2005 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

一个粒子在笛卡尔平面内从一个格点移动到另一个格点,规则如下:

• 从任意格点 (a,b)(a, b), 粒子只能移动到 (a+1,b)(a+1, b)(a,b+1)(a, b+1), 或 (a+1,b+1)(a+1, b+1)

• 粒子的路径中没有直角转弯。也就是说,访问过的点列中既不包含形如 (a,b)(a, b)(a+1,b)(a+1, b)(a+1,b+1)(a+1, b+1) 的子序列,也不包含形如 (a,b)(a, b)(a,b+1)(a, b+1)(a+1,b+1)(a+1, b+1) 的子序列。

粒子从 (0,0)(0, 0)(5,5)(5, 5) 可以走多少条不同路径?

A particle moves in the Cartesian plane from one lattice point to another according to the following rules:

• From any lattice point (a,b),(a, b), the particle may move only to (a+1,b),(a+1, b), (a,b+1),(a, b+1), or (a+1,b+1).(a+1, b+1).

• There are no right angle turns in the particle's path. That is, the sequence of points visited contains neither a subsequence of the form (a,b),(a, b), (a+1,b),(a+1, b), (a+1,b+1)(a+1, b+1) nor a subsequence of the form (a,b),(a, b), (a,b+1),(a, b+1), (a+1,b+1).(a+1, b+1).

How many different paths can the particle take from (0,0)(0, 0) to (5,5)?(5, 5)?

答案:83
知识点:格路递推计数
难度评级:3060
解答:

禁止直角转弯恰好表示:向右的一步绝不能紧接在向上的一步之后,反过来也一样;对角步可以跟在任何步之后或之前。因此在每个格点 (x,y)(x, y) 记录三个计数 D(x,y)D(x,y)R(x,y)R(x,y)U(x,y)U(x,y): 从 (0,0)(0,0) 出发、以对角、向右或向上的一步到达该点的合法路径数。规则给出 D(x,y)=D+R+U at (x1,y1),R(x,y)=D(x1,y)+R(x1,y),U(x,y)=D(x,y1)+U(x,y1). \begin{aligned} &D(x,y) = D + R \\ &\quad {}+ U \text{ at } (x-1, y-1), \\ &R(x,y) = D(x-1,y) \\ &\quad {}+ R(x-1,y), \\ &U(x,y) = D(x,y-1) \\ &\quad {}+ U(x,y-1). \end{aligned}

(0,0)(0,0) 处唯一的空路径开始(它可以从任意一步开始),填表直到 (5,5)(5,5)。在坐标轴上,只有全向右或全向上的路径保留下来;内部的计数会快速累积。在 (5,5)(5, 5) 处,三个计数分别为 27272828, 和 2828

路径总数为 27+28+28=8327 + 28 + 28 = 83

The forbidden right-angle turns say exactly that a rightward step may never immediately follow an upward step, and vice versa; a diagonal step may follow or precede anything. So at each lattice point (x,y)(x, y) track three counts D(x,y),D(x,y), R(x,y),R(x,y), U(x,y):U(x,y): the numbers of legal paths from (0,0)(0,0) arriving there by a diagonal, rightward, or upward step. The rules give D(x,y)=D+R+U at (x1,y1),R(x,y)=D(x1,y)+R(x1,y),U(x,y)=D(x,y1)+U(x,y1). \begin{aligned} &D(x,y) = D + R \\ &\quad {}+ U \text{ at } (x-1, y-1), \\ &R(x,y) = D(x-1,y) \\ &\quad {}+ R(x-1,y), \\ &U(x,y) = D(x,y-1) \\ &\quad {}+ U(x,y-1). \end{aligned}

Starting from the single empty path at (0,0)(0,0) (which may begin with any step), fill in the grid up to (5,5).(5,5). Along the axes only all-rightward or all-upward paths survive, and the interior builds up quickly; at (5,5)(5, 5) the three counts come out to 27,27, 28,28, and 28.28.

The total number of paths is 27+28+28=83.27 + 28 + 28 = 83.

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