2020 AIME II 真题

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1.

求正整数有序对 (m,n)(m, n) 的个数,使得 m2n=2020m^2 n = 20^{20}

Find the number of ordered pairs of positive integers (m,n)(m, n) such that m2n=2020.m^2 n = 20^{20}.

答案:231
知识点:质因数分解基本计数
难度评级:1890
小提示:

写成 2020=24052020^{20} = 2^{40} \cdot 5^{20},并注意一旦选定 mmnn 就完全确定

Write 2020=240520,20^{20} = 2^{40} \cdot 5^{20}, and note that once mm is chosen, nn is completely determined

大提示:

需要 m2m^2 整除 2405202^{40} \cdot 5^{20}:分别数出 mm2255 的指数可能值

You need m2m^2 to divide 240520:2^{40} \cdot 5^{20}: count the possible exponents of 22 and of 55 in mm

解答:

因为 2020=24052020^{20} = 2^{40} \cdot 5^{20},有效的 mm 必须形如 2a5b2^a 5^b,此时 n=2402a5202bn = 2^{40 - 2a}\,5^{20 - 2b} 是正整数,当且仅当 2a402a \le 402b202b \le 20。反过来,每个这样的选择都可行,并且 nnmm 唯一确定。

因此 aa 可以取 0,1,,200, 1, \ldots, 20 中任意一个值,bb 可以取 0,1,,100, 1, \ldots, 10 中任意一个值,共有 2111=23121 \cdot 11 = 231 个有序对。

Since 2020=240520,20^{20} = 2^{40} \cdot 5^{20}, a valid mm must have the form 2a5b,2^a 5^b, and then n=2402a5202bn = 2^{40 - 2a}\,5^{20 - 2b} is a positive integer exactly when 2a402a \le 40 and 2b20.2b \le 20. Conversely every such choice works, and nn is uniquely determined by m.m.

So aa can be any of 0,1,,200, 1, \ldots, 20 and bb any of 0,1,,10,0, 1, \ldots, 10, giving 2111=23121 \cdot 11 = 231 ordered pairs.

2.

在顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(1,0)(1, 0)(1,1)(1, 1)(0,1)(0, 1) 的单位正方形内部,均匀随机选取一点 PP。由 PP 与点 (58,38)\left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right) 确定的直线斜率大于或等于 12\frac{1}{2} 的概率可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let PP be a point chosen uniformly at random in the interior of the unit square with vertices at (0,0),(0, 0), (1,0),(1, 0), (1,1),(1, 1), and (0,1).(0, 1). The probability that the slope of the line determined by PP and the point (58,38)\left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right) is greater than or equal to 12\frac{1}{2} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:171
难度评级:2110
小提示:

P=(x,y)P = (x, y),当 x>58x \gt \frac{5}{8} 时,条件是 yx2+116y \ge \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16};当 x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} 时,不等号方向会反过来

For P=(x,y)P = (x, y) with x>58,x \gt \frac{5}{8}, the condition is yx2+116;y \ge \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16}; for x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} the inequality direction flips

大提示:

有利区域是两个在 (58,38)\left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right) 处相接的梯形;分别求面积后相加

The favorable region is two trapezoids meeting at (58,38);\left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right); find each area and add

解答:

Q=(58,38)Q = \left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right),且 P=(x,y)P = (x, y)。斜率条件 y38x5812\frac{y - \frac{3}{8}}{x - \frac{5}{8}} \ge \frac{1}{2}x>58x \gt \frac{5}{8} 时变为 yx2+116y \ge \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16},在 x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} 时变为 yx2+116y \le \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16}(乘以负数 x58x - \frac{5}{8} 会反转不等号)。

x>58x \gt \frac{5}{8} 时,正方形内位于直线 y=x2+116y = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} 上方的区域是一个梯形,平行的竖边长度分别为 58\frac{5}{8}(在 x=58x = \frac{5}{8} 处)和 716\frac{7}{16}(在 x=1x = 1 处),宽为 38\frac{3}{8},面积为 3858+7162=51256\frac{3}{8} \cdot \frac{\frac{5}{8} + \frac{7}{16}}{2} = \frac{51}{256}。当 x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} 时,直线下方的区域是一个梯形,平行边长度分别为 116\frac{1}{16}(在 x=0x = 0 处)和 38\frac{3}{8}(在 x=58x = \frac{5}{8} 处),宽为 58\frac{5}{8},面积为 58116+382=35256\frac{5}{8} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{16} + \frac{3}{8}}{2} = \frac{35}{256}

概率为 51256+35256=86256=43128\frac{51}{256} + \frac{35}{256} = \frac{86}{256} = \frac{43}{128},所以 m+n=43+128=171m + n = 43 + 128 = 171

Let Q=(58,38)Q = \left(\frac{5}{8}, \frac{3}{8}\right) and P=(x,y).P = (x, y). The slope condition y38x5812\frac{y - \frac{3}{8}}{x - \frac{5}{8}} \ge \frac{1}{2} becomes yx2+116y \ge \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} when x>58,x \gt \frac{5}{8}, and yx2+116y \le \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} when x<58x \lt \frac{5}{8} (multiplying by the negative quantity x58x - \frac{5}{8} reverses the inequality).

For x>58,x \gt \frac{5}{8}, the region above the line y=x2+116y = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{16} inside the square is a trapezoid with parallel vertical sides of lengths 58\frac{5}{8} (at x=58x = \frac{5}{8}) and 716\frac{7}{16} (at x=1x = 1) and width 38,\frac{3}{8}, with area 3858+7162=51256.\frac{3}{8} \cdot \frac{\frac{5}{8} + \frac{7}{16}}{2} = \frac{51}{256}. For x<58,x \lt \frac{5}{8}, the region below the line is a trapezoid with parallel sides 116\frac{1}{16} (at x=0x = 0) and 38\frac{3}{8} (at x=58x = \frac{5}{8}) and width 58,\frac{5}{8}, with area 58116+382=35256.\frac{5}{8} \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{16} + \frac{3}{8}}{2} = \frac{35}{256}.

The probability is 51256+35256=86256=43128,\frac{51}{256} + \frac{35}{256} = \frac{86}{256} = \frac{43}{128}, so m+n=43+128=171.m + n = 43 + 128 = 171.

3.

满足 log2x320=log2x+332020\log_{2^x} 3^{20} = \log_{2^{x+3}} 3^{2020}xx 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The value of xx that satisfies log2x320=log2x+332020\log_{2^x} 3^{20} = \log_{2^{x+3}} 3^{2020} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:103
知识点:对数分式方程
难度评级:1950
小提示:

换底:log2x320=20log3xlog2\log_{2^x} 3^{20} = \frac{20 \log 3}{x \log 2},右边也类似

Change of base: log2x320=20log3xlog2,\log_{2^x} 3^{20} = \frac{20 \log 3}{x \log 2}, and similarly for the right side

大提示:

方程化为 20x=2020x+3\frac{20}{x} = \frac{2020}{x + 3},这是关于 xx 的一次方程

The equation reduces to 20x=2020x+3,\frac{20}{x} = \frac{2020}{x + 3}, which is linear in xx

解答:

由换底公式,log2x320=20log3xlog2\log_{2^x} 3^{20} = \frac{20 \log 3}{x \log 2}log2x+332020=2020log3(x+3)log2\log_{2^{x+3}} 3^{2020} = \frac{2020 \log 3}{(x + 3) \log 2}\text{。}约去公共因子 log3log2\frac{\log 3}{\log 2},得到 20x=2020x+3\frac{20}{x} = \frac{2020}{x + 3}

交叉相乘得 20x+60=2020x20x + 60 = 2020x,所以 2000x=602000x = 60,从而 x=3100x = \frac{3}{100}。因此 m+n=3+100=103m + n = 3 + 100 = 103

By the change-of-base formula, log2x320=20log3xlog2\log_{2^x} 3^{20} = \frac{20 \log 3}{x \log 2} and log2x+332020=2020log3(x+3)log2.\log_{2^{x+3}} 3^{2020} = \frac{2020 \log 3}{(x + 3) \log 2}. Cancelling the common factor log3log2\frac{\log 3}{\log 2} leaves 20x=2020x+3.\frac{20}{x} = \frac{2020}{x + 3}.

Cross-multiplying gives 20x+60=2020x,20x + 60 = 2020x, so 2000x=602000x = 60 and x=3100.x = \frac{3}{100}. Thus m+n=3+100=103.m + n = 3 + 100 = 103.

4.

三角形 ABC\triangle ABCABC\triangle A'B'C' 位于坐标平面内,顶点分别为 A(0,0)A(0, 0)B(0,12)B(0, 12)C(16,0)C(16, 0)A(24,18)A'(24, 18)B(36,18)B'(36, 18)C(24,2)C'(24, 2)。绕点 (x,y)(x, y) 顺时针旋转 mm 度,其中 0<m<1800 \lt m \lt 180,会把 ABC\triangle ABC 变换为 ABC\triangle A'B'C'。求 m+x+ym + x + y

Triangles ABC\triangle ABC and ABC\triangle A'B'C' lie in the coordinate plane with vertices A(0,0),A(0, 0), B(0,12),B(0, 12), C(16,0),C(16, 0), A(24,18),A'(24, 18), B(36,18),B'(36, 18), C(24,2).C'(24, 2). A rotation of mm degrees clockwise around the point (x,y),(x, y), where 0<m<180,0 \lt m \lt 180, will transform ABC\triangle ABC to ABC.\triangle A'B'C'. Find m+x+y.m + x + y.

答案:108
知识点:变换坐标几何
难度评级:2300
小提示:

线段 ABAB 是竖直的,而它的像 ABA'B' 是水平的,所以旋转角必须是 9090

Segment ABAB is vertical while its image ABA'B' is horizontal, so the rotation must be by 9090 degrees

大提示:

(a,b)(a, b) 顺时针旋转 9090^\circ 会把 (p,q)(p, q) 送到 (a+qb, bp+a)(a + q - b,\ b - p + a);匹配 AAA \mapsto A'

A 9090^\circ clockwise rotation about (a,b)(a, b) sends (p,q)(p, q) to (a+qb, bp+a);(a + q - b,\ b - p + a); match AAA \mapsto A'

解答:

向量 AB=(0,12)\overrightarrow{AB} = (0, 12) 是竖直的,而 AB=(12,0)\overrightarrow{A'B'} = (12, 0) 是水平的且长度相同,所以旋转把方向顺时针转了 9090^\circ,因此 m=90m = 90

(a,b)(a, b) 顺时针旋转 9090^\circ 会把 (p,q)(p, q) 送到 (a+qb, bp+a)(a + q - b,\ b - p + a)。将其用于 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0),并令像等于 A=(24,18)A' = (24, 18),得到 ab=24a - b = 24a+b=18a + b = 18,所以 a=21a = 21b=3b = -3。检查另外两个顶点:B=(0,12)B = (0, 12) 映到 (21+12+3, 3+21)(21 + 12 + 3,\ -3 + 21) =(36,18)=B= (36, 18) = B',且 C=(16,0)C = (16, 0) 映到 (21+3, 316+21)(21 + 3,\ -3 - 16 + 21) =(24,2)=C= (24, 2) = C'

因此 m+x+y=90m + x + y = 90 +21+ 21 +(3)=108+ (-3) = 108

The vector AB=(0,12)\overrightarrow{AB} = (0, 12) is vertical, while AB=(12,0)\overrightarrow{A'B'} = (12, 0) is horizontal and of the same length, so the rotation turns directions by 9090^\circ clockwise, and m=90.m = 90.

A 9090^\circ clockwise rotation about (a,b)(a, b) sends (p,q)(p, q) to (a+qb, bp+a).(a + q - b,\ b - p + a). Applying this to A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) and setting the image equal to A=(24,18)A' = (24, 18) gives ab=24a - b = 24 and a+b=18,a + b = 18, so a=21a = 21 and b=3.b = -3. Checking the other vertices: B=(0,12)B = (0, 12) maps to (21+12+3, 3+21)(21 + 12 + 3,\ -3 + 21) =(36,18)=B,= (36, 18) = B', and C=(16,0)C = (16, 0) maps to (21+3, 316+21)(21 + 3,\ -3 - 16 + 21) =(24,2)=C.= (24, 2) = C'.

Therefore m+x+y=90m + x + y = 90 +21+ 21 +(3)=108.+ (-3) = 108.

5.

对每个正整数 nn,令 f(n)f(n)nn 以四为底表示时的各位数字之和,令 g(n)g(n)f(n)f(n) 以八为底表示时的各位数字之和。例如,f(2020)=f(1332104)=10f(2020) = f(133210_4) = 10 =128= 12_8,而 12812_8 的各位数字之和为 33,所以 g(2020)=3g(2020) = 3。令 NN 为使得 g(n)g(n) 以十六为底的表示不能只用数字 0099 表示的最小 nn。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

For each positive integer n,n, let f(n)f(n) be the sum of the digits in the base-four representation of nn and let g(n)g(n) be the sum of the digits in the base-eight representation of f(n).f(n). For example, f(2020)=f(1332104)=10f(2020) = f(133210_4) = 10 =128,= 12_8, and the digit sum of 12812_8 is 3,3, so g(2020)=3.g(2020) = 3. Let NN be the least value of nn such that the base-sixteen representation of g(n)g(n) cannot be expressed using only the digits 00 through 9.9. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:151
难度评级:2450
小提示:

在十六进制表示中需要使用大于 99 的数字的最小 g(n)g(n)1010;先找八进制数位和为 1010 的最小 f(n)f(n)

The smallest value of g(n)g(n) whose base-sixteen representation uses a digit beyond 99 is 10;10; first find the smallest possible f(n)f(n) whose base-eight digit sum is 1010

大提示:

这样的最小 f(n)f(n)31=37831 = 37_8。以四为底的数字和为 3131 的最小 nn 是一个 11 后面接十个 33

The least such value of f(n)f(n) is 31=378.31 = 37_8. The smallest nn whose base-four digits sum to 3131 is a 11 followed by ten 33s.

解答:

在十六进制表示中需要使用大于 99 的数字的最小数是 1010。因此,我们要找使 f(n)f(n) 的八进制数位和为 1010 的最小 nn。按顺序检查 f(n)f(n) 的可能值,所有小于 3131 的值,其八进制数位和都至多为 99,而 31=37831 = 37_8 的数位和为 1010。由于达到给定四进制数位和的最小 nn 随该数位和增大而增大,我们要找满足 f(n)=31f(n) = 31 的最小 nn

一个以四为底的数字至多为 33,所以数字和为 3131 至少需要 1111 位;最小的 1111 位选择是首位为 11,后面跟十个 33N=133333333334=410+(4101)=24101=2097151 \begin{aligned} N &= 13333333333_4 \\ &= 4^{10} + (4^{10} - 1) \\ &= 2 \cdot 4^{10} - 1 = 2097151 \end{aligned}\text{。}

N=2097151N = 2097151 除以 10001000 的余数是 151151

The smallest value whose base-sixteen representation uses a digit beyond 99 is 10.10. Thus we seek the least nn for which the base-eight digit sum of f(n)f(n) is 10.10. Checking possible values of f(n)f(n) in order, every value less than 3131 has base-eight digit sum at most 9,9, while 31=37831 = 37_8 has digit sum 10.10. Since the least nn achieving a given base-four digit sum increases with that sum, we want the least nn with f(n)=31.f(n) = 31.

A base-four digit is at most 3,3, so a digit sum of 3131 requires at least 1111 digits, and the smallest 1111-digit choice is a leading 11 followed by ten 33s: N=133333333334=410+(4101)=24101=2097151. \begin{aligned} N &= 13333333333_4 \\ &= 4^{10} + (4^{10} - 1) \\ &= 2 \cdot 4^{10} - 1 = 2097151. \end{aligned}

The remainder when N=2097151N = 2097151 is divided by 10001000 is 151.151.

6.

递归定义数列 t1=20t_1 = 20t2=21t_2 = 21,并且对所有 n3n \ge 3tn=5tn1+125tn2t_n = \frac{5t_{n-1} + 1}{25t_{n-2}}\text{。}那么 t2020t_{2020} 可写成 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Define a sequence recursively by t1=20,t_1 = 20, t2=21,t_2 = 21, and tn=5tn1+125tn2t_n = \frac{5t_{n-1} + 1}{25t_{n-2}} for all n3.n \ge 3. Then t2020t_{2020} can be written as pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:626
知识点:递推找规律
难度评级:2340
小提示:

t3t_3t4t_4t5t_5t6t_6t7t_7 精确计算成分数,会出现一个规律

Compute t3,t_3, t4,t_4, t5,t_5, t6,t_6, and t7t_7 exactly as fractions — a pattern appears

大提示:

该数列以 55 为周期,所以 t2020=t5t_{2020} = t_5

The sequence is periodic with period 5,5, so t2020=t5t_{2020} = t_5

解答:

精确计算各项:t3=521+12520=53250,t4=553250+12521=10326250,t5=510326250+12553250=535352501053=101525 \begin{aligned} t_3 &= \frac{5 \cdot 21 + 1}{25 \cdot 20} = \frac{53}{250}, \\ t_4 &= \frac{5 \cdot \frac{53}{250} + 1}{25 \cdot 21} = \frac{103}{26250}, \\ t_5 &= \frac{5 \cdot \frac{103}{26250} + 1}{25 \cdot \frac{53}{250}} \\ &= \frac{5353}{5250} \cdot \frac{10}{53} = \frac{101}{525} \end{aligned}\text{,}其中用到 5353=531015353 = 53 \cdot 101。接着 t6=5101525+12510326250t_6 = \frac{5 \cdot \frac{101}{525} + 1}{25 \cdot \frac{103}{26250}} =2061051050103= \frac{206}{105} \cdot \frac{1050}{103} =20=t1= 20 = t_1,且 t7=10110121=21=t2t_7 = \frac{101}{\frac{101}{21}} = 21 = t_2

因为每一项只由前两项决定,数列以 55 为周期。由于 2020202055 的倍数,得到 t2020=t5=101525t_{2020} = t_5 = \frac{101}{525}。因为 101101 是质数且不整除 525525,该分数已经约分,所以 p+q=101+525=626p + q = 101 + 525 = 626

Computing terms exactly: t3=521+12520=53250,t4=553250+12521=10326250,t5=510326250+12553250=535352501053=101525, \begin{aligned} t_3 &= \frac{5 \cdot 21 + 1}{25 \cdot 20} = \frac{53}{250}, \\ t_4 &= \frac{5 \cdot \frac{53}{250} + 1}{25 \cdot 21} = \frac{103}{26250}, \\ t_5 &= \frac{5 \cdot \frac{103}{26250} + 1}{25 \cdot \frac{53}{250}} \\ &= \frac{5353}{5250} \cdot \frac{10}{53} = \frac{101}{525}, \end{aligned} using 5353=53101.5353 = 53 \cdot 101. Then t6=5101525+12510326250t_6 = \frac{5 \cdot \frac{101}{525} + 1}{25 \cdot \frac{103}{26250}} =2061051050103= \frac{206}{105} \cdot \frac{1050}{103} =20=t1= 20 = t_1 and t7=10110121=21=t2.t_7 = \frac{101}{\frac{101}{21}} = 21 = t_2.

Since each term depends only on the two preceding terms, the sequence repeats with period 5.5. Because 20202020 is a multiple of 5,5, we get t2020=t5=101525.t_{2020} = t_5 = \frac{101}{525}. As 101101 is prime and does not divide 525,525, the fraction is reduced, and p+q=101+525=626.p + q = 101 + 525 = 626.

7.

两个全等的直圆锥,底面半径均为 33,高均为 88。它们的对称轴在两圆锥内部一点垂直相交,且该点到每个圆锥底面的距离都是 33。一个半径为 rr 的球同时位于两个圆锥内部。r2r^2 的最大可能值为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Two congruent right circular cones each with base radius 33 and height 88 have axes of symmetry that intersect at right angles at a point in the interior of the cones a distance 33 from the base of each cone. A sphere with radius rr lies within both cones. The maximum possible value of r2r^2 is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:298
知识点:圆锥最优化
难度评级:2560
小提示:

在两条轴所在的平面内,每个圆锥的截面是一个三角形:顶点在交点之外 55 的位置,底边半宽 33,位于另一侧距离 33

In the plane of the two axes, each cone’s cross-section is a triangle with apex 55 beyond the intersection point and base half-width 33 at distance 33 on the other side

大提示:

把球心放在交点;其半径就是该点到经过 (5,0)(5, 0)(3,3)(-3, 3) 的斜边直线的距离

Center the sphere at the intersection point; its radius is the distance from that point to the slant line through (5,0)(5, 0) and (3,3)(-3, 3)

解答:

把两轴交点作为原点,并沿两条轴量取有向坐标 u1,u2u_1, u_2。沿某个圆锥的轴,它的顶点距离原点 83=58 - 3 = 5,底面平面在另一侧距离 33 处。任何经过轴的平面截该圆锥都会得到一个三角形;用坐标 (u,w)(u, w) 表示,其中 w0w \ge 0 为到轴的距离,则其斜边经过 (5,0)(5, 0)(3,3)(-3, 3),方程为 3u+8w=153u + 8w = 15

若半径为 rr 的球心对该轴的轴向坐标为 uu,到该轴的距离为 ρ\rho,那么球的截面圆必须能放入上述三角形,所以 r153u8ρ73r \le \frac{15 - 3u - 8\rho}{\sqrt{73}}。由于两条轴互相垂直,球心到轴 11 的距离至少为 u2|u_2|,反之亦然。把两个约束相加,273r303(u1+u2)8(u1+u2)30 \begin{aligned} 2\sqrt{73}\,r &\le 30 - 3(u_1 + u_2) \\ &\quad {}- 8(|u_1| + |u_2|) \\ &\le 30 \end{aligned}\text{,}因为 3(u1+u2)3(u1+u2)3(u_1 + u_2) \ge -3(|u_1| + |u_2|) 8(u1+u2)\ge -8(|u_1| + |u_2|)。因此 r1573r \le \frac{15}{\sqrt{73}}

以原点为球心、半径为 1573\frac{15}{\sqrt{73}} 的球可以达到这个界:它到每个斜面的距离都是 30+801532+82=1573\frac{|3 \cdot 0 + 8 \cdot 0 - 15|}{\sqrt{3^2 + 8^2}} = \frac{15}{\sqrt{73}},且它到每个底面平面的距离 33 更大。所以 r2r^2 的最大值是 22573\frac{225}{73}m+n=225+73=298m + n = 225 + 73 = 298

Put the origin at the point where the axes cross, and measure signed coordinates u1,u2u_1, u_2 along the two axes. Along its axis, each cone has its apex at distance 83=58 - 3 = 5 from the origin and its base plane at distance 33 on the other side. Slicing a cone by any plane through its axis gives a triangle whose slant side, in coordinates (u,w)(u, w) with w0w \ge 0 the distance from the axis, is the line through (5,0)(5, 0) and (3,3),(-3, 3), namely 3u+8w=15.3u + 8w = 15.

A sphere of radius rr centered at a point with axial coordinate uu and distance ρ\rho from the axis fits inside that cone only if its cross-section fits inside the triangle, so r153u8ρ73.r \le \frac{15 - 3u - 8\rho}{\sqrt{73}}. Since the two axes are perpendicular, the distance from the center to axis 11 is at least u2,|u_2|, and vice versa. Adding the two constraints, 273r303(u1+u2)8(u1+u2)30, \begin{aligned} 2\sqrt{73}\,r &\le 30 - 3(u_1 + u_2) \\ &\quad {}- 8(|u_1| + |u_2|) \\ &\le 30, \end{aligned} because 3(u1+u2)3(u1+u2)3(u_1 + u_2) \ge -3(|u_1| + |u_2|) 8(u1+u2).\ge -8(|u_1| + |u_2|). Hence r1573.r \le \frac{15}{\sqrt{73}}.

The sphere of radius 1573\frac{15}{\sqrt{73}} centered at the origin achieves this: its distance to each slant surface is 30+801532+82=1573,\frac{|3 \cdot 0 + 8 \cdot 0 - 15|}{\sqrt{3^2 + 8^2}} = \frac{15}{\sqrt{73}}, and its distance 33 to each base plane is larger. So the maximum of r2r^2 is 22573,\frac{225}{73}, and m+n=225+73=298.m + n = 225 + 73 = 298.

8.

递归定义函数列:f1(x)=x1f_1(x) = |x - 1|,且对整数 n>1n \gt 1fn(x)=fn1(xn)f_n(x) = f_{n-1}(|x - n|)。求最小的 nn,使得 fnf_n 的所有零点之和超过 500,000500{,}000

Define a sequence recursively by f1(x)=x1f_1(x) = |x - 1| and fn(x)=fn1(xn)f_n(x) = f_{n-1}(|x - n|) for integers n>1.n \gt 1. Find the least value of nn such that the sum of the zeros of fnf_n exceeds 500,000.500{,}000.

答案:101
难度评级:2920
小提示:

fn(x)=0f_n(x) = 0 当且仅当 xn|x - n|fn1f_{n-1} 的一个非负零点。计算前几个 nn 的零点集合

fn(x)=0f_n(x) = 0 exactly when xn|x - n| is a nonnegative zero of fn1.f_{n-1}. Compute the zero sets for the first few n.n.

大提示:

Tk=k(k+1)2T_k = \frac{k(k+1)}{2}fnf_n 的零点是从 nTn1n - T_{n-1}TnT_n 每隔一个取出的整数,所以它们的和是 n(1+n(n1)2)n\left(1 + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}\right)

With Tk=k(k+1)2,T_k = \frac{k(k+1)}{2}, the zeros of fnf_n are every other integer from nTn1n - T_{n-1} up to Tn,T_n, so their sum is n(1+n(n1)2)n\left(1 + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}\right)

解答:

因为 fn(x)=fn1(xn)f_n(x) = f_{n-1}(|x - n|),所以 fnf_n 的零点正好是 x=n±zx = n \pm z,其中 zz 遍历 fn1f_{n-1} 的非负零点。前几个零点集合为 {1}\{1\}{1,3}\{1, 3\}{0,2,4,6}\{0, 2, 4, 6\}{2,0,2,,10}\{-2, 0, 2, \ldots, 10\}。记 Tk=k(k+1)2T_k = \frac{k(k+1)}{2},我们断言 fnf_n 的零点是从 nTn1n - T_{n-1}TnT_n 每隔一个取出的整数。事实上,由归纳假设,fn1f_{n-1} 的非负零点是从 0011Tn1T_{n-1} 每隔一个取出的整数;套用 n±zn \pm z 后,就得到从 nTn1n - T_{n-1}n+Tn1=Tnn + T_{n-1} = T_n 之间奇偶性相应的所有整数。

这个等差数列有 Tn+Tn1n2+1=n(n1)2+1\frac{T_n + T_{n-1} - n}{2} + 1 = \frac{n(n-1)}{2} + 1 项,首末两项之和为 (nTn1)+Tn=2n(n - T_{n-1}) + T_n = 2n,所以零点之和为 Sn=n(n(n1)2+1)S_n = n\left(\frac{n(n-1)}{2} + 1\right)\text{,}它随 nn 增大而增大。

现在 S100=1004951S_{100} = 100 \cdot 4951 =495,100500,000= 495{,}100 \le 500{,}000,而 S101=1015051S_{101} = 101 \cdot 5051 =510,151>500,000= 510{,}151 \gt 500{,}000。最小的这样的 nn101101

Since fn(x)=fn1(xn),f_n(x) = f_{n-1}(|x - n|), the zeros of fnf_n are exactly x=n±zx = n \pm z as zz runs over the nonnegative zeros of fn1.f_{n-1}. The first few zero sets are {1},\{1\}, {1,3},\{1, 3\}, {0,2,4,6},\{0, 2, 4, 6\}, {2,0,2,,10}.\{-2, 0, 2, \ldots, 10\}. Writing Tk=k(k+1)2,T_k = \frac{k(k+1)}{2}, we claim the zeros of fnf_n are every other integer from nTn1n - T_{n-1} through Tn.T_n. Indeed, by induction the nonnegative zeros of fn1f_{n-1} are every other integer from 00 or 11 up to Tn1,T_{n-1}, and applying n±zn \pm z yields every integer of the appropriate parity from nTn1n - T_{n-1} through n+Tn1=Tn.n + T_{n-1} = T_n.

This progression has Tn+Tn1n2+1=n(n1)2+1\frac{T_n + T_{n-1} - n}{2} + 1 = \frac{n(n-1)}{2} + 1 terms, and its first and last terms sum to (nTn1)+Tn=2n,(n - T_{n-1}) + T_n = 2n, so the sum of the zeros is Sn=n(n(n1)2+1),S_n = n\left(\frac{n(n-1)}{2} + 1\right), which is increasing in n.n.

Now S100=1004951S_{100} = 100 \cdot 4951 =495,100500,000,= 495{,}100 \le 500{,}000, while S101=1015051S_{101} = 101 \cdot 5051 =510,151>500,000.= 510{,}151 \gt 500{,}000. The least such nn is 101.101.

9.

看演出时,Ayako、Billy、Carlos、Dahlia、Ehuang 和 Frank 按这个顺序坐在一排六把椅子上。中场休息时,他们去厨房吃点心。回来后,他们坐回这六把椅子,使得如果两个人在休息前相邻,那么休息后他们不相邻。求他们休息后可能选择的座位顺序数。

While watching a show, Ayako, Billy, Carlos, Dahlia, Ehuang, and Frank sat in that order in a row of six chairs. During the break, they went to the kitchen for a snack. When they came back, they sat on those six chairs in such a way that if two of them sat next to each other before the break, then they did not sit next to each other after the break. Find the number of possible seating orders they could have chosen after the break.

答案:90
难度评级:2840
小提示:

按原来的座位把朋友编号为 1166;需要数出任意两个连续编号都不相邻的排列

Number the friends 11 through 66 by original seat; you need orderings in which no two consecutive numbers stand next to each other

大提示:

对五个数对 {i,i+1}\{i, i+1\} 中哪些坐在一起使用容斥;把每一段连续编号粘成一个可正可反的块

Use inclusion-exclusion on which of the five pairs {i,i+1}\{i, i+1\} sit together, gluing each run of consecutive numbers into a block that can face two ways

解答:

按原座位顺序把朋友编号为 1166;我们要数 1,,61, \ldots, 6 的排列,使得没有两个连续整数相邻。对五个数对 {i,i+1}\{i, i+1\} 中哪些被迫坐在一起使用容斥。若所选的 kk 个数对形成 rr 段极大连续整数段,把每段粘成一个块(可按递增或递减两种方向排列),就得到 2r(6k)!2^r (6 - k)! 个包含所有所选相邻关系的坐法。

kk 统计:当 k=0k = 0 时,有 720720。当 k=1k = 1 时,五个集合,每个有 21202 \cdot 120,共 12001200。当 k=2k = 2 时,四个集合形成一段 (224)(2 \cdot 24),六个形成两段 (424)(4 \cdot 24),共 768768。当 k=3k = 3 时,三个集合形成一段 (26)(2 \cdot 6),六个形成两段 (46)(4 \cdot 6),一个形成三段 (86)(8 \cdot 6),共 228228。当 k=4k = 4 时,两个集合形成一段 (22)(2 \cdot 2),三个形成两段 (42)(4 \cdot 2),共 3232。当 k=5k = 5 时,一个集合,共 22

所求数量为 7201200+768720 - 1200 + 768 228+322=90- 228 + 32 - 2 = 90

Number the friends 11 through 66 in original seating order; we count orderings of 1,,61, \ldots, 6 in which no two consecutive integers are adjacent. Apply inclusion-exclusion over which of the five pairs {i,i+1}\{i, i+1\} are forced to sit together. If a chosen set of kk pairs forms rr maximal runs of consecutive integers, gluing each run into a block (orderable ascending or descending) gives 2r(6k)!2^r (6 - k)! seatings containing all chosen adjacencies.

Tallying by k:k: for k=0,k = 0, 720.720. For k=1,k = 1, five sets, each 2120,2 \cdot 120, total 1200.1200. For k=2,k = 2, four sets form one run (224)(2 \cdot 24) and six form two runs (424),(4 \cdot 24), total 768.768. For k=3,k = 3, three sets form one run (26),(2 \cdot 6), six form two runs (46),(4 \cdot 6), one forms three runs (86),(8 \cdot 6), total 228.228. For k=4,k = 4, two sets form one run (22)(2 \cdot 2) and three form two runs (42),(4 \cdot 2), total 32.32. For k=5,k = 5, one set, total 2.2.

The count is 7201200+768720 - 1200 + 768 228+322=90.- 228 + 32 - 2 = 90.

10.

求所有正整数 nn 的和,使得 13+23+33++n31^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + \cdots + n^3 除以 n+5n + 5 时余数为 1717

Find the sum of all positive integers nn such that when 13+23+33++n31^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + \cdots + n^3 is divided by n+5,n + 5, the remainder is 17.17.

答案:239
难度评级:2710
小提示:

这个和是 (n(n+1)2)2\left(\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right)^2。利用 n5n \equiv -5n+5n + 5 取模化简

The sum is (n(n+1)2)2.\left(\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right)^2. Reduce it modulo n+5n + 5 using n5.n \equiv -5.

大提示:

K=n(n+1)2K = \frac{n(n+1)}{2},则 2K20(modn+5)2K \equiv 20 \pmod{n+5},所以 n+5n + 5 必须整除 332332。乘以 44 可能产生伪解,所以要检查每个候选

If K=n(n+1)2,K = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}, then 2K20(modn+5),2K \equiv 20 \pmod{n+5}, so n+5n + 5 must divide 332.332. Multiplying by 44 can create false solutions, so verify each candidate.

解答:

K=n(n+1)2K = \frac{n(n+1)}{2},则立方和为 K2K^2。模 n+5n + 5 时有 n5n \equiv -5,因此 2K=n(n+1)2K = n(n+1) (5)(4)=20\equiv (-5)(-4) = 20,且 4K24004K^2 \equiv 400。若 K217(modn+5)K^2 \equiv 17 \pmod{n+5},则 n+5n + 5 整除 400417=332=2283400 - 4 \cdot 17 = 332 = 2^2 \cdot 83。余数为 1717 还要求 n+5>17n + 5 \gt 17,所以候选为 n+5{83,166,332}n + 5 \in \{83, 166, 332\},即 n{78,161,327}n \in \{78, 161, 327\}

因为我们乘过 44,每个候选都必须检查。对 n=78n = 78K=308110(mod83)K = 3081 \equiv 10 \pmod{83},且 102=10017(mod83)10^2 = 100 \equiv 17 \pmod{83}。对 n=161n = 161K=1304193(mod166)K = 13041 \equiv 93 \pmod{166},且 932=8649=52166+1793^2 = 8649 = 52 \cdot 166 + 17。对 n=327n = 327K=53628176(mod332)K = 53628 \equiv 176 \pmod{332},且 1762=30976=93332+100176^2 = 30976 = 93 \cdot 332 + 100,余数 10017100 \ne 17,所以此项不符合要求。

有效值为 n=78n = 78n=161n = 161,它们的和为 78+161=23978 + 161 = 239

Let K=n(n+1)2,K = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}, so the sum of cubes is K2.K^2. Modulo n+5n + 5 we have n5,n \equiv -5, hence 2K=n(n+1)2K = n(n+1) (5)(4)=20\equiv (-5)(-4) = 20 and 4K2400.4K^2 \equiv 400. If K217(modn+5),K^2 \equiv 17 \pmod{n+5}, then n+5n + 5 divides 400417=332=2283.400 - 4 \cdot 17 = 332 = 2^2 \cdot 83. Since a remainder of 1717 also forces n+5>17,n + 5 \gt 17, the candidates are n+5{83,166,332},n + 5 \in \{83, 166, 332\}, i.e. n{78,161,327}.n \in \{78, 161, 327\}.

Because we multiplied by 4,4, each candidate must be checked. For n=78:n = 78: K=308110(mod83),K = 3081 \equiv 10 \pmod{83}, and 102=10017(mod83).10^2 = 100 \equiv 17 \pmod{83}. For n=161:n = 161: K=1304193(mod166),K = 13041 \equiv 93 \pmod{166}, and 932=8649=52166+17.93^2 = 8649 = 52 \cdot 166 + 17. For n=327:n = 327: K=53628176(mod332),K = 53628 \equiv 176 \pmod{332}, and 1762=30976=93332+100,176^2 = 30976 = 93 \cdot 332 + 100, remainder 10017,100 \ne 17, so this one fails.

The valid values are n=78n = 78 and n=161,n = 161, with sum 78+161=239.78 + 161 = 239.

11.

P(x)=x23x7P(x) = x^2 - 3x - 7,且 Q(x)Q(x)R(x)R(x) 是两个二次多项式,它们的 x2x^2 系数也都为 11。David 计算三个和 P+QP + QP+RP + RQ+RQ + R,惊讶地发现这三个和中任意两个都有一个公共根,并且这三个公共根互不相同。若 Q(0)=2Q(0) = 2,则 R(0)=mnR(0) = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let P(x)=x23x7,P(x) = x^2 - 3x - 7, and let Q(x)Q(x) and R(x)R(x) be two quadratic polynomials also with the coefficient of x2x^2 equal to 1.1. David computes each of the three sums P+Q,P + Q, P+R,P + R, and Q+RQ + R and is surprised to find that each pair of these sums has a common root, and these three common roots are distinct. If Q(0)=2,Q(0) = 2, then R(0)=mn,R(0) = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:71
难度评级:2920
小提示:

每个两两之和的首项系数都是 22,所以它等于 22 乘以由已知根给出的两个一次因式

Each pairwise sum has leading coefficient 2,2, so it equals 22 times the product of the two linear factors from its known roots

大提示:

P+QP+QP+RP+R 的根和相加,再减去 Q+RQ+R 的根和,就能孤立出前两个和共享的根的两倍

Adding the root sums of P+QP+Q and P+RP+R and subtracting that of Q+RQ+R isolates twice the root shared by the first two sums

解答:

aaP+QP+QP+RP+R 的公共根,bbP+QP+QQ+RQ+R 的公共根,ccP+RP+RQ+RQ+R 的公共根。每个和都是首项系数为 22 的二次式,所以 P+Q=2(xa)(xb)P+Q = 2(x-a)(x-b)P+R=2(xa)(xc)P+R = 2(x-a)(x-c),且 Q+R=2(xb)(xc)Q+R = 2(x-b)(x-c)。写 Q=x2+qx+2Q = x^2 + qx + 2R=x2+rx+sR = x^2 + rx + s。由韦达定理,根和分别为 a+b=3q2a + b = \frac{3-q}{2}a+c=3r2a + c = \frac{3-r}{2}b+c=q+r2b + c = -\frac{q+r}{2},所以 2a=(a+b)+(a+c)(b+c)=3q2+3r2+q+r2=3 \begin{aligned} 2a &= (a+b) + (a+c) - (b+c) \\ &= \frac{3-q}{2} + \frac{3-r}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{q+r}{2} = 3 \end{aligned}\text{,}得到 a=32a = \frac{3}{2}

P+QP + Q 的常数项为 7+2=5-7 + 2 = -5,所以 2ab=52ab = -5,从而 b=53b = -\frac{5}{3}。另外 2ac=P(0)+R(0)=s72ac = P(0) + R(0) = s - 7,且 2bc=Q(0)+R(0)=s+22bc = Q(0) + R(0) = s + 2。相减得 2c(ba)=92c(b - a) = 9,所以 c=92(5332)=2719c = \frac{9}{2\left(-\frac{5}{3} - \frac{3}{2}\right)} = -\frac{27}{19}

因此 s=2bc2s = 2bc - 2 =2(53)(2719)2= 2 \cdot \left(-\frac{5}{3}\right)\left(-\frac{27}{19}\right) - 2 =90193819=5219= \frac{90}{19} - \frac{38}{19} = \frac{52}{19},所以 R(0)=5219R(0) = \frac{52}{19}m+n=52+19=71m + n = 52 + 19 = 71

Let aa be the common root of P+QP+Q and P+R,P+R, let bb be that of P+QP+Q and Q+R,Q+R, and let cc be that of P+RP+R and Q+R.Q+R. Each sum is quadratic with leading coefficient 2,2, so P+Q=2(xa)(xb),P+Q = 2(x-a)(x-b), P+R=2(xa)(xc),P+R = 2(x-a)(x-c), and Q+R=2(xb)(xc).Q+R = 2(x-b)(x-c). Write Q=x2+qx+2Q = x^2 + qx + 2 and R=x2+rx+s.R = x^2 + rx + s. By Vieta’s formulas, the root sums are a+b=3q2,a + b = \frac{3-q}{2}, a+c=3r2,a + c = \frac{3-r}{2}, and b+c=q+r2,b + c = -\frac{q+r}{2}, so 2a=(a+b)+(a+c)(b+c)=3q2+3r2+q+r2=3, \begin{aligned} 2a &= (a+b) + (a+c) - (b+c) \\ &= \frac{3-q}{2} + \frac{3-r}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{q+r}{2} = 3, \end{aligned} giving a=32.a = \frac{3}{2}.

The constant term of P+QP + Q is 7+2=5,-7 + 2 = -5, so 2ab=52ab = -5 and b=53.b = -\frac{5}{3}. Also 2ac=P(0)+R(0)=s72ac = P(0) + R(0) = s - 7 and 2bc=Q(0)+R(0)=s+2.2bc = Q(0) + R(0) = s + 2. Subtracting, 2c(ba)=9,2c(b - a) = 9, so c=92(5332)=2719.c = \frac{9}{2\left(-\frac{5}{3} - \frac{3}{2}\right)} = -\frac{27}{19}.

Then s=2bc2s = 2bc - 2 =2(53)(2719)2= 2 \cdot \left(-\frac{5}{3}\right)\left(-\frac{27}{19}\right) - 2 =90193819=5219,= \frac{90}{19} - \frac{38}{19} = \frac{52}{19}, so R(0)=5219R(0) = \frac{52}{19} and m+n=52+19=71.m + n = 52 + 19 = 71.

12.

mmnn 是大于 11 的奇整数。一个 m×nm \times n 矩形由单位正方形组成,最上面一行的方格从左到右编号为 11nn,第二行从左到右编号为 n+1n + 12n2n,依此类推。方格 200200 在最上面一行,方格 20002000 在最下面一行。求满足以下性质的大于 11 的奇整数有序对 (m,n)(m, n) 的个数:在该 m×nm \times n 矩形中,经过方格 20020020002000 中心的直线与方格 10991099 的内部相交。

Let mm and nn be odd integers greater than 1.1. An m×nm \times n rectangle is made up of unit squares where the squares in the top row are numbered left to right with the integers 11 through n,n, those in the second row are numbered left to right with the integers n+1n + 1 through 2n,2n, and so on. Square 200200 is in the top row, and square 20002000 is in the bottom row. Find the number of ordered pairs (m,n)(m, n) of odd integers greater than 11 with the property that, in the m×nm \times n rectangle, the line through the centers of squares 200200 and 20002000 intersects the interior of square 1099.1099.

答案:248
难度评级:3160
小提示:

由于 mmnn 都是奇数,方格 20020020002000 中心的中点恰好是方格 11001100 的中心,它在方格 10991099 右边一格

Since mm and nn are odd, the midpoint of the centers of squares 200200 and 20002000 is exactly the center of square 1100,1100, one square to the right of square 10991099

大提示:

该直线进入方格 10991099 当且仅当它的斜率绝对值小于 11;然后对每个 m{3,5,7,9}m \in \{3, 5, 7, 9\} 数出奇数 nn

The line enters square 10991099 precisely when its slope is less than 11 in absolute value; then count the odd nn for each m{3,5,7,9}m \in \{3, 5, 7, 9\}

解答:

使用“列、行”坐标。方格 200200 在最上面一行,所以 n200n \ge 200(因 nn 为奇数,故 n201n \ge 201),其中心为 (200,1)(200, 1)。方格 20002000 在最下面一行,所以它的列号为 b=2000(m1)nb = 2000 - (m-1)n,且 1bn1 \le b \le n,即 (m1)n<2000mn(m-1)n \lt 2000 \le mn,其中心为 (b,m)(b, m)。由于 mmnn 为奇数,bb 为偶数,所以这两个中心的中点 (200+b2,m+12)\left(\frac{200 + b}{2}, \frac{m+1}{2}\right) 有整数坐标;它的方格编号为 (m1)n+200+b2=22002=1100\frac{(m-1)n + 200 + b}{2} = \frac{2200}{2} = 1100。它的列号 100+b2100 + \frac{b}{2} 位于 101101nn 之间,所以直线经过方格 11001100 的中心,而方格 10991099 就在同一行的左边一格。

方格 10991099 只在那一行中,且该直线穿过这一行横条时得到的线段以方格 11001100 的中心为中心 (由对称性),向左右各延伸 12s\frac{1}{2|s|},其中 s=m1b200s = \frac{m-1}{b - 200} 是斜率。因此直线与方格 10991099 的内部相交,当且仅当 12s>12\frac{1}{2|s|} \gt \frac{1}{2},即 s<1|s| \lt 1,也就是 m1<b200m - 1 \lt |b - 200| =1800(m1)n= |1800 - (m-1)n|(竖直线 b=200b = 200,不满足)。

因为 n201n \ge 201(m1)n<2000(m-1)n \lt 2000,需要 m1<10m - 1 \lt 10,所以 m{3,5,7,9}m \in \{3, 5, 7, 9\}。当 m=3m = 3:奇数 n[667,999]n \in [667, 999],共有 167167 个,排除 n9001|n - 900| \le 1(奇数情形 899899901901)后剩 165165 个。当 m=5m = 5:奇数 n[401,499]n \in [401, 499],共有 5050 个,排除 449449451451 后剩 4848 个。当 m=7m = 7:奇数 n[287,333]n \in [287, 333],共有 2424 个,排除 299299301301 后剩 2222 个。当 m=9m = 9:奇数 n[223,249]n \in [223, 249],共有 1414 个,排除 225225 后剩 1313 个。总数为 165+48+22+13=248165 + 48 + 22 + 13 = 248

Use column-row coordinates. Square 200200 is in the top row, so n200n \ge 200 (hence n201n \ge 201 as nn is odd) and its center is (200,1).(200, 1). Square 20002000 is in the bottom row, so its column is b=2000(m1)nb = 2000 - (m-1)n with 1bn,1 \le b \le n, i.e. (m1)n<2000mn,(m-1)n \lt 2000 \le mn, and its center is (b,m).(b, m). Since mm and nn are odd, bb is even, so the midpoint (200+b2,m+12)\left(\frac{200 + b}{2}, \frac{m+1}{2}\right) of the two centers has integer coordinates; its square number is (m1)n+200+b2=22002=1100.\frac{(m-1)n + 200 + b}{2} = \frac{2200}{2} = 1100. Its column 100+b2100 + \frac{b}{2} lies between 101101 and n,n, so the line passes through the center of square 1100,1100, and square 10991099 sits immediately to its left in the same row.

Square 10991099 lies only in that row, and the line crosses that row’s horizontal strip in a segment centered (by symmetry) at the center of square 1100,1100, extending 12s\frac{1}{2|s|} to each side, where s=m1b200s = \frac{m-1}{b - 200} is the slope. So the line meets the interior of square 10991099 exactly when 12s>12,\frac{1}{2|s|} \gt \frac{1}{2}, that is s<1,|s| \lt 1, i.e. m1<b200m - 1 \lt |b - 200| =1800(m1)n= |1800 - (m-1)n| (a vertical line, b=200,b = 200, fails).

Since n201n \ge 201 and (m1)n<2000,(m-1)n \lt 2000, we need m1<10,m - 1 \lt 10, so m{3,5,7,9}.m \in \{3, 5, 7, 9\}. For m=3:m = 3: odd n[667,999],n \in [667, 999], 167167 values, excluding n9001|n - 900| \le 1 (the odd cases 899899 and 901901) leaves 165.165. For m=5:m = 5: odd n[401,499],n \in [401, 499], 5050 values, excluding 449449 and 451451 leaves 48.48. For m=7:m = 7: odd n[287,333],n \in [287, 333], 2424 values, excluding 299299 and 301301 leaves 22.22. For m=9:m = 9: odd n[223,249],n \in [223, 249], 1414 values, excluding 225225 leaves 13.13. The total is 165+48+22+13=248.165 + 48 + 22 + 13 = 248.

13.

凸五边形 ABCDEABCDE 的边长为 AB=5AB = 5BC=CD=DE=6BC = CD = DE = 6EA=7EA = 7。此外,该五边形有一个内切圆 (与五边形每条边都相切的圆)。求 ABCDEABCDE 的面积。

Convex pentagon ABCDEABCDE has side lengths AB=5,AB = 5, BC=CD=DE=6,BC = CD = DE = 6, and EA=7.EA = 7. Moreover, the pentagon has an inscribed circle (a circle tangent to each side of the pentagon). Find the area of ABCDE.ABCDE.

答案:60
难度评级:3060
小提示:

从同一顶点引出的两条切线段相等:若五个顶点对应的切线段长分别为 aabbccddee,解 a+b=5a+b=5b+c=c+d=d+e=6b+c=c+d=d+e=6e+a=7e+a=7

The two tangent segments from each vertex are equal: if the five corresponding tangent lengths are a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, and e,e, solve a+b=5,a+b=5, b+c=c+d=d+e=6,b+c=c+d=d+e=6, e+a=7e+a=7

大提示:

若某顶点对应的切线段长为 tt,则其半角满足 tanθV2=rt\tan\frac{\theta_V}{2} = \frac{r}{t};五个半角之和为 270270^\circ。把它转化为关于 rr 的多项式方程,再用面积 =rs= rs

At a vertex with tangent length t,t, the half-angle satisfies tanθV2=rt;\tan\frac{\theta_V}{2} = \frac{r}{t}; the five half-angles sum to 270.270^\circ. Turn that into a polynomial equation for r,r, then use area =rs= rs

解答:

设从 AABBCCDDEE 到内切圆的切线段长分别为 aabbccddee。则 a+b=5a + b = 5b+c=6b + c = 6c+d=6c + d = 6d+e=6d + e = 6e+a=7e + a = 7。中间的方程给出 d=bd = be=ce = c,所以 c+a=7c + a = 7;结合 a+b=5a + b = 5b+c=6b + c = 6,得到 a=3a = 3b=d=2b = d = 2c=e=4c = e = 4。若 rr 为内切圆半径,则切线段长为 tt 的顶点处内角满足 tanθ2=rt\tan\frac{\theta}{2} = \frac{r}{t},且半角之和是 540540^\circ 的一半:arctanr3+2arctanr2+2arctanr4=270 \begin{aligned} &\arctan\frac{r}{3} + 2\arctan\frac{r}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ 2\arctan\frac{r}{4} = 270^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}

β=arctanr2\beta = \arctan\frac{r}{2}γ=arctanr4\gamma = \arctan\frac{r}{4}。则 arctanr3=2702(β+γ)\arctan\frac{r}{3} = 270^\circ - 2(\beta + \gamma),并且由于 tan(270θ)=cotθ\tan(270^\circ - \theta) = \cot\theta,得到 r3=cot2(β+γ)\frac{r}{3} = \cot 2(\beta + \gamma)。令 T=tan(β+γ)=r2+r41r28T = \tan(\beta + \gamma) = \frac{\frac{r}{2} + \frac{r}{4}}{1 - \frac{r^2}{8}} =6r8r2= \frac{6r}{8 - r^2},恒等式 r3=1T22T\frac{r}{3} = \frac{1 - T^2}{2T} 变为 2rT=3(1T2)2rT = 3(1 - T^2),代入 TT 并清分母得 5r484r2+64=05r^4 - 84r^2 + 64 = 0\text{,}所以 r2=16r^2 = 16r2=45r^2 = \frac{4}{5}。当 r2=45r^2 = \frac{4}{5} 时,每个半角都远小于 5454^\circ,半角和远不足 270270^\circ;所以这个根是增根。因此 r=4r = 4

半周长为 s=5+6+6+6+72=15s = \frac{5 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 7}{2} = 15,所以面积为 rs=415=60rs = 4 \cdot 15 = 60

Let the tangent lengths from A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, and EE to the incircle be a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, and e.e. Then a+b=5,a + b = 5, b+c=6,b + c = 6, c+d=6,c + d = 6, d+e=6,d + e = 6, and e+a=7.e + a = 7. The middle equations give d=bd = b and e=c,e = c, so c+a=7;c + a = 7; with a+b=5a + b = 5 and b+c=6b + c = 6 this yields a=3,a = 3, b=d=2,b = d = 2, c=e=4.c = e = 4. If rr is the inradius, the interior angle at a vertex with tangent length tt satisfies tanθ2=rt,\tan\frac{\theta}{2} = \frac{r}{t}, and the half-angles sum to half of 540:540^\circ: arctanr3+2arctanr2+2arctanr4=270. \begin{aligned} &\arctan\frac{r}{3} + 2\arctan\frac{r}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ 2\arctan\frac{r}{4} = 270^\circ. \end{aligned}

Let β=arctanr2\beta = \arctan\frac{r}{2} and γ=arctanr4.\gamma = \arctan\frac{r}{4}. Then arctanr3=2702(β+γ),\arctan\frac{r}{3} = 270^\circ - 2(\beta + \gamma), and since tan(270θ)=cotθ,\tan(270^\circ - \theta) = \cot\theta, we get r3=cot2(β+γ).\frac{r}{3} = \cot 2(\beta + \gamma). With T=tan(β+γ)=r2+r41r28T = \tan(\beta + \gamma) = \frac{\frac{r}{2} + \frac{r}{4}}{1 - \frac{r^2}{8}} =6r8r2,= \frac{6r}{8 - r^2}, the identity r3=1T22T\frac{r}{3} = \frac{1 - T^2}{2T} becomes 2rT=3(1T2),2rT = 3(1 - T^2), and substituting TT and clearing denominators gives 5r484r2+64=0,5r^4 - 84r^2 + 64 = 0, so r2=16r^2 = 16 or r2=45.r^2 = \frac{4}{5}. For r2=45r^2 = \frac{4}{5} every half-angle is well under 54,54^\circ, so the half-angle sum falls far short of 270;270^\circ; this root is extraneous. Hence r=4.r = 4.

The semiperimeter is s=5+6+6+6+72=15,s = \frac{5 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 7}{2} = 15, so the area is rs=415=60.rs = 4 \cdot 15 = 60.

14.

对实数 xx,令 x\lfloor x \rfloor 为小于或等于 xx 的最大整数,并定义 {x}=xx\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloorxx 的小数部分。例如,{3}=0\{3\} = 0,且 {4.56}=0.56\{4.56\} = 0.56。定义 f(x)=x{x}f(x) = x\{x\},令 NN 为方程 f(f(f(x)))=17f(f(f(x))) = 170x20200 \le x \le 2020 上的实数解个数。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

For real number xx let x\lfloor x \rfloor be the greatest integer less than or equal to x,x, and define {x}=xx\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor to be the fractional part of x.x. For example, {3}=0\{3\} = 0 and {4.56}=0.56.\{4.56\} = 0.56. Define f(x)=x{x},f(x) = x\{x\}, and let NN be the number of real-valued solutions to the equation f(f(f(x)))=17f(f(f(x))) = 17 for 0x2020.0 \le x \le 2020. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:10
难度评级:3160
小提示:

在每个区间 [k,k+1)[k, k+1) 上,其中 k0k \ge 0,函数 ff00 递增并趋近于 k+1k + 1,恰好取遍 [0,k+1)[0, k+1) 中每个值一次

On each interval [k,k+1)[k, k+1) with k0,k \ge 0, the function ff increases from 00 toward k+1,k + 1, taking every value in [0,k+1)[0, k+1) exactly once

大提示:

因此当 n<c<n+1n \lt c \lt n + 1 时,f(w)=cf(w) = c 在每个 [k,k+1)[k, k+1)knk \ge n 中有一个解。数出区间链 17nkj17 \le n \le k \le j,并用冰球杆恒等式求和。

So f(w)=cf(w) = c with n<c<n+1n \lt c \lt n + 1 has one solution in [k,k+1)[k, k+1) for each kn.k \ge n. Count chains of intervals 17nkj17 \le n \le k \le j and sum with the hockey stick identity.

解答:

[k,k+1)[k, k+1) 上,其中 k0k \ge 0 为整数,写 x=k+tx = k + t;则 f(x)=(k+t)tf(x) = (k + t)t00 严格递增并趋近于 k+1k + 1,所以 ff[k,k+1)[k, k+1) 双射到 [0,k+1)[0, k+1)。因此对任何满足 n<c<n+1n \lt c \lt n + 1cc,对每个整数 knk \ge n,方程 f(w)=cf(w) = c[k,k+1)[k, k+1) 中恰有一个解,且没有其他解。

方程 f(z)=17f(z) = 17 对每个 n17n \ge 17 有一个解 zn(n,n+1)z_n \in (n, n+1)。接着,对每个 knk \ge n,方程 f(w)=znf(w) = z_n(k,k+1)(k, k+1) 中有一个解。最后,对 x[j,j+1)x \in [j, j+1),其中 0j20190 \le j \le 2019ff[j,j+1)[j, j+1) 双射到 [0,j+1)[0, j+1),所以在该区间内 f(f(f(x)))=17f(f(f(x))) = 17 的解数等于满足 w<j+1w \lt j + 1 的这类 ww 的个数,也就是满足 17nkj17 \le n \le k \le j 的数对 (n,k)(n, k) 的个数,即 (j152)\binom{j - 15}{2}。(端点 x=2020x = 2020 给出 f(x)=0f(x) = 0,不是解。)

由冰球杆恒等式,N=j=172019(j152)=a=22004(a2)=(20053)=2005200420036=1,341,349,010 \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{j=17}^{2019} \binom{j - 15}{2} \\ &= \sum_{a=2}^{2004} \binom{a}{2} \\ &= \binom{2005}{3} \\ &= \frac{2005 \cdot 2004 \cdot 2003}{6} \\ &= 1{,}341{,}349{,}010 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 NN 除以 10001000 的余数是 1010

On [k,k+1)[k, k+1) with k0k \ge 0 an integer, write x=k+t;x = k + t; then f(x)=(k+t)tf(x) = (k + t)t is strictly increasing from 00 toward k+1,k + 1, so ff maps [k,k+1)[k, k+1) bijectively onto [0,k+1).[0, k+1). Hence for any cc with n<c<n+1,n \lt c \lt n + 1, the equation f(w)=cf(w) = c has exactly one solution in [k,k+1)[k, k+1) for each integer kn,k \ge n, and no others.

The equation f(z)=17f(z) = 17 has one solution zn(n,n+1)z_n \in (n, n+1) for each n17.n \ge 17. In turn, f(w)=znf(w) = z_n has one solution in (k,k+1)(k, k+1) for each kn.k \ge n. Finally, for x[j,j+1)x \in [j, j+1) with 0j2019,0 \le j \le 2019, ff maps [j,j+1)[j, j+1) bijectively onto [0,j+1),[0, j+1), so the number of solutions of f(f(f(x)))=17f(f(f(x))) = 17 there equals the number of such ww with w<j+1,w \lt j + 1, namely the number of pairs (n,k)(n, k) with 17nkj,17 \le n \le k \le j, which is (j152).\binom{j - 15}{2}. (The endpoint x=2020x = 2020 gives f(x)=0f(x) = 0 and is not a solution.)

By the hockey stick identity, N=j=172019(j152)=a=22004(a2)=(20053)=2005200420036=1,341,349,010, \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{j=17}^{2019} \binom{j - 15}{2} \\ &= \sum_{a=2}^{2004} \binom{a}{2} \\ &= \binom{2005}{3} \\ &= \frac{2005 \cdot 2004 \cdot 2003}{6} \\ &= 1{,}341{,}349{,}010, \end{aligned} so the remainder when NN is divided by 10001000 is 10.10.

15.

ABC\triangle ABC 是一个锐角不等边三角形,外接圆为 ω\omegaω\omegaBBCC 处的切线相交于 TT。令 XXYY 分别为 TT 到直线 ABABACAC 的垂足。已知 BT=CT=16BT = CT = 16BC=22BC = 22,且 TX2+TY2+XY2=1143TX^2 + TY^2 + XY^2 = 1143。求 XY2XY^2

Let ABC\triangle ABC be an acute scalene triangle with circumcircle ω.\omega. The tangents to ω\omega at BB and CC intersect at T.T. Let XX and YY be the projections of TT onto lines ABAB and AC,AC, respectively. Suppose BT=CT=16,BT = CT = 16, BC=22,BC = 22, and TX2+TY2+XY2=1143.TX^2 + TY^2 + XY^2 = 1143. Find XY2.XY^2.

答案:717
难度评级:3370
小提示:

切线-弦定理给出 ABT=180C\angle ABT = 180^\circ - C,所以 TX=16sinCTX = 16 \sin C;且 AXTYAXTY 是以 ATAT 为直径的圆内接四边形,所以 XY=ATsinAXY = AT \sin A

The tangent-chord angle gives ABT=180C,\angle ABT = 180^\circ - C, so TX=16sinC;TX = 16 \sin C; and AXTYAXTY is cyclic with diameter AT,AT, so XY=ATsinAXY = AT \sin A

大提示:

BBCC 放在 (11,0)(\mp 11, 0),于是 T=(0,135)T = (0, -\sqrt{135})。此时 TX2+TY2TX^2 + TY^2XY2XY^2 都是 AAyy 坐标的一次函数。

Place BB and CC at (11,0),(\mp 11, 0), so T=(0,135).T = (0, -\sqrt{135}). Then TX2+TY2TX^2 + TY^2 and XY2XY^2 are both linear in the yy-coordinate of A.A.

解答:

由切线-弦定理,TBC=A\angle TBC = A,所以 ABT=B+A=180C\angle ABT = B + A = 180^\circ - C,且 TX=TBsinABT=16sinCTX = TB \sin\angle ABT = 16 \sin C;同理 TY=16sinBTY = 16 \sin B。又 AXT=AYT=90\angle AXT = \angle AYT = 90^\circ,所以 AAXXTTYY 共圆,且直径为 ATAT,从而 XY=ATsinAXY = AT \sin A。由正弦定理,sinA=11R\sin A = \frac{11}{R}sinB=AC2R\sin B = \frac{AC}{2R}sinC=AB2R\sin C = \frac{AB}{2R},题设条件变为 64(AB2+AC2)+121AT2R2=1143 \begin{aligned} &\frac{64\left(AB^2 + AC^2\right) + 121\,AT^2}{R^2} \\ &= 1143 \end{aligned}\text{。}

B=(11,0)B = (-11, 0)C=(11,0)C = (11, 0)。因为 TB=16TB = 16,且 TTBCBC 的垂直平分线上,得 T=(0,135)T = (0, -\sqrt{135})。圆心为 O=(0,k)O = (0, k),且 OBBTOB \perp BT,由此 121k135=0121 - k\sqrt{135} = 0,所以 k=121135k = \frac{121}{\sqrt{135}},并且 R2=121+k2=30976135R^2 = 121 + k^2 = \frac{30976}{135}。对圆 ω\omega 上的 A=(x,y)A = (x, y),展开 x2+(yk)2=R2x^2 + (y - k)^2 = R^2,得到 x2+y2=242135y+121x^2 + y^2 = \frac{242}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 121。因此 AB2+AC2=2(x2+y2)+242=484135y+484 \begin{aligned} AB^2 + AC^2 &= 2(x^2 + y^2) + 242 \\ &= \frac{484}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 484 \end{aligned}\text{,}AT2=x2+y2+2135y+135=512135y+256 \begin{aligned} AT^2 &= x^2 + y^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2\sqrt{135}\,y + 135 \\ &= \frac{512}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 256 \end{aligned}\text{。}

代入后,64(AB2+AC2)+121AT264(AB^2 + AC^2) + 121\,AT^2 =92928135y+61952= \frac{92928}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 61952 =114330976135= 1143 \cdot \frac{30976}{135},得到 y=291135y = \frac{291}{\sqrt{135}}。于是 AT2=512291135+256=183552135AT^2 = \frac{512 \cdot 291}{135} + 256 = \frac{183552}{135},且 XY2=AT2sin2A=121AT2R2=12118355230976=183552256=717 \begin{aligned} XY^2 &= AT^2 \sin^2 A \\ &= \frac{121\,AT^2}{R^2} \\ &= \frac{121 \cdot 183552}{30976} \\ &= \frac{183552}{256} = 717 \end{aligned}\text{。}

By the tangent-chord angle, TBC=A,\angle TBC = A, so ABT=B+A=180C\angle ABT = B + A = 180^\circ - C and TX=TBsinABT=16sinC;TX = TB \sin\angle ABT = 16 \sin C; similarly TY=16sinB.TY = 16 \sin B. Also AXT=AYT=90,\angle AXT = \angle AYT = 90^\circ, so A,A, X,X, T,T, and YY lie on a circle with diameter AT,AT, whence XY=ATsinA.XY = AT \sin A. Using the law of sines, sinA=11R,\sin A = \frac{11}{R}, sinB=AC2R,\sin B = \frac{AC}{2R}, and sinC=AB2R,\sin C = \frac{AB}{2R}, so the given condition becomes 64(AB2+AC2)+121AT2R2=1143. \begin{aligned} &\frac{64\left(AB^2 + AC^2\right) + 121\,AT^2}{R^2} \\ &= 1143. \end{aligned}

Place B=(11,0)B = (-11, 0) and C=(11,0).C = (11, 0). Since TB=16TB = 16 and TT lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC,BC, we get T=(0,135).T = (0, -\sqrt{135}). The circumcenter is O=(0,k)O = (0, k) with OBBT,OB \perp BT, which gives 121k135=0,121 - k\sqrt{135} = 0, so k=121135k = \frac{121}{\sqrt{135}} and R2=121+k2=30976135.R^2 = 121 + k^2 = \frac{30976}{135}. For A=(x,y)A = (x, y) on ω,\omega, expanding x2+(yk)2=R2x^2 + (y - k)^2 = R^2 gives x2+y2=242135y+121.x^2 + y^2 = \frac{242}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 121. Therefore AB2+AC2=2(x2+y2)+242=484135y+484, \begin{aligned} AB^2 + AC^2 &= 2(x^2 + y^2) + 242 \\ &= \frac{484}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 484, \end{aligned} AT2=x2+y2+2135y+135=512135y+256. \begin{aligned} AT^2 &= x^2 + y^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2\sqrt{135}\,y + 135 \\ &= \frac{512}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 256. \end{aligned}

Substituting, 64(AB2+AC2)+121AT264(AB^2 + AC^2) + 121\,AT^2 =92928135y+61952= \frac{92928}{\sqrt{135}}\,y + 61952 =114330976135= 1143 \cdot \frac{30976}{135} yields y=291135.y = \frac{291}{\sqrt{135}}. Then AT2=512291135+256=183552135,AT^2 = \frac{512 \cdot 291}{135} + 256 = \frac{183552}{135}, and XY2=AT2sin2A=121AT2R2=12118355230976=183552256=717. \begin{aligned} XY^2 &= AT^2 \sin^2 A \\ &= \frac{121\,AT^2}{R^2} \\ &= \frac{121 \cdot 183552}{30976} \\ &= \frac{183552}{256} = 717. \end{aligned}