2023 AIME I 第 14 题

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14.

下面的模拟时钟有两根指针,它们可以彼此独立地移动。

起初,两根指针都指向数字 1212。时钟执行一串指针移动,使得每一步移动中,两根指针中的一根顺时针移动到表盘上的下一个数字,另一根指针不动。

NN 为这样的 144144 步指针移动序列的个数:在整个序列中,每一种可能的两指针位置恰好出现一次,并且在 144144 步移动结束时,两根指针回到初始位置。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

The following analog clock has two hands that can move independently of each other.

Initially, both hands point to the number 12.12. The clock performs a sequence of hand movements so that on each movement, one of the two hands moves clockwise to the next number on the clock face while the other hand does not move.

Let NN be the number of sequences of 144144 hand movements such that during the sequence, every possible positioning of the hands appears exactly once, and at the end of the 144144 movements, the hands have returned to their initial position. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:608
知识点:图论模运算组合
难度评级:3500
解答:

将两根指针记为有序对 (a,b)Z12×Z12(a, b) \in \mathbb{Z}_{12} \times \mathbb{Z}_{12};每一步把 (a,b)(a, b) 替换为 (a+1,b)(a+1, b)(a,b+1)(a, b+1),因此一个合法序列就是经过全部 144144 个位置的闭合巡游, 等价于在每个位置选择下一步移动哪根指针。按 bb, 把位置分成 1212 行,并令 SbZ12S_b \subseteq \mathbb{Z}_{12} 为巡游离开第 bb 行时的 aa 值集合(一次 bb-移动)。 从第 b1b - 1 行的一次 bb-移动会以同一个 aa 值进入第 bb 行,之后巡游沿连续的 aa 值前进, 直到下一次离开。为了让这些连续段恰好覆盖第 bb 行一次,它们必须分割 Z12\mathbb{Z}_{12},这迫使每个进入点都正好在某个离开点之后一步: Sb1=Sb+1S_{b-1} = S_b + 1。特别地,每个 SbS_b 的大小相同,设为 cc,并且 Sb=S0bS_b = S_0 - b

在第 bb 行的第 ii 个离开点(按循环顺序)离开,会导致一段在第 b+1b + 1: 行的第 (i+1)(i+1) 个离开点结束:每次 bb-移动都使行指标模 1212 增加 11,并使离开点指标模 cc。 增加 11。因此巡游会在 lcm(12,c)\operatorname{lcm}(12, c)bb-移动后闭合,而完整巡游必须使用全部 12c12c 个离开点,所以这条巡游恰好是经过全部 144144 个位置的单循环,当且仅当 gcd(c,12)=1\gcd(c, 12) = 1。 反过来,每个满足 gcd(S0,12)=1\gcd(|S_0|, 12) = 1S0S_0 都从起点给出恰好一个合法移动序列。

因此 所以 NN 除以 10001000 的余数为 608608N=(121)+(125)+(127)+(1211)=12+792+792+12=1608, \begin{aligned} N &= \binom{12}{1} + \binom{12}{5} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{12}{7} + \binom{12}{11} \\ &= 12 + 792 + 792 \\ &\quad {}+ 12 = 1608, \end{aligned}

Record the hands as an ordered pair (a,b)Z12×Z12;(a, b) \in \mathbb{Z}_{12} \times \mathbb{Z}_{12}; each movement replaces (a,b)(a, b) by (a+1,b)(a+1, b) or (a,b+1),(a, b+1), so a valid sequence is a closed tour through all 144144 positions — equivalently, a choice, at each position, of which hand moves next. Sort the positions into 1212 rows according to b,b, and let SbZ12S_b \subseteq \mathbb{Z}_{12} be the set of aa-values at which the tour leaves row bb (a bb-move). A bb-move from row b1b - 1 enters row bb at the same aa-value, and the tour then runs through consecutive aa-values until its next exit. For these runs to cover row bb exactly once they must partition Z12,\mathbb{Z}_{12}, which forces each entry point to sit one step past an exit: Sb1=Sb+1.S_{b-1} = S_b + 1. In particular every SbS_b has the same size c,c, and Sb=S0b.S_b = S_0 - b.

Leaving row bb at its ii-th exit (in cyclic order) leads to a run ending at the (i+1)(i+1)-st exit of row b+1:b + 1: each bb-move advances the row index by 11 modulo 1212 and the exit index by 11 modulo c.c. The tour therefore closes after lcm(12,c)\operatorname{lcm}(12, c) bb-moves, while a full tour must use all 12c12c exits, so the tour is a single cycle through all 144144 positions precisely when gcd(c,12)=1.\gcd(c, 12) = 1. Conversely, every choice of S0S_0 with gcd(S0,12)=1\gcd(|S_0|, 12) = 1 yields exactly one valid movement sequence from the starting position.

Hence N=(121)+(125)+(127)+(1211)=12+792+792+12=1608, \begin{aligned} N &= \binom{12}{1} + \binom{12}{5} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{12}{7} + \binom{12}{11} \\ &= 12 + 792 + 792 \\ &\quad {}+ 12 = 1608, \end{aligned} and the remainder when NN is divided by 10001000 is 608.608.

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