 \cdot 6 \cdot 2 \cos 60^\circ \\ &= 28, \end{aligned} so AE=27,AE = 2\sqrt{7}, and AD=27AD = 2\sqrt{7} by symmetry.

Since DEDE is one third of BCBC and triangles ADEADE and ABCABC share the apex A,A, we get [ADE]=13[ABC][ADE] = \frac{1}{3}[ABC] =133634= \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{36\sqrt{3}}{4} =33.= 3\sqrt{3}. On the other hand [ADE]=12ADAE[ADE] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot AD \cdot AE sin(DAE)\cdot \sin(\angle DAE) =14sin(DAE).= 14\sin(\angle DAE).

Therefore sin(DAE)=3314,\sin(\angle DAE) = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{14}, and a+b+c=3+3+14=20.a + b + c = 3 + 3 + 14 = 20.

6.

求最小正整数 NN,使得从 1000N1000 \cdot N 开始的 10001000 个连续整数中不含任何整数平方数。

Find the least positive integer NN such that the set of 10001000 consecutive integers beginning with 1000N1000 \cdot N contains no square of an integer.

答案:282
难度评级:2430
小提示:

相邻平方数相差 2x+12x + 1,所以只有当 x500x \ge 500 时,一个长度为 10001000 的整数块才可能被跳过。

Consecutive squares differ by 2x+1,2x + 1, so a block of 10001000 integers can be skipped only once x500x \ge 500

大提示:

写成 x=500+ax = 500 + a,则 x2=250000+1000a+a2x^2 = 250000 + 1000a + a^2。求最小的 aa,使 a2+2a+10012000a^2 + 2a + 1001 \ge 2000

Write x=500+a,x = 500 + a, so x2=250000+1000a+a2.x^2 = 250000 + 1000a + a^2. Find the least aa with a2+2a+10012000.a^2 + 2a + 1001 \ge 2000.

解答:

区间 {1000N,,1000N+999}\{1000N, \ldots, 1000N + 999\} 不含任何平方数,当且仅当某两个相邻平方数 x2x^2(x+1)2(x+1)^2 跨过这个区间;这要求 (x+1)2x2=2x+1>1000(x+1)^2 - x^2 = 2x + 1 \gt 1000,所以 x500x \ge 500。特别地,低于 5002=250000500^2 = 250000 的每个区间都含有平方数,因此从这里开始查找。

x=500+ax = 500 + a,其中 a0a \ge 0。则 x2=1000(250+a)+a2x^2 = 1000(250 + a) + a^2,所以只要 a2<1000a^2 \lt 1000(即 a31a \le 31),平方数 x2x^2 就落在第 250+a250 + a 个区间;这些区间编号从 250250281281。第 251+a251 + a 个区间被跳过,当且仅当 (x+1)2=1000(250+a)+a2+2a+10011000(252+a) \begin{aligned} (x+1)^2 &= 1000(250 + a) + a^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2a + 1001 \\ &\ge 1000(252 + a) \end{aligned}\text{,}也就是 a2+2a999a^2 + 2a \ge 999。当 a30a \le 30 时不成立(所以 (x+1)2(x+1)^2 落在第 251+a251 + a 个区间),而在 a=31a = 31 时首次成立,因为 961+62=1023961 + 62 = 1023

确实,5312=281961531^2 = 2819615322=283024532^2 = 283024 分别位于以 282000282000 开头的区间两侧。最小的这种 NN251+31=282251 + 31 = 282

The block {1000N,,1000N+999}\{1000N, \ldots, 1000N + 999\} misses all squares exactly when some consecutive squares x2x^2 and (x+1)2(x+1)^2 jump over it, which requires (x+1)2x2=2x+1>1000,(x+1)^2 - x^2 = 2x + 1 \gt 1000, so x500.x \ge 500. In particular every block below 5002=250000500^2 = 250000 contains a square, so we search from there.

Write x=500+ax = 500 + a with a0.a \ge 0. Then x2=1000(250+a)+a2,x^2 = 1000(250 + a) + a^2, so as long as a2<1000a^2 \lt 1000 (that is, a31a \le 31), the square x2x^2 lies in block 250+a;250 + a; these cover blocks 250250 through 281.281. Block 251+a251 + a is skipped exactly when (x+1)2=1000(250+a)+a2+2a+10011000(252+a), \begin{aligned} (x+1)^2 &= 1000(250 + a) + a^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2a + 1001 \\ &\ge 1000(252 + a), \end{aligned} that is, a2+2a999.a^2 + 2a \ge 999. For a30a \le 30 this fails (so (x+1)2(x+1)^2 lands in block 251+a251 + a), and it first holds at a=31,a = 31, since 961+62=1023.961 + 62 = 1023.

Indeed 5312=281961531^2 = 281961 and 5322=283024532^2 = 283024 straddle the block starting at 282000.282000. The least such NN is 251+31=282.251 + 31 = 282.

7.

一组文员被安排整理 17751775 份文件。每名文员以每小时 3030 份文件的恒定速度整理。第一小时结束时,其中一些文员被调去做另一项任务;第二小时结束时,剩余文员中同样数量的人也被调走;第三小时结束时也发生类似调配。这组人在 33 小时 1010 分钟内完成整理。求整理开始后的前一个半小时内整理了多少份文件。

A group of clerks is assigned the task of sorting 17751775 files. Each clerk sorts at a constant rate of 3030 files per hour. At the end of the first hour, some of the clerks are reassigned to another task; at the end of the second hour, the same number of the remaining clerks are also reassigned to another task, and a similar reassignment occurs at the end of the third hour. The group finishes the sorting in 33 hours and 1010 minutes. Find the number of files sorted during the first one and a half hours of sorting.

答案:945
难度评级:2310
小提示:

设开始时有 nn 名文员,每小时结束时调走 kk 名;把每小时以及最后 1010 分钟整理的文件数相加。

With nn clerks at the start and kk removed at the end of each hour, add up the files sorted in each hour plus the final 1010 minutes

大提示:

总数化简为 19n21k=35519n - 21k = 355;对 1919 取模求正整数解,并保持 n3k>0n - 3k \gt 0

The total reduces to 19n21k=355;19n - 21k = 355; solve in positive integers by working modulo 19,19, keeping n3k>0n - 3k \gt 0

解答:

设开始时有 nn 名文员,每小时结束时调走 kk 名。最后 1010 分钟每名剩余文员整理 55 份文件,所以 30n+30(nk)+30(n2k)+5(n3k)=1775 \begin{aligned} &30n + 30(n - k) + 30(n - 2k) \\ &\quad {}+ 5(n - 3k) = 1775 \end{aligned}\text{,}化简为 95n105k=177595n - 105k = 1775,即 19n21k=35519n - 21k = 355

1919 取模,得到 2k13-2k \equiv 13,所以 2k62k \equiv 6,且 k3(mod19)k \equiv 3 \pmod{19}。取 k=3k = 3n=355+6319=22n = \frac{355 + 63}{19} = 22;下一个候选 k=22k = 22 给出 n=43n = 43,此时 n3k<0n - 3k \lt 0。所以 n=22n = 22k=3k = 3

第一小时 2222 名文员整理 3022=66030 \cdot 22 = 660 份文件,接下来的半小时 1919 名文员整理 1519=28515 \cdot 19 = 285 份文件,总计 660+285=945660 + 285 = 945

Let nn clerks start and kk be reassigned at the end of each hour. In the final 1010 minutes each remaining clerk sorts 55 files, so 30n+30(nk)+30(n2k)+5(n3k)=1775, \begin{aligned} &30n + 30(n - k) + 30(n - 2k) \\ &\quad {}+ 5(n - 3k) = 1775, \end{aligned} which simplifies to 95n105k=1775,95n - 105k = 1775, or 19n21k=355.19n - 21k = 355.

Modulo 1919 this reads 2k13,-2k \equiv 13, so 2k62k \equiv 6 and k3(mod19).k \equiv 3 \pmod{19}. Taking k=3k = 3 gives n=355+6319=22;n = \frac{355 + 63}{19} = 22; the next candidate, k=22,k = 22, gives n=43,n = 43, for which n3k<0.n - 3k \lt 0. So n=22n = 22 and k=3.k = 3.

In the first hour 2222 clerks sort 3022=66030 \cdot 22 = 660 files, and in the next half hour 1919 clerks sort 1519=285,15 \cdot 19 = 285, for a total of 660+285=945.660 + 285 = 945.

8.

一个内接于圆的六边形,其边长按顺序为 222222222020222222222020。该圆的半径可写成 p+qp + \sqrt{q},其中 ppqq 是正整数。求 p+qp + q

A hexagon that is inscribed in a circle has side lengths 22,22, 22,22, 20,20, 22,22, 22,22, and 2020 in that order. The radius of the circle can be written as p+q,p + \sqrt{q}, where pp and qq are positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:272
难度评级:2560
小提示:

若每条长度为 2222 的弦所对圆心角为 α\alpha,每条长度为 2020 的弦所对圆心角为 β\beta,则 4α+2β=3604\alpha + 2\beta = 360^\circ,所以 sinβ2=cosα\sin\frac{\beta}{2} = \cos\alpha

If each 2222-chord subtends central angle α\alpha and each 2020-chord subtends β,\beta, then 4α+2β=360,4\alpha + 2\beta = 360^\circ, so sinβ2=cosα\sin\frac{\beta}{2} = \cos\alpha

大提示:

余弦定理给出 cosα=1242r2\cos\alpha = 1 - \frac{242}{r^2},而 sinβ2=10r\sin\frac{\beta}{2} = \frac{10}{r};令二者相等会得到关于 rr 的二次方程。

The law of cosines gives cosα=1242r2,\cos\alpha = 1 - \frac{242}{r^2}, while sinβ2=10r;\sin\frac{\beta}{2} = \frac{10}{r}; equating them yields a quadratic in rr

解答:

长度为 2020 的弦的一半给出 sinβ2=10r\sin\frac{\beta}{2} = \frac{10}{r},而在两腰为 rr、底边为 2222 的等腰三角形中应用余弦定理,得到 222=2r2(1cosα)22^2 = 2r^2(1 - \cos\alpha),所以 cosα=1242r2\cos\alpha = 1 - \frac{242}{r^2}。令二者相等,得到 1242r2=10rr210r242=0 \begin{aligned} 1 - \frac{242}{r^2} &= \frac{10}{r} \\ &\quad\Longrightarrow\quad r^2 - 10r - 242 \\ &= 0 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 r=5+267r = 5 + \sqrt{267}(取正根)。

所以 p+q=5+267=272p + q = 5 + 267 = 272

Half a 2020-chord gives sinβ2=10r,\sin\frac{\beta}{2} = \frac{10}{r}, and the law of cosines on the isosceles triangle with legs rr and base 2222 gives 222=2r2(1cosα),22^2 = 2r^2(1 - \cos\alpha), so cosα=1242r2.\cos\alpha = 1 - \frac{242}{r^2}. Equating, 1242r2=10rr210r242=0, \begin{aligned} 1 - \frac{242}{r^2} &= \frac{10}{r} \\ &\quad\Longrightarrow\quad r^2 - 10r - 242 \\ &= 0, \end{aligned} so r=5+267r = 5 + \sqrt{267} (taking the positive root).

Therefore p+q=5+267=272.p + q = 5 + 267 = 272.

9.

一个 7×17 \times 1 的板完全由 m×1m \times 1 的砖覆盖且不重叠;每块砖可以覆盖任意数量的连续小方格,并且每块砖都完全位于板上。每块砖要么是红色、蓝色,要么是绿色。设 NN 为铺满 7×17 \times 1 的板且三种颜色都至少使用一次的铺法数。例如,一块 1×11 \times 1 的红砖后接一块 2×12 \times 1 的绿砖、一块 1×11 \times 1 的绿砖、一块 2×12 \times 1 的蓝砖、以及一块 1×11 \times 1 的绿砖,是一种合法铺法。注意,如果那块 2×12 \times 1 的蓝砖换成两块 1×11 \times 1 的蓝砖,会得到一种不同的铺法。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

A 7×17 \times 1 board is completely covered by m×1m \times 1 tiles without overlap; each tile may cover any number of consecutive squares, and each tile lies completely on the board. Each tile is either red, blue, or green. Let NN be the number of tilings of the 7×17 \times 1 board in which all three colors are used at least once. For example, a 1×11 \times 1 red tile followed by a 2×12 \times 1 green tile, a 1×11 \times 1 green tile, a 2×12 \times 1 blue tile, and a 1×11 \times 1 green tile is a valid tiling. Note that if the 2×12 \times 1 blue tile is replaced by two 1×11 \times 1 blue tiles, this results in a different tiling. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:106
难度评级:2610
小提示:

先数允许使用 kk 种颜色时的所有铺法:从左到右扫描,注意每个新方格要么延续当前砖,要么开始一块新砖。

First count all tilings when kk colors are allowed: scan left to right, and note each new square either extends the current tile or starts a fresh tile

大提示:

这个计数是 k(k+1)6k(k+1)^6。然后对哪些颜色没有被使用做容斥。

That count is k(k+1)6.k(k+1)^6. Then use inclusion-exclusion over which of the three colors go unused.

解答:

先数有 kk 种颜色可用时的彩色铺法。第一个方格所在的砖有 kk 种颜色可选;之后的 66 个方格中,每个方格要么延续当前砖,要么以 kk 种颜色之一开始一块新砖,所以每个方格有 k+1k + 1 种选择。因此共有 k(k+1)6k(k+1)^6 种铺法。

三种颜色时共有 346=122883 \cdot 4^6 = 12288 种铺法。对未使用的颜色做容斥,使用全部三种颜色的铺法数为 N=3463(236)+3(126)=122884374+192=8106 \begin{aligned} N &= 3 \cdot 4^6 - 3 \cdot (2 \cdot 3^6) \\ &\quad {}+ 3 \cdot (1 \cdot 2^6) \\ &= 12288 - 4374 + 192 \\ &= 8106 \end{aligned}\text{。}

NN 除以 10001000 的余数是 106106

First count colored tilings when kk colors are available. The first square’s tile can be colored in kk ways, and each of the remaining 66 squares either extends the current tile or starts a new tile in one of the kk colors, giving k+1k + 1 choices per square. So there are k(k+1)6k(k+1)^6 tilings.

With three colors that is 346=122883 \cdot 4^6 = 12288 tilings. By inclusion-exclusion over the unused colors, the number using all three colors is N=3463(236)+3(126)=122884374+192=8106. \begin{aligned} N &= 3 \cdot 4^6 - 3 \cdot (2 \cdot 3^6) \\ &\quad {}+ 3 \cdot (1 \cdot 2^6) \\ &= 12288 - 4374 + 192 \\ &= 8106. \end{aligned}

The remainder when NN is divided by 10001000 is 106.106.

10.

给定一个半径为 13\sqrt{13} 的圆,设 AA 是到圆心 OO 距离为 4+134 + \sqrt{13} 的一点。设 BB 是圆上离点 AA 最近的点。一条过点 AA 的直线与圆交于点 KKLLBKL\triangle BKL 的最大可能面积可写成 abcd\frac{a - b\sqrt{c}}{d},其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,aadd 互质,且 cc 不被任何质数平方整除。求 a+b+c+da + b + c + d

Given a circle of radius 13,\sqrt{13}, let AA be a point at a distance 4+134 + \sqrt{13} from the center OO of the circle. Let BB be the point on the circle nearest to point A.A. A line passing through the point AA intersects the circle at points KK and L.L. The maximum possible area for BKL\triangle BKL can be written in the form abcd,\frac{a - b\sqrt{c}}{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers, aa and dd are relatively prime, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

答案:146
难度评级:2840
小提示:

BB 位于线段 OAOA 上,且 AB=4AB = 4。对任意过 AA 的直线,OO 到该直线的距离和 BB 到该直线的距离之比为 OA:ABOA : AB

BB lies on segment OAOA with AB=4.AB = 4. For any line through A,A, the distances from OO and from BB to that line are in the ratio OA:ABOA : AB

大提示:

所以 [BKL]=44+13[OKL][BKL] = \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}}[OKL],且 [OKL]=132sin(KOL)[OKL] = \frac{13}{2}\sin(\angle KOL)KOL=90\angle KOL = 90^\circ 时最大。

So [BKL]=44+13[OKL],[BKL] = \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}}[OKL], and [OKL]=132sin(KOL)[OKL] = \frac{13}{2}\sin(\angle KOL) is largest when KOL=90\angle KOL = 90^\circ

解答:

最近点 BB 在线段 OAOA 上,满足 OB=13OB = \sqrt{13}AB=4AB = 4。三角形 OKLOKLBKLBKL 共用底边 KLKL,它们的高分别是 OOBB 到过 AA 的那条直线的距离。对直线 OAOA 上任意一点 PP,该距离为 PAsinφPA\sin\varphi,其中 φ\varphi 是两条直线的夹角,所以 [BKL][OKL]=ABAO=44+13\frac{[BKL]}{[OKL]} = \frac{AB}{AO} = \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}}\text{。}

因为 OK=OL=13OK = OL = \sqrt{13},所以 [OKL]=132sin(KOL)132[OKL] = \frac{13}{2}\sin(\angle KOL) \le \frac{13}{2},等号在 KOL=90\angle KOL = 90^\circ 时成立。这样的弦到 OO 的距离为 132\sqrt{\frac{13}{2}},小于 OAOA,所以某条过 AA 的直线能够实现它。

最大面积为 [BKL]=13244+13=264+13=26(413)3=10426133 \begin{aligned} [BKL] &= \frac{13}{2} \cdot \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{26}{4 + \sqrt{13}} = \frac{26(4 - \sqrt{13})}{3} \\ &= \frac{104 - 26\sqrt{13}}{3} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 a+b+c+da + b + c + d =104+26+13+3= 104 + 26 + 13 + 3 =146= 146

The nearest point BB lies on segment OAOA with OB=13OB = \sqrt{13} and AB=4.AB = 4. Triangles OKLOKL and BKLBKL share the base KL,KL, and their heights are the distances from OO and BB to the line through A.A. For any point PP on line OA,OA, that distance is PAsinφ,PA\sin\varphi, where φ\varphi is the angle between the two lines, so [BKL][OKL]=ABAO=44+13.\frac{[BKL]}{[OKL]} = \frac{AB}{AO} = \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}}.

Since OK=OL=13,OK = OL = \sqrt{13}, we have [OKL]=132sin(KOL)132,[OKL] = \frac{13}{2}\sin(\angle KOL) \le \frac{13}{2}, with equality when KOL=90.\angle KOL = 90^\circ. Such a chord lies at distance 132\sqrt{\frac{13}{2}} from O,O, which is less than OA,OA, so a line through AA can achieve it.

The maximum area is [BKL]=13244+13=264+13=26(413)3=10426133, \begin{aligned} [BKL] &= \frac{13}{2} \cdot \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{26}{4 + \sqrt{13}} = \frac{26(4 - \sqrt{13})}{3} \\ &= \frac{104 - 26\sqrt{13}}{3}, \end{aligned} so a+b+c+da + b + c + d =104+26+13+3= 104 + 26 + 13 + 3 =146.= 146.

11.

A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}A = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7\},并设 NN 为从集合 AA 到集合 AA 的函数 ff 的个数,使得 f(f(x))f(f(x)) 是常值函数。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7},A = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7\}, and let NN be the number of functions ff from set AA to set AA such that f(f(x))f(f(x)) is a constant function. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:399
难度评级:2890
小提示:

如果 f(f(x))=af(f(x)) = a 恒成立,令 SS 为被 ff 映到 aa 的元素集合。证明 f(a)=af(a) = a,且 SS 之外的每个元素都映入 S{a}S \setminus \{a\}

If f(f(x))=af(f(x)) = a always, let SS be the set of elements that ff sends to a.a. Show f(a)=af(a) = a and every element outside SS maps into S{a}S \setminus \{a\}

大提示:

S=k|S| = k:选择 aa,选择 SS 中其余元素,然后把外面的 7k7 - k 个元素各自映到 S{a}S \setminus \{a\} 中的任意元素,并对 kk 求和。

With S=k:|S| = k: choose a,a, choose the rest of S,S, then send each of the 7k7 - k outside elements anywhere in S{a},S \setminus \{a\}, and sum over kk

解答:

设对所有 xx 都有 f(f(x))=af(f(x)) = a,并令 S={x:f(x)=a}S = \{x : f(x) = a\}。任取 tSt \in S,得到 a=f(f(t))=f(a)a = f(f(t)) = f(a),所以 aSa \in S。每个 xx 都满足 f(x)Sf(x) \in S(因为 f(f(x))=af(f(x)) = a),且若 xSx \notin S,则 f(x)af(x) \ne a,所以 ffSS 的补集映入 S{a}S \setminus \{a\}。反过来,按这种方式构造的任何 ff 都满足要求。

S=k|S| = k,常值 aa77 种选择,SS 中其余 k1k - 1 个元素有 (6k1)\binom{6}{k-1} 种选择,而其余 7k7 - k 个元素各自在 S{a}S \setminus \{a\} 中选择像,共有 (k1)7k(k-1)^{7-k} 种。因此 N=7k=17(6k1)(k1)7k=7(0+6+240+540+240+30+1)=71057=7399 \begin{aligned} N &= \scriptsize 7\sum_{k=1}^{7} \binom{6}{k-1}(k-1)^{7-k} \\ &\scriptsize = 7\,(0 + 6 + 240 + 540 + 240 + 30 + 1) \\ &= 7 \cdot 1057 = 7399 \end{aligned}\text{。}

NN 除以 10001000 的余数是 399399

Say f(f(x))=af(f(x)) = a for all x,x, and let S={x:f(x)=a}.S = \{x : f(x) = a\}. Picking any tS,t \in S, we get a=f(f(t))=f(a),a = f(f(t)) = f(a), so aS.a \in S. Every xx satisfies f(x)Sf(x) \in S (because f(f(x))=af(f(x)) = a), and if xSx \notin S then f(x)a,f(x) \ne a, so ff maps the complement of SS into S{a}.S \setminus \{a\}. Conversely, any ff built this way works.

If S=k,|S| = k, we choose the constant aa in 77 ways, the remaining k1k - 1 elements of SS in (6k1)\binom{6}{k-1} ways, and an image in S{a}S \setminus \{a\} for each of the 7k7 - k other elements in (k1)7k(k-1)^{7-k} ways. Hence N=7k=17(6k1)(k1)7k=7(0+6+240+540+240+30+1)=71057=7399. \begin{aligned} N &= \scriptsize 7\sum_{k=1}^{7} \binom{6}{k-1}(k-1)^{7-k} \\ &\scriptsize = 7\,(0 + 6 + 240 + 540 + 240 + 30 + 1) \\ &= 7 \cdot 1057 = 7399. \end{aligned}

The remainder when NN is divided by 10001000 is 399.399.

12.

SS 为所有形如 z3+az2+bz+cz^3 + az^2 + bz + c 的多项式集合,其中 aabbcc 都是整数。求 SS 中有多少个多项式,使得它的每个根 zz 都满足 z=20|z| = 20z=13|z| = 13

Let SS be the set of all polynomials of the form z3+az2+bz+c,z^3 + az^2 + bz + c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers. Find the number of polynomials in SS such that each of its roots zz satisfies either z=20|z| = 20 or z=13.|z| = 13.

答案:540
难度评级:3060
小提示:

非实根成共轭对出现,所以要么三个根都来自 ±20\pm 20±13\pm 13,要么一个实根配上一对位于两个圆之一上的共轭根。

Nonreal roots come in conjugate pairs, so either all three roots are among ±20\pm 20 and ±13,\pm 13, or one real root is joined by a conjugate pair on one of the two circles

大提示:

对根 r±sir \pm s\mathrm{i} 和实数 kk,展开可知系数为整数当且仅当 2r2r 是整数;数出满足 r|r| 小于模长的半整数 rr

For roots r±sir \pm s\mathrm{i} and real k,k, expanding shows integer coefficients hold exactly when 2r2r is an integer; count the half-integers rr with r|r| less than the modulus

解答:

实系数三次多项式要么有三个实根,要么有一个实根和一对共轭根。模长为 20201313 的实数只有 ±20\pm 20±13\pm 13,所以全实根情形中,根是从这 44 个值中选出的大小为 33 的多重集合:共有 (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 个多项式。

否则,根为 k{±20,±13}k \in \{\pm 20, \pm 13\} 以及共轭对 r±sir \pm s\mathrm{i},其中 s0s \ne 0,且 r2+s2=400r^2 + s^2 = 400169169。展开 (zk)(z22rz+(r2+s2))(z - k)\bigl(z^2 - 2rz + (r^2 + s^2)\bigr) 可知各项系数为 (2r+k)-(2r + k)r2+s2+2rkr^2 + s^2 + 2rk(r2+s2)k-(r^2 + s^2)k,它们全为整数当且仅当 2r2r 是整数。在半径为 2020 的圆上,需要 r<20|r| \lt 20,允许 2r{39,,39}2r \in \{-39, \ldots, 39\},有 7979 种选择;在半径为 1313 的圆上,2r{25,,25}2r \in \{-25, \ldots, 25\},有 5151 种选择。再乘以 kk44 种选择,得到 4(79+51)=5204(79 + 51) = 520 个多项式;每个都不同,因为根决定多项式。

总共有 20+520=54020 + 520 = 540 个这样的多项式。

A cubic with real coefficients has either three real roots or one real root and a conjugate pair. The only real numbers with modulus 2020 or 1313 are ±20\pm 20 and ±13,\pm 13, so in the all-real case the roots form a multiset of size 33 from those 44 values: (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 polynomials.

Otherwise the roots are k{±20,±13}k \in \{\pm 20, \pm 13\} and a conjugate pair r±sir \pm s\mathrm{i} with s0s \ne 0 and r2+s2=400r^2 + s^2 = 400 or 169.169. Expanding (zk)(z22rz+(r2+s2))(z - k)\bigl(z^2 - 2rz + (r^2 + s^2)\bigr) shows the coefficients are (2r+k),-(2r + k), r2+s2+2rk,r^2 + s^2 + 2rk, and (r2+s2)k,-(r^2 + s^2)k, which are all integers exactly when 2r2r is an integer. On the circle of radius 2020 we need r<20,|r| \lt 20, allowing 2r{39,,39}:2r \in \{-39, \ldots, 39\}: 7979 choices; on the circle of radius 13,13, 2r{25,,25}:2r \in \{-25, \ldots, 25\}: 5151 choices. With 44 choices of k,k, that gives 4(79+51)=5204(79 + 51) = 520 polynomials, each distinct since the roots determine the polynomial.

In total there are 20+520=54020 + 520 = 540 such polynomials.

13.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AC=BCAC = BC,点 DDBC\overline{BC} 上,且 CD=3BDCD = 3 \cdot BD。设 EEAD\overline{AD} 的中点。已知 CE=7CE = \sqrt{7}BE=3BE = 3ABC\triangle ABC 的面积可表示为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数平方整除。求 m+nm + n

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AC=BC,AC = BC, and point DD is on BC\overline{BC} so that CD=3BD.CD = 3 \cdot BD. Let EE be the midpoint of AD.\overline{AD}. Given that CE=7CE = \sqrt{7} and BE=3,BE = 3, the area of ABC\triangle ABC can be expressed in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:10
难度评级:3060
小提示:

AB=2xAB = 2xAC=BC=yAC = BC = y;则 cosB=xy\cos B = \frac{x}{y},并在三角形 ABDABD 中用余弦定理把 AD2AD^2xxyy 表示。

Set AB=2xAB = 2x and AC=BC=y;AC = BC = y; then cosB=xy,\cos B = \frac{x}{y}, and the law of cosines in triangle ABDABD gives AD2AD^2 in terms of xx and yy

大提示:

CECEBEBE 分别是三角形 ACDACDABDABD 中边 ADAD 上的中线;中线公式 4ma2=2b2+2c2a24m_a^2 = 2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2 给出关于 x2x^2y2y^2 的两个方程。

CECE and BEBE are medians of triangles ACDACD and ABDABD to side AD;AD; the median formula 4ma2=2b2+2c2a24m_a^2 = 2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2 gives two equations in x2x^2 and y2y^2

解答:

AB=2xAB = 2xAC=BC=yAC = BC = y,于是 BD=y4BD = \frac{y}{4}CD=3y4CD = \frac{3y}{4},并且 cosB=xy\cos B = \frac{x}{y}(从 CCAB\overline{AB} 的中点作高)。在三角形 ABDABD 中用余弦定理:AD2=4x2+y21622xy4xy=3x2+y216 \begin{aligned} AD^2 &= 4x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16} \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 2x \cdot \frac{y}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{y} \\ &= 3x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16} \end{aligned}\text{。}

CECEBEBE 都是以 AD\overline{AD} 为一边的中线,分别位于三角形 ACDACDABDABD 中。中线公式 4m2=2b2+2c2a24m^2 = 2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2 给出 28=2y2+18y216AD2=49y2163x2 \begin{aligned} 28 &= 2y^2 + \frac{18y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= \frac{49y^2}{16} - 3x^2 \end{aligned}\text{,}36=8x2+2y216AD2=5x2+y216 \begin{aligned} 36 &= 8x^2 + \frac{2y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= 5x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16} \end{aligned}\text{。}由第二个方程 y216=365x2\frac{y^2}{16} = 36 - 5x^2;代入第一个方程得到 49(365x2)3x2=2849(36 - 5x^2) - 3x^2 = 28,所以 248x2=1736248x^2 = 1736x2=7x^2 = 7,进而 y2=16y^2 = 16

CC 作出的高长为 y2x2=3\sqrt{y^2 - x^2} = 3,所以面积为 122x3=37\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2x \cdot 3 = 3\sqrt{7},因此 m+n=3+7=10m + n = 3 + 7 = 10

Let AB=2xAB = 2x and AC=BC=y,AC = BC = y, so BD=y4,BD = \frac{y}{4}, CD=3y4,CD = \frac{3y}{4}, and cosB=xy\cos B = \frac{x}{y} (drop the altitude from CC to the midpoint of AB\overline{AB}). The law of cosines in triangle ABDABD gives AD2=4x2+y21622xy4xy=3x2+y216. \begin{aligned} AD^2 &= 4x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16} \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 2x \cdot \frac{y}{4} \cdot \frac{x}{y} \\ &= 3x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16}. \end{aligned}

Both CECE and BEBE are medians to AD,\overline{AD}, in triangles ACDACD and ABDABD respectively. The median formula 4m2=2b2+2c2a24m^2 = 2b^2 + 2c^2 - a^2 gives 28=2y2+18y216AD2=49y2163x2, \begin{aligned} 28 &= 2y^2 + \frac{18y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= \frac{49y^2}{16} - 3x^2, \end{aligned} 36=8x2+2y216AD2=5x2+y216. \begin{aligned} 36 &= 8x^2 + \frac{2y^2}{16} - AD^2 \\ &= 5x^2 + \frac{y^2}{16}. \end{aligned} From the second equation y216=365x2;\frac{y^2}{16} = 36 - 5x^2; substituting into the first gives 49(365x2)3x2=28,49(36 - 5x^2) - 3x^2 = 28, so 248x2=1736,248x^2 = 1736, x2=7,x^2 = 7, and then y2=16.y^2 = 16.

The altitude from CC has length y2x2=3,\sqrt{y^2 - x^2} = 3, so the area is 122x3=37,\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2x \cdot 3 = 3\sqrt{7}, and m+n=3+7=10.m + n = 3 + 7 = 10.

14.

对正整数 nnkk,令 f(n,k)f(n, k)nn 除以 kk 的余数;并对 n>1n \gt 1 定义 F(n)=max1kn2f(n,k)F(n) = \max_{1 \le k \le \frac{n}{2}} f(n, k)\text{。}n=20100F(n)\sum_{n = 20}^{100} F(n) 除以 10001000 的余数。

For positive integers nn and k,k, let f(n,k)f(n, k) be the remainder when nn is divided by k,k, and for n>1n \gt 1 let F(n)=max1kn2f(n,k).F(n) = \max_{1 \le k \le \frac{n}{2}} f(n, k). Find the remainder when n=20100F(n)\sum_{n = 20}^{100} F(n) is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:512
难度评级:3270
小提示:

kn2k \le \frac{n}{2} 时,商至少为 22,所以余数至多为 min(k1, n2k)\min(k - 1,\ n - 2k);尝试 kk 接近 n3\frac{n}{3} 的情况。

For kn2k \le \frac{n}{2} the quotient is at least 2,2, so the remainder is at most min(k1, n2k);\min(k - 1,\ n - 2k); try kk near n3\frac{n}{3}

大提示:

证明 F(3m)=m2F(3m) = m - 2F(3m+1)=m1F(3m+1) = m - 1,且 F(3m+2)=mF(3m+2) = m,它们都在 k=m+1k = m + 1 处取得,然后对范围求和。

Show F(3m)=m2,F(3m) = m - 2, F(3m+1)=m1,F(3m+1) = m - 1, and F(3m+2)=m,F(3m+2) = m, each achieved at k=m+1,k = m + 1, then sum over the range

解答:

kn2k \le \frac{n}{2} 时,商 nk\lfloor \frac{n}{k} \rfloor 至少为 22,所以余数 f(n,k)n2kf(n, k) \le n - 2k,也有 f(n,k)k1f(n, k) \le k - 1。写 n=3m+rn = 3m + r,其中 r{0,1,2}r \in \{0, 1, 2\}。用 k=m+1k = m + 1 去除,商为 22,余数为 m+r2m + r - 2,所以 F(n)m+r2F(n) \ge m + r - 2。反过来,当 km+1k \ge m + 1 时,f(n,k)n2km+r2f(n, k) \le n - 2k \le m + r - 2,而对更小的 kk,用上界 f(n,k)k1f(n, k) \le k - 1 即可完成证明:当 r=2r = 2 时,对 km+1k \le m + 1,余数至多为 mm;当 r=1r = 1 时,对 kmk \le m,余数至多为 m1m - 1;当 r=0r = 0 时,对 km1k \le m - 1,余数至多为 m2m - 2,而 k=mk = m 正好整除 3m3m,余数为 00。因此 F(3m)=m2,F(3m+1)=m1,F(3m+2)=m \begin{aligned} F(3m) &= m - 2, \\ F(3m + 1) &= m - 1, \\ F(3m + 2) &= m \end{aligned}\text{。}

n=20,,100n = 20, \ldots, 100 按三元组 3m13m - 13m3m3m+13m + 1 分组,其中 m=7,,33m = 7, \ldots, 33(注意 F(3m1)=F(3(m1)+2)F(3m - 1) = F(3(m-1) + 2) =m1= m - 1),每组三项贡献 (m1)+(m2)+(m1)(m - 1) + (m - 2) + (m - 1) =3m4= 3m - 4,所以 n=20100F(n)=m=733(3m4)=3(7+33)272427=1620108=1512 \begin{aligned} \tiny \sum_{n=20}^{100} F(n) &= \sum_{m=7}^{33} (3m - 4) \\ &= 3 \cdot \frac{(7 + 33) \cdot 27}{2} - 4 \cdot 27 \\ &= 1620 - 108 = 1512 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所求余数为 512512

For kn2k \le \frac{n}{2} the quotient nk\lfloor \frac{n}{k} \rfloor is at least 2,2, so the remainder satisfies f(n,k)n2kf(n, k) \le n - 2k as well as f(n,k)k1.f(n, k) \le k - 1. Write n=3m+rn = 3m + r with r{0,1,2}.r \in \{0, 1, 2\}. Dividing by k=m+1k = m + 1 gives quotient 22 and remainder m+r2,m + r - 2, so F(n)m+r2.F(n) \ge m + r - 2. Conversely, for km+1,k \ge m + 1, f(n,k)n2km+r2,f(n, k) \le n - 2k \le m + r - 2, and for smaller kk the bound f(n,k)k1f(n, k) \le k - 1 finishes the job: when r=2r = 2 it gives at most mm for km+1;k \le m + 1; when r=1r = 1 it gives at most m1m - 1 for km;k \le m; and when r=0r = 0 it gives at most m2m - 2 for km1,k \le m - 1, while k=mk = m divides 3m3m exactly, leaving remainder 0.0. Hence F(3m)=m2,F(3m+1)=m1,F(3m+2)=m. \begin{aligned} F(3m) &= m - 2, \\ F(3m + 1) &= m - 1, \\ F(3m + 2) &= m. \end{aligned}

Grouping n=20,,100n = 20, \ldots, 100 as triples 3m1,3m - 1, 3m,3m, 3m+13m + 1 for m=7,,33m = 7, \ldots, 33 (note F(3m1)=F(3(m1)+2)F(3m - 1) = F(3(m-1) + 2) =m1= m - 1), each triple contributes (m1)+(m2)+(m1)(m - 1) + (m - 2) + (m - 1) =3m4,= 3m - 4, so n=20100F(n)=m=733(3m4)=3(7+33)272427=1620108=1512. \begin{aligned} \tiny \sum_{n=20}^{100} F(n) &= \sum_{m=7}^{33} (3m - 4) \\ &= 3 \cdot \frac{(7 + 33) \cdot 27}{2} - 4 \cdot 27 \\ &= 1620 - 108 = 1512. \end{aligned}

The requested remainder is 512.512.

15.

AABBCC 是一个三角形的三个角,其中 AACC 为锐角,BB 为钝角,并满足 cos2A+cos2B+2sinAsinBcosC=158 \begin{aligned} &\cos^2 A + \cos^2 B \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \sin A \sin B \cos C = \frac{15}{8} \end{aligned} 以及 cos2B+cos2C+2sinBsinCcosA=149 \begin{aligned} &\cos^2 B + \cos^2 C \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \sin B \sin C \cos A = \frac{14}{9} \end{aligned}\text{。}存在正整数 ppqqrrss,使得 cos2C+cos2A+2sinCsinAcosB=pqrs \begin{aligned} &\cos^2 C + \cos^2 A \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \sin C \sin A \cos B \\ &= \frac{p - q\sqrt{r}}{s} \end{aligned}\text{,}其中 p+qp + qss 互质,且 rr 不被任何质数平方整除。求 p+q+r+sp + q + r + s

Let A,A, B,B, CC be angles of a triangle with AA and CC acute and BB greater than a right angle satisfying cos2A+cos2B+2sinAsinBcosC=158 \begin{aligned} &\cos^2 A + \cos^2 B \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \sin A \sin B \cos C = \frac{15}{8} \end{aligned} and cos2B+cos2C+2sinBsinCcosA=149. \begin{aligned} &\cos^2 B + \cos^2 C \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \sin B \sin C \cos A = \frac{14}{9}. \end{aligned} There are positive integers p,p, q,q, r,r, and ss for which cos2C+cos2A+2sinCsinAcosB=pqrs, \begin{aligned} &\cos^2 C + \cos^2 A \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \sin C \sin A \cos B \\ &= \frac{p - q\sqrt{r}}{s}, \end{aligned} where p+qp + q and ss are relatively prime and rr is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find p+q+r+s.p + q + r + s.

答案:222
难度评级:3370
小提示:

把第一个方程改写为 sin2A+sin2B\sin^2 A + \sin^2 B 2sinAsinBcosC=18- 2\sin A \sin B \cos C = \frac{1}{8};正弦定理和余弦定理会把左边变成 sin2C\sin^2 C

Rewrite the first equation as sin2A+sin2B\sin^2 A + \sin^2 B 2sinAsinBcosC=18;- 2\sin A \sin B \cos C = \frac{1}{8}; the laws of sines and cosines turn the left side into sin2C\sin^2 C

大提示:

因此 sin2C=18\sin^2 C = \frac{1}{8},且 sin2A=49\sin^2 A = \frac{4}{9},而所求量为 2sin2B2 - \sin^2 B,其中 sinB=sin(A+C)\sin B = \sin(A + C)

So sin2C=18\sin^2 C = \frac{1}{8} and sin2A=49,\sin^2 A = \frac{4}{9}, and the requested quantity is 2sin2B2 - \sin^2 B with sinB=sin(A+C)\sin B = \sin(A + C)

解答:

把每个 cos2\cos^2 替换为 1sin21 - \sin^2,第一个方程变为 sin2A+sin2B\sin^2 A + \sin^2 B 2sinAsinBcosC=18- 2 \sin A \sin B \cos C = \frac{1}{8}。由正弦定理,sinA=a2R\sin A = \frac{a}{2R},其他角同理,所以左边等于 a2+b22abcosC4R2=c24R2=sin2C \begin{aligned} \frac{a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos C}{4R^2} &= \frac{c^2}{4R^2} \\ &= \sin^2 C \end{aligned}\text{,}其中最后一步用到了余弦定理。因此 sin2C=2158=18\sin^2 C = 2 - \frac{15}{8} = \frac{1}{8}。同样的论证把第二个方程化为 sin2A=2149=49\sin^2 A = 2 - \frac{14}{9} = \frac{4}{9},并说明所求表达式等于 2sin2B2 - \sin^2 B

因为 AACC 是锐角,cosA=53\cos A = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{3}cosC=144\cos C = \frac{\sqrt{14}}{4},且 sinA=23\sin A = \frac{2}{3}sinC=24\sin C = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}。于是 sinB=sin(A+C)=23144+5324=214+1012 \begin{aligned} \sin B &= \sin(A + C) \\ &= \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{14}}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{5}}{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \\ &= \frac{2\sqrt{14} + \sqrt{10}}{12} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 sin2B=66+835144=33+43572\sin^2 B = \frac{66 + 8\sqrt{35}}{144} = \frac{33 + 4\sqrt{35}}{72}

因此 2sin2B=111435722 - \sin^2 B = \frac{111 - 4\sqrt{35}}{72},且 p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =111+4+35+72= 111 + 4 + 35 + 72 =222= 222

Replacing each cos2\cos^2 by 1sin2,1 - \sin^2, the first equation becomes sin2A+sin2B\sin^2 A + \sin^2 B 2sinAsinBcosC=18.- 2 \sin A \sin B \cos C = \frac{1}{8}. By the law of sines, sinA=a2R\sin A = \frac{a}{2R} and so on, so the left side equals a2+b22abcosC4R2=c24R2=sin2C \begin{aligned} \frac{a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos C}{4R^2} &= \frac{c^2}{4R^2} \\ &= \sin^2 C \end{aligned} by the law of cosines. Hence sin2C=2158=18.\sin^2 C = 2 - \frac{15}{8} = \frac{1}{8}. The same argument turns the second equation into sin2A=2149=49,\sin^2 A = 2 - \frac{14}{9} = \frac{4}{9}, and shows the requested expression equals 2sin2B.2 - \sin^2 B.

Since AA and CC are acute, cosA=53\cos A = \frac{\sqrt{5}}{3} and cosC=144,\cos C = \frac{\sqrt{14}}{4}, with sinA=23\sin A = \frac{2}{3} and sinC=24.\sin C = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}. Then sinB=sin(A+C)=23144+5324=214+1012, \begin{aligned} \sin B &= \sin(A + C) \\ &= \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{14}}{4} + \frac{\sqrt{5}}{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \\ &= \frac{2\sqrt{14} + \sqrt{10}}{12}, \end{aligned} so sin2B=66+835144=33+43572.\sin^2 B = \frac{66 + 8\sqrt{35}}{144} = \frac{33 + 4\sqrt{35}}{72}.

Therefore 2sin2B=11143572,2 - \sin^2 B = \frac{111 - 4\sqrt{35}}{72}, and p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =111+4+35+72= 111 + 4 + 35 + 72 =222.= 222.