2020 AIME II 第 2 题

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2.

在顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(1,0)(1, 0)(1,1)(1, 1)(0,1)(0, 1) 的单位正方形内部,均匀随机选取一点 PP。由 PP 与点 (58,38)\left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right) 确定的直线斜率大于或等于 12\frac{1}{2} 的概率可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let PP be a point chosen uniformly at random in the interior of the unit square with vertices at (0,0),(0, 0), (1,0),(1, 0), (1,1),(1, 1), and (0,1).(0, 1). The probability that the slope of the line determined by PP and the point (58,38)\left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right) is greater than or equal to 12\frac{1}{2} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:171
知识点:几何概率斜率梯形
难度评级:2110
解答:

Q=(58,38)Q = \left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right),且 P=(x,y)P = (x, y)。斜率条件 y3/8x5/812\frac{y - 3/8}{x - 5/8} \ge \frac{1}{2}x>58x \gt \frac{5}{8} 时变为 yx2+116y \ge \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16},在 x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} 时变为 yx2+116y \le \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16}(乘以负数 x58x - \frac{5}{8} 会反转不等号)。

x>58x \gt \frac{5}{8} 时,正方形内位于直线 y=x2+116y = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} 上方的区域是一个梯形,平行的竖边长度分别为 58\frac{5}{8}(在 x=58x = \frac{5}{8} 处)和 716\frac{7}{16}(在 x=1x = 1 处),宽为 38\frac{3}{8},面积为 385/8+7/162=51256\frac{3}{8} \cdot \frac{5/8 + 7/16}{2} = \frac{51}{256}。当 x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} 时,直线下方的区域是一个梯形,平行边长度分别为 116\frac{1}{16}(在 x=0x = 0 处)和 38\frac{3}{8}(在 x=58x = \frac{5}{8} 处),宽为 58\frac{5}{8},面积为 581/16+3/82=35256\frac{5}{8} \cdot \frac{1/16 + 3/8}{2} = \frac{35}{256}

概率为 51256+35256=86256=43128\frac{51}{256} + \frac{35}{256} = \frac{86}{256} = \frac{43}{128},所以 m+n=43+128=171m + n = 43 + 128 = 171

Let Q=(58,38)Q = \left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right) and P=(x,y).P = (x, y). The slope condition y3/8x5/812\frac{y - 3/8}{x - 5/8} \ge \frac{1}{2} becomes yx2+116y \ge \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} when x>58,x \gt \frac{5}{8}, and yx2+116y \le \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} when x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} (multiplying by the negative quantity x58x - \frac{5}{8} reverses the inequality).

For x>58,x \gt \frac{5}{8}, the region above the line y=x2+116y = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} inside the square is a trapezoid with parallel vertical sides of lengths 58\frac{5}{8} (at x=58x = \frac{5}{8}) and 716\frac{7}{16} (at x=1x = 1) and width 38,\frac{3}{8}, with area 385/8+7/162=51256.\frac{3}{8} \cdot \frac{5/8 + 7/16}{2} = \frac{51}{256}. For x<58,x \lt \frac{5}{8}, the region below the line is a trapezoid with parallel sides 116\frac{1}{16} (at x=0x = 0) and 38\frac{3}{8} (at x=58x = \frac{5}{8}) and width 58,\frac{5}{8}, with area 581/16+3/82=35256.\frac{5}{8} \cdot \frac{1/16 + 3/8}{2} = \frac{35}{256}.

The probability is 51256+35256=86256=43128,\frac{51}{256} + \frac{35}{256} = \frac{86}{256} = \frac{43}{128}, so m+n=43+128=171.m + n = 43 + 128 = 171.

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