2019 AIME I 第 2 题

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2.

Jenn 从 1,2,3,,19,201, 2, 3, \ldots, 19, 20 中随机选择一个数 JJ。然后 Bela 从 1,2,3,,19,201, 2, 3, \ldots, 19, 20 中随机选择一个不同于 JJ 的数 BBBJB - J 至少为 22 的概率可以表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Jenn randomly chooses a number JJ from 1,2,3,,19,20.1, 2, 3, \ldots, 19, 20. Bela then randomly chooses a number BB from 1,2,3,,19,201, 2, 3, \ldots, 19, 20 distinct from J.J. The value of BJB - J is at least 22 with a probability that can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:29
知识点:基本概率数对计数
难度评级:1950
解答:

满足 BJB \neq J 的等可能有序对 (J,B)(J, B) 共有 2019=38020 \cdot 19 = 380 个。条件 BJ+2B \ge J + 2 对每个 J18J \le 18 给出 19J19 - JBB 的选择,所以有利有序对数为 J=118(19J)=18+17++1=171. \begin{aligned} &\sum_{J=1}^{18} (19 - J) \\ &= 18 + 17 + \cdots + 1 = 171. \end{aligned}

概率为 171380=920\frac{171}{380} = \frac{9}{20},所以 m+n=9+20=29m + n = 9 + 20 = 29

There are 2019=38020 \cdot 19 = 380 equally likely ordered pairs (J,B)(J, B) with BJ.B \neq J. The condition BJ+2B \ge J + 2 allows 19J19 - J choices of BB for each J18,J \le 18, so the number of favorable pairs is J=118(19J)=18+17++1=171. \begin{aligned} &\sum_{J=1}^{18} (19 - J) \\ &= 18 + 17 + \cdots + 1 = 171. \end{aligned}

The probability is 171380=920,\frac{171}{380} = \frac{9}{20}, so m+n=9+20=29.m + n = 9 + 20 = 29.

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