2016 AIME II 第 11 题

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11.

对正整数 NNkk,若存在正整数 aa,使得 aka^k 恰有 NN 个正因数,则称 NNkk-nice。求小于 10001000 且既不是 77-nice 也不是 88-nice 的正整数个数。

For positive integers NN and k,k, define NN to be kk-nice if there exists a positive integer aa such that aka^k has exactly NN positive divisors. Find the number of positive integers less than 10001000 that are neither 77-nice nor 88-nice.

答案:749
知识点:因数个数模运算容斥原理
难度评级:2990
解答:

a=p1m1ptmta = p_1^{m_1} \cdots p_t^{m_t},则 aka^k(km1+1)(km2+1)(km_1 + 1)(km_2 + 1) (kmt+1)\cdots (km_t + 1) 个正因数,且每个因子都 1(modk)\equiv 1 \pmod{k},所以乘积也如此。反过来,若 N=km+1N = km + 1,取 a=pma = p^m,则 ak=pkma^k = p^{km} 恰有 NN 个因数。因此 NNkk-nice 当且仅当 N1(modk)N \equiv 1 \pmod{k}

1,2,,9991, 2, \ldots, 999 中,有 143143 个整数 1(mod7)\equiv 1 \pmod{7}(即 1,8,,9951, 8, \ldots, 995),有 125125 个整数 1(mod8)\equiv 1 \pmod{8}(即 1,9,,9931, 9, \ldots, 993)。因为 lcm(7,8)=56\operatorname{lcm}(7, 8) = 56,所以有 1818 个整数 1(mod56)\equiv 1 \pmod{56}(即 1,57,,9531, 57, \ldots, 953)。由容斥,有 143+12518=250143 + 125 - 18 = 250 个数是 77-nice 或 88-nice。

因此,小于 10001000 且两者都不是的正整数有 999250=749999 - 250 = 749 个。

If a=p1m1ptmt,a = p_1^{m_1} \cdots p_t^{m_t}, then aka^k has (km1+1)(km2+1)(km_1 + 1)(km_2 + 1) (kmt+1)\cdots (km_t + 1) positive divisors, and each factor is 1(modk),\equiv 1 \pmod{k}, so the product is too. Conversely, if N=km+1,N = km + 1, then a=pma = p^m gives ak=pkma^k = p^{km} with exactly NN divisors. So NN is kk-nice exactly when N1(modk).N \equiv 1 \pmod{k}.

Among 1,2,,9991, 2, \ldots, 999 there are 143143 integers 1(mod7)\equiv 1 \pmod{7} (namely 1,8,,9951, 8, \ldots, 995) and 125125 integers 1(mod8)\equiv 1 \pmod{8} (namely 1,9,,9931, 9, \ldots, 993). Since lcm(7,8)=56,\operatorname{lcm}(7, 8) = 56, there are 1818 integers 1(mod56)\equiv 1 \pmod{56} (namely 1,57,,9531, 57, \ldots, 953). By inclusion-exclusion, 143+12518=250143 + 125 - 18 = 250 of them are 77-nice or 88-nice.

Hence 999250=749999 - 250 = 749 positive integers less than 10001000 are neither.

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