2008 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

求满足以下条件的最大整数 nn:(i) n2n^2 可表示为两个连续立方数之差;(ii) 2n+792n + 79 是一个完全平方数。

Find the largest integer nn satisfying the following conditions: (i) n2n^2 can be expressed as the difference of two consecutive cubes; (ii) 2n+792n + 79 is a perfect square.

答案:181
知识点:丢番图方程完全平方数平方差模运算
难度评级:3160
解答:

条件 (i) 表示对某个整数 mmn2=(m+1)3m3n^2 = (m + 1)^3 - m^3 =3m2+3m+1= 3m^2 + 3m + 1。两边乘以 44 并整理,得 4n21=12m2+12m+34n^2 - 1 = 12m^2 + 12m + 3,即 (2n1)(2n+1)=3(2m+1)2.(2n - 1)(2n + 1) = 3(2m + 1)^2. 左边两个因子是相邻奇数,因此互质,所以一个是完全平方数,另一个是 33 倍的完全平方数。若 2n1=3k22n - 1 = 3k^2,则 2n+12(mod3)2n + 1 \equiv 2 \pmod 3 会是一个完全平方数,这是不可能的。因此 2n1=k22n - 1 = k^2,其中 kk 为奇数。

k=2a+1k = 2a + 1,得到 n=2a2+2a+1n = 2a^2 + 2a + 1。条件 (ii) 表示 2n+79=4a2+4a+81=d22n + 79 = 4a^2 + 4a + 81 = d^2,所以 (d2a1)(d+2a+1)=d2(2a+1)2=80. \begin{aligned} &(d - 2a - 1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (d + 2a + 1) \\ &= d^2 - (2a + 1)^2 \\ &= 80. \end{aligned} 两个因子奇偶性相同,所以都为偶数:因子对 (2,40)(2, 40)(4,20)(4, 20)(8,10)(8, 10) 分别给出 2a+1=192a + 1 = 198811,其中奇数值给出 a=9a = 9(于是 n=181n = 181) 和 a=0a = 0(于是 n=1n = 1)。

n=181n = 181:确有 1812=32761=10531043181^2 = 32761 = 105^3 - 104^3(此时 2n+1=363=31122n + 1 = 363 = 3 \cdot 11^2,符合要求),且 2n+79=441=2122n + 79 = 441 = 21^2。所以满足条件的最大 nn181181

Condition (i) says n2=(m+1)3m3n^2 = (m + 1)^3 - m^3 =3m2+3m+1= 3m^2 + 3m + 1 for some integer m.m. Multiplying by 44 and rearranging, 4n21=12m2+12m+3,4n^2 - 1 = 12m^2 + 12m + 3, i.e. (2n1)(2n+1)=3(2m+1)2.(2n - 1)(2n + 1) = 3(2m + 1)^2. The factors on the left are consecutive odd numbers, hence coprime, so one of them is a perfect square and the other is 33 times a square. If 2n1=3k2,2n - 1 = 3k^2, then 2n+12(mod3)2n + 1 \equiv 2 \pmod 3 would be a perfect square, which is impossible. Hence 2n1=k22n - 1 = k^2 with kk odd.

Writing k=2a+1k = 2a + 1 gives n=2a2+2a+1.n = 2a^2 + 2a + 1. Condition (ii) says 2n+79=4a2+4a+81=d2,2n + 79 = 4a^2 + 4a + 81 = d^2, so (d2a1)(d+2a+1)=d2(2a+1)2=80. \begin{aligned} &(d - 2a - 1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (d + 2a + 1) \\ &= d^2 - (2a + 1)^2 \\ &= 80. \end{aligned} The two factors have the same parity, so both are even: the pairs (2,40),(2, 40), (4,20),(4, 20), (8,10)(8, 10) give 2a+1=19,2a + 1 = 19, 8,8, 1,1, of which the odd values yield a=9a = 9 (so n=181n = 181) and a=0a = 0 (so n=1n = 1).

For n=181:n = 181: indeed 1812=32761=10531043181^2 = 32761 = 105^3 - 104^3 (here 2n+1=363=3112,2n + 1 = 363 = 3 \cdot 11^2, as required), and 2n+79=441=212.2n + 79 = 441 = 21^2. So the largest such nn is 181.181.

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