2017 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

四面体 ABCDABCD 满足 AD=BC=28AD = BC = 28AC=BD=44AC = BD = 44, 且 AB=CD=52AB = CD = 52。 对空间中任意点 XX,定义 f(X)=AX+BXf(X) = AX + BX +CX+DX+ CX + DXf(X)f(X) 的最小可能值可表示为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Tetrahedron ABCDABCD has AD=BC=28,AD = BC = 28, AC=BD=44,AC = BD = 44, and AB=CD=52.AB = CD = 52. For any point XX in space, define f(X)=AX+BXf(X) = AX + BX +CX+DX.+ CX + DX. The least possible value of f(X)f(X) can be expressed as mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:682
知识点:立体几何中线(几何)三角不等式对称性
难度评级:3500
解答:

MMNN 分别为 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 的中点。 从 CC 和从 DDAB\overline{AB} 的中线相等,因为三角形 ABCABCBADBADSSSSSS; 全等;由中线长公式, 4MD2=2282+24424MD^2 = 2 \cdot 28^2 + 2 \cdot 44^2 522- 52^2 =2736= 2736,所以 MC2=MD2=684MC^2 = MD^2 = 684。同理 NA=NBNA = NB。于是 MNMN, 作为等腰三角形 MCDMCDNABNAB 的中线,分别垂直于 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD},所以绕直线 MNMN180180^\circ 旋转会交换 ABA \leftrightarrow BCDC \leftrightarrow D。另外 MN2=MD2ND2MN^2 = MD^2 - ND^2 =684262= 684 - 26^2 =8= 8

对任意点 XX,令 XX' 为它在该旋转下的像,令 QQXX\overline{XX'} 的中点, 则 QQ 在直线 MNMN 上。此时 BX=AXBX = AX',且 CX=DXCX = DX',所以 f(X)=(AX+AX)+(DX+DX)2AQ+2DQ=f(Q), \begin{aligned} &f(X) = (AX + AX') \\ &{}+ (DX + DX') \\ &\ge 2AQ + 2DQ = f(Q), \end{aligned} 因为三角形的一条中线不超过相邻两边之和的一半。因此只需在直线 MNMN 上的点 Q 中最小化 f(Q)=2(AQ+DQ)f(Q) = 2(AQ + DQ)

DD 绕直线 MNMN 旋转到 AA 与直线 MNMN 所在的平面内,并落在 MNMN 相对于 AA 的另一侧,得到点 DD',其中 ND=ND=26ND' = ND = 26。对于直线 MNMN 上的 QQAQ+DQ=AQ+DQADAQ + DQ = AQ + D'Q \ge AD',当线段 AD\overline{AD'}MNMN 相交时取等号。因为 AMMNAM \perp MNDNMND'N \perp MN,并且 AM=26AM = 26ND=26ND' = 26AD2=(AM+ND)2+MN2=522+8=2712=4678. \begin{aligned} &AD'^2 = (AM + ND')^2 + MN^2 \\ &= 52^2 + 8 = 2712 \\ &= 4 \cdot 678. \end{aligned} 因此 ff 的最小值为 2AD=46782AD' = 4\sqrt{678},而 678=23113678 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 113 无平方因子,所以 m+n=4+678=682m + n = 4 + 678 = 682

Let MM and NN be the midpoints of AB\overline{AB} and CD.\overline{CD}. The medians from CC and from DD to AB\overline{AB} are equal, since triangles ABCABC and BADBAD are congruent by SSS;SSS; by the median length formula, 4MD2=2282+24424MD^2 = 2 \cdot 28^2 + 2 \cdot 44^2 522- 52^2 =2736,= 2736, so MC2=MD2=684.MC^2 = MD^2 = 684. Likewise NA=NB.NA = NB. Then MN,MN, as a median of the isosceles triangles MCDMCD and NAB,NAB, is perpendicular to both AB\overline{AB} and CD,\overline{CD}, so the 180180^\circ rotation about line MNMN swaps ABA \leftrightarrow B and CD.C \leftrightarrow D. Also MN2=MD2ND2MN^2 = MD^2 - ND^2 =684262= 684 - 26^2 =8.= 8.

For any point X,X, let XX' be its image under this rotation, and let QQ be the midpoint of XX,\overline{XX'}, which lies on line MN.MN. Then BX=AXBX = AX' and CX=DX,CX = DX', so f(X)=(AX+AX)+(DX+DX)2AQ+2DQ=f(Q), \begin{aligned} &f(X) = (AX + AX') \\ &{}+ (DX + DX') \\ &\ge 2AQ + 2DQ = f(Q), \end{aligned} because a median of a triangle is at most half the sum of the two adjacent sides. So it suffices to minimize f(Q)=2(AQ+DQ)f(Q) = 2(AQ + DQ) over points QQ on line MN.MN.

Rotate DD about line MNMN into the plane of AA and line MN,MN, on the opposite side of MNMN from A,A, landing at DD' with ND=ND=26.ND' = ND = 26. For QQ on line MN,MN, AQ+DQ=AQ+DQAD,AQ + DQ = AQ + D'Q \ge AD', with equality where segment AD\overline{AD'} crosses MN.MN. Since AMMNAM \perp MN and DNMND'N \perp MN with AM=26AM = 26 and ND=26,ND' = 26, AD2=(AM+ND)2+MN2=522+8=2712=4678. \begin{aligned} &AD'^2 = (AM + ND')^2 + MN^2 \\ &= 52^2 + 8 = 2712 \\ &= 4 \cdot 678. \end{aligned} Hence the minimum of ff is 2AD=4678,2AD' = 4\sqrt{678}, and since 678=23113678 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 113 is squarefree, m+n=4+678=682.m + n = 4 + 678 = 682.

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