2016 AIME I 第 2 题

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2.

两个骰子看起来都是标准骰子,面上标有 1166,但每个骰子都被加权,使得掷出数字 kk 的概率与 kk 成正比。用这一对骰子掷出和为 77 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Two dice appear to be standard dice with their faces numbered from 11 to 6,6, but each die is weighted so that the probability of rolling the number kk is directly proportional to k.k. The probability of rolling a 77 with this pair of dice is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:71
知识点:骰子(概率)基本概率
难度评级:2070
解答:

因为 1+2++6=211 + 2 + \cdots + 6 = 21,每个骰子掷出 kk 的概率为 k21\frac{k}{21}。和为 77 来自数对 (k,7k)(k, 7-k),其中 k=1,,6k = 1, \ldots, 6,所以这个概率是 16+25+34+43+52+61212=56441=863. \begin{aligned} &\scriptsize \frac{1 \cdot 6 + 2 \cdot 5 + 3 \cdot 4 + 4 \cdot 3 + 5 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 1}{21^2} \\ &= \frac{56}{441} = \frac{8}{63}. \end{aligned}

因此 m+n=8+63=71m + n = 8 + 63 = 71

Since 1+2++6=21,1 + 2 + \cdots + 6 = 21, each die rolls kk with probability k21.\frac{k}{21}. A total of 77 arises from the pairs (k,7k)(k, 7-k) for k=1,,6,k = 1, \ldots, 6, so its probability is 16+25+34+43+52+61212=56441=863. \begin{aligned} &\scriptsize \frac{1 \cdot 6 + 2 \cdot 5 + 3 \cdot 4 + 4 \cdot 3 + 5 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 1}{21^2} \\ &= \frac{56}{441} = \frac{8}{63}. \end{aligned}

Thus m+n=8+63=71.m + n = 8 + 63 = 71.

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