2007 AIME I 第 5 题

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5.

将华氏温度 FF 转换为对应摄氏温度 CC 的公式是 C=59(F32)C = \frac{5}{9}(F - 32)。一个整数华氏温度先被转换为摄氏温度并四舍五入到最接近的整数; 得到的整数摄氏温度再转换回华氏温度,并四舍五入到最接近的整数。对于满足 32T100032 \le T \le 1000 的整数华氏温度 TT 有多少个原温度等于最终温度?

The formula for converting a Fahrenheit temperature FF to the corresponding Celsius temperature CC is C=59(F32).C = \frac{5}{9}(F - 32). An integer Fahrenheit temperature is converted to Celsius and rounded to the nearest integer; the resulting integer Celsius temperature is converted back to Fahrenheit and rounded to the nearest integer. For how many integer Fahrenheit temperatures TT with 32T100032 \le T \le 1000 does the original temperature equal the final temperature?

答案:539
知识点:取整函数模运算小情形
难度评级:2560
解答:

FF 增加 99 时,59(F32)\frac{5}{9}(F - 32), 恰好增加 55 因而四舍五入后的摄氏值也增加 55 最终华氏值也增加 99。所以 TT 能回到自身当且仅当 T+9T + 9 能回到自身, 因此只需检查连续九个温度。检查 32324040:最终值为 32,34,34,36,36,37,37,39,3932, 34, 34, 36, 36, 37, 37, 39, 39, 所以恰好有 32,34,36,37,3932, 34, 36, 37, 39 这五个温度能保留下来。

3232994994 的范围含有 963=1079963 = 107 \cdot 9 个整数,贡献 1075=535107 \cdot 5 = 535 个保留下来的温度。剩下的 995,,1000995, \ldots, 1000 行为与 32,,3732, \ldots, 37, 相同,其中 32,34,36,3732, 34, 36, 37 能保留下来,又增加 44 个。

总数为 535+4=539535 + 4 = 539

Adding 99 to FF adds exactly 55 to 59(F32),\frac{5}{9}(F - 32), hence 55 to the rounded Celsius value, hence 99 to the final Fahrenheit value. So TT returns to itself if and only if T+9T + 9 does, and it suffices to check nine consecutive temperatures. Checking 3232 through 40:40: the final values are 32,34,34,36,36,37,37,39,39,32, 34, 34, 36, 36, 37, 37, 39, 39, so exactly the five temperatures 32,34,36,37,3932, 34, 36, 37, 39 survive.

The range from 3232 through 994994 contains 963=1079963 = 107 \cdot 9 integers, contributing 1075=535107 \cdot 5 = 535 survivors. The remaining 995,,1000995, \ldots, 1000 behave like 32,,37,32, \ldots, 37, of which 32,34,36,3732, 34, 36, 37 survive, adding 44 more.

The total is 535+4=539.535 + 4 = 539.

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