2007 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

在三角形 ABCABC 内部画出四个半径相同的圆 ω\omegaωA\omega_AωB\omega_B, 和 ωC\omega_C,使得 ωA\omega_A 与边 ABABACAC 相切,ωB\omega_BBCBCBABA 相切,ωC\omega_CCACACBCB 相切,并且 ω\omegaωA\omega_AωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 外切。若三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 131314141515, 则 ω\omega 的半径可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n}, 其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。 求 m+nm + n

Four circles ω,\omega, ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, and ωC\omega_C with the same radius are drawn in the interior of triangle ABCABC such that ωA\omega_A is tangent to sides ABAB and AC,AC, ωB\omega_B to BCBC and BA,BA, ωC\omega_C to CACA and CB,CB, and ω\omega is externally tangent to ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, and ωC.\omega_C. If the sides of triangle ABCABC are 13,13, 14,14, and 15,15, the radius of ω\omega can be represented in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:389
知识点:位似内切圆、内心与内切圆半径外接圆、外心与外接圆半径海伦公式
难度评级:3270
解答:

xx 为共同半径,令 OAO_AOBO_BOCO_C 分别为 ωA\omega_AωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 的圆心。每个圆心到三角形的两条边距离为 xx,所以每个圆心都在一条角平分线上,且三角形 OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C 的边与 ABCABC 的对应边平行,相距 x.x. 因此 OAOBOCO_A O_B O_CABCABC 以内心 II 为中心、按比例 rxr\frac{r - x}{r} 位似得到的图形,其中 rr 是内切圆半径;特别地,它的外接圆半径为 RrxrR \cdot \frac{r - x}{r},其中 RRABCABC 的外接圆半径。

ω\omega 的圆心到 OAO_AOBO_BOCO_C 的距离都为 2x2x(等圆外切), 所以它是三角形 OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C 的外心,并且 2x=Rrxr.2x = R \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}.1313-1414-1515 三角形,s=21s = 21,Heron 公式给出面积 21876=84\sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84, 所以 r=8421=4r = \frac{84}{21} = 4,且 R=131415484=658R = \frac{13 \cdot 14 \cdot 15}{4 \cdot 84} = \frac{65}{8}

于是 2x=6584x42x = \frac{65}{8} \cdot \frac{4 - x}{4},得到 64x=26065x64x = 260 - 65x,所以 x=260129x = \frac{260}{129}。因为 129=343129 = 3 \cdot 43260260 无公因数,答案为 m+n=260+129=389m + n = 260 + 129 = 389

Let xx be the common radius, and let OA,O_A, OB,O_B, OCO_C be the centers of ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, ωC.\omega_C. Each is at distance xx from two sides of the triangle, so each lies on an angle bisector, and the sides of triangle OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C are parallel to those of ABCABC at distance x.x. Hence OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C is the image of ABCABC under the homothety centered at the incenter II with ratio rxr,\frac{r - x}{r}, where rr is the inradius; in particular its circumradius is Rrxr,R \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}, where RR is the circumradius of ABC.ABC.

The center of ω\omega is at distance 2x2x from each of OA,O_A, OB,O_B, OCO_C (externally tangent equal circles), so it is the circumcenter of OAOBOCO_A O_B O_C and 2x=Rrxr.2x = R \cdot \frac{r - x}{r}. For the 1313-1414-1515 triangle, s=21s = 21 and Heron's formula gives area 21876=84,\sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84, so r=8421=4r = \frac{84}{21} = 4 and R=131415484=658.R = \frac{13 \cdot 14 \cdot 15}{4 \cdot 84} = \frac{65}{8}.

Then 2x=6584x42x = \frac{65}{8} \cdot \frac{4 - x}{4} gives 64x=26065x,64x = 260 - 65x, so x=260129.x = \frac{260}{129}. Since 129=343129 = 3 \cdot 43 shares no factor with 260,260, the answer is m+n=260+129=389.m + n = 260 + 129 = 389.

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