2013 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

Math 老师的幼儿园班级有 1616 名注册学生。教室里有非常多的积木,数量为 NN,并满足以下条件:

• 若班上有 161615151414 名学生到场,则每一种情况下都能把所有积木平均分给每名学生,并且

• 存在三个整数 0<x<y<z<140 \lt x \lt y \lt z \lt 14,使得当 xxyyzz 名学生到场并把积木平均分给每名学生时,都恰好剩下三块积木。

求满足以上条件的最小可能 NN 的不同素因数之和。

Ms. Math's kindergarten class has 1616 registered students. The classroom has a very large number, N,N, of play blocks which satisfies the conditions:

• If 16,16, 15,15, or 1414 students are present in the class, then in each case all the blocks can be distributed in equal numbers to each student, and

• There are three integers 0<x<y<z<140 \lt x \lt y \lt z \lt 14 such that when x,x, y,y, or zz students are present and the blocks are distributed in equal numbers to each student, there are exactly three blocks left over.

Find the sum of the distinct prime divisors of the least possible value of NN satisfying the above conditions.

答案:148
知识点:最小公倍数模运算中国剩余定理
难度评级:2990
解答:

能被 161615151414 整除说明 N=1680mN = 1680m,其中 1680=lcm(14,15,16)1680 = \operatorname{lcm}(14, 15, 16) =24357= 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 小于 1414 的正整数中,除了 9911111313 外都整除 16801680,而 NN 的因数分配后余数为 00,不是 33。所以必有 {x,y,z}={9,11,13}\{x, y, z\} = \{9, 11, 13\},并且需要 1680m31680m \equiv 3 分别模 9911111313

因为 16806(mod9)1680 \equiv 6 \pmod 9,第一个同余为 6m3(mod9)6m \equiv 3 \pmod 9,即 m2(mod3)m \equiv 2 \pmod 3。因为 16808(mod11)1680 \equiv 8 \pmod{11},需要 8m3(mod11)8m \equiv 3 \pmod{11},即 m10(mod11)m \equiv 10 \pmod{11}。因为 16803(mod13)1680 \equiv 3 \pmod{13},需要 m1(mod13)m \equiv 1 \pmod{13}。由中国剩余定理合并得 m131(mod429)m \equiv 131 \pmod{429},所以最小的 mm131131

因此 N=1680131N = 1680 \cdot 131 =24357131= 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 131,且 131131 是素数,所以不同素因数之和为 2+3+5+7+131=1482 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 131 = 148

Divisibility by 16,16, 15,15, and 1414 means N=1680mN = 1680m where 1680=lcm(14,15,16)1680 = \operatorname{lcm}(14, 15, 16) =24357.= 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7. Every positive integer less than 1414 divides 16801680 except 9,9, 11,11, and 13,13, and a divisor of NN leaves remainder 0,0, not 3.3. So necessarily {x,y,z}={9,11,13},\{x, y, z\} = \{9, 11, 13\}, and we need 1680m31680m \equiv 3 modulo each of 9,9, 11,11, 13.13.

Since 16806(mod9),1680 \equiv 6 \pmod 9, the first congruence is 6m3(mod9),6m \equiv 3 \pmod 9, i.e. m2(mod3).m \equiv 2 \pmod 3. Since 16808(mod11),1680 \equiv 8 \pmod{11}, we need 8m3(mod11),8m \equiv 3 \pmod{11}, i.e. m10(mod11).m \equiv 10 \pmod{11}. Since 16803(mod13),1680 \equiv 3 \pmod{13}, we need m1(mod13).m \equiv 1 \pmod{13}. By the Chinese remainder theorem these combine to m131(mod429),m \equiv 131 \pmod{429}, so the least mm is 131.131.

Then N=1680131N = 1680 \cdot 131 =24357131,= 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 131, and since 131131 is prime, the sum of the distinct prime divisors is 2+3+5+7+131=148.2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 131 = 148.

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