2016 AIME I 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
对于 ,令 表示等比级数 的和。设 与 之间的 满足 。求 。
For let denote the sum of the geometric series Let between and satisfy Find
2.
两个骰子看起来都是标准骰子,面上标有 到 ,但每个骰子都被加权,使得掷出数字 的概率与 成正比。用这一对骰子掷出和为 的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Two dice appear to be standard dice with their faces numbered from to but each die is weighted so that the probability of rolling the number is directly proportional to The probability of rolling a with this pair of dice is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
3.
一个正二十面体是一个有 个面的立体,每个面都是等边三角形,并且每个顶点都有五个三角形相交。下图所示的正二十面体有一个最上方顶点、一个最下方顶点、一个由五个顶点组成的上五边形(这五个顶点都与最上方顶点相邻,且都在同一水平平面内),以及一个由五个顶点组成的下五边形(这五个顶点都与最下方顶点相邻,且都在另一水平平面内)。求从最上方顶点到最下方顶点的路径数,要求路径的每一段都沿二十面体的边向下或水平移动,并且不重复经过任何顶点。
A regular icosahedron is a -faced solid where each face is an equilateral triangle and five triangles meet at every vertex. The regular icosahedron shown below has one vertex at the top, one vertex at the bottom, an upper pentagon of five vertices all adjacent to the top vertex and all in the same horizontal plane, and a lower pentagon of five vertices all adjacent to the bottom vertex and all in another horizontal plane. Find the number of paths from the top vertex to the bottom vertex such that each part of a path goes downward or horizontally along an edge of the icosahedron, and no vertex is repeated.
小提示:
每条路径都按这样的顺序走:从最上方顶点下降到上五边形、沿上五边形走、向下、沿下五边形走、向下。分别计算每一阶段
Every path goes: top vertex, around the upper pentagon, down, around the lower pentagon, down. Count each stage separately.
大提示:
沿一个五边形有 种走法( 到 步,顺时针或逆时针),且每个上层顶点有 条向下到下五边形的边
Around a pentagon there are routes ( to steps, clockwise or counterclockwise), and each upper vertex has downward edges to the lower pentagon
解答:
上五边形的每个顶点都与最上方顶点、两个上五边形邻点以及两个下五边形顶点相邻;下五边形的每个顶点都与两个上层顶点、两个下五边形邻点以及最下方顶点相邻。因此一条不重复顶点且只向下或水平走的路径,必须先下降到上五边形,沿某一个方向绕过其中一部分,再下降到下五边形,沿某一个方向绕过其中一部分,最后到达最下方顶点。
第一步向下有 种选择。在上五边形上,路径可以走 、、、 或 条水平边,方向有两种(若转向就会重复顶点),共有 种选择。然后有 条边下降到下五边形,在那里又有 种水平走法,最后再走 步向下。
总数为 。
Each vertex of the upper pentagon is adjacent to the top vertex, two upper-pentagon neighbors, and two vertices of the lower pentagon; each vertex of the lower pentagon is adjacent to two upper vertices, two lower-pentagon neighbors, and the bottom vertex. So a downward-or-horizontal path with no repeated vertex must descend to the upper pentagon, circle part of it in one direction, drop to the lower pentagon, circle part of it in one direction, and end at the bottom.
There are choices for the first step down. On the upper pentagon the path can take or horizontal steps, in either of two directions (a reversal would repeat a vertex), for options. Then there are edges down to the lower pentagon, again horizontal options there, and final step down.
The total is
4.
一个高为 的直棱柱,其底面是边长为 的正六边形。棱柱的一个顶点 以及与它相邻的三个顶点是一个三棱锥的顶点。这个三棱锥中,位于棱柱底面内的面与不含 的面所形成的二面角(两个平面之间的角)为 。求 。
A right prism with height has bases that are regular hexagons with sides of length A vertex of the prism and its three adjacent vertices are the vertices of a triangular pyramid. The dihedral angle (the angle between the two planes) formed by the face of the pyramid that lies in a base of the prism and the face of the pyramid that does not contain measures Find
小提示:
这个三棱锥使用 、它的两个底面邻点 和 ,以及 正上方的顶点 ;二面角的棱为 。
The pyramid uses its two base neighbors and and the vertex directly above the dihedral angle sits along
大提示:
若 是 的中点,则这个二面角是 ;用 求
If is the midpoint of the dihedral angle is use to find
解答:
与 相邻的三个顶点是同一正六边形底面中的两个邻点 和 ,以及 正上方的顶点 ,其中 且垂直于底面。位于底面内的面是 ,不含 的面是 ;它们沿 相交。
令 为 的中点。因为 ,且 (正六边形的内角),所以 ,并且 。因为 垂直于底面, 也成立,所以二面角为 。
在直角三角形 中,,所以 。
The three vertices adjacent to are its two neighbors and in the same hexagonal base and the vertex directly above with perpendicular to the base. The face in the base is and the face avoiding is they meet along
Let be the midpoint of Since and (the interior angle of a regular hexagon), and Because is perpendicular to the base, as well, so the dihedral angle is
In right triangle so
5.
Anh 读一本书。第一天她用 分钟读了 页,其中 和 都是正整数。第二天 Anh 用 分钟读了 页。此后每天 Anh 都比前一天多读一页,并且比前一天多用一分钟,直到她读完整本 页的书。她读完这本书总共用了 分钟。求 。
Anh read a book. On the first day she read pages in minutes, where and are positive integers. On the second day Anh read pages in minutes. Each day thereafter Anh read one more page than she read on the previous day, and it took her one more minute than on the previous day until she completely read the page book. It took her a total of minutes to read the book. Find
小提示:
若她用 天读完,等差数列求和给出 和
If she finished in days, arithmetic series give and
大提示:
相减得到 ,且 也整除
Subtracting gives and also divides
解答:
设 Anh 在第 天读完。分别对每天页数和分钟数的等差数列求和, 且 所以 ,并且 。
相减得 ,所以 。因此 同时整除 和 ,所以 整除 。由于故事跨越不止一天,。
接着 ,得到 ,,得到 。因此 。
Say Anh finished on day Summing the arithmetic progressions of pages and of minutes, and so and
Subtracting, so Thus divides both and so divides Since the story spans more than one day,
Then gives and gives Hence
6.
在 中,设 为内切圆圆心,并设 的角平分线与 交于 。经过 和 的直线与 的外接圆交于 和 两点。若 且 ,则 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
In let be the center of the inscribed circle, and let the bisector of intersect at The line through and intersects the circumscribed circle of at the two points and If and then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
通过追角证明 ,所以
Show by angle chasing, so
大提示:
三角形 和 共有角 ,且 ,所以
Triangles and share angle and have so
解答:
内心 位于角平分线 上,并在 与 之间。在三角形 中,点 处的外角给出 。另一方面,(二者都对弧 ),并且 (角平分线),所以 因此三角形 为等腰三角形,。
三角形 和 在 处有公共角,且 ,所以它们相似。因此 ,得到 。
最后 ,所以 。
The incenter lies on the bisector between and In triangle the exterior angle at gives On the other hand, (both subtend arc ) and (the bisector), so Hence triangle is isosceles with
Triangles and have a common angle at and so they are similar. Therefore giving
Finally so
7.
对整数 和 ,考虑复数 求有多少个有序整数对 ,使得这个复数是实数。
For integers and consider the complex number Find the number of ordered pairs of integers such that this complex number is a real number.
小提示:
若 ,这个数为实数当且仅当 ;注意 的取值范围和分母
If the number is real exactly when watch the range of and the denominator
大提示:
若 ,两项都是虚数且必须相互抵消:。分解为 。
If both terms are imaginary and must cancel: Factor as
解答:
若 ,第一项为实数,所以整个数为实数当且仅当 ,也就是 。此时 ,迫使 ,并且分母 排除 。这给出 个数对。
若 ,则 ,所以整个数为 ,它为实数当且仅当 。注意 在这里不可能,因为 没有整数解。当 时,方程变成 ,也就是 ,当 时,方程变成 。
因为 有 个正因数, 有 个有序整数解,并且 恰好在正因数的绝对值较大时成立:有 个解。对称地,另一个情形也给出 个解。在所有这些解中 。总数为 。
If the first term is real, so the number is real exactly when that is Then forces and the denominator rules out That gives pairs.
If then so the whole number is which is real exactly when Note is impossible here since has no integer solution. For the equation becomes that is and for it becomes
Since has positive divisors, has ordered integer solutions, and holds exactly when the positive factor is the larger in absolute value: solutions. Symmetrically the other case gives more. In all of these The total is
8.
对数字 、、、 的一个排列 ,令 表示三个 位数 、 和 的和。设 为所有满足 的个位数字为 的排列中, 的最小值。设 表示满足 的排列 的个数。求 。
For a permutation of the digits let denote the sum of the three -digit numbers and Let be the minimum value of subject to the condition that the units digit of is Let denote the number of permutations with Find
小提示:
按位值写出 :三个个位数字之和必须是 或
Write by place value: the three units digits must sum to or
大提示:
最小值迫使百位数字为 ,且个位列之和为 ;数出 中和为 的三元组
The minimum forces hundreds digits and a units-column sum of count which triples from sum to
解答:
按位值, ,且九个数字之和为 。 的个位数字为 当且仅当 或 。令 ,如果个位列和为 ,则 ;如果个位列和为 ,则 。所以 ,恰好在 且个位数字之和为 时达到。
剩余数字 必须拆分,使个位三元组和为 :可能为 、 和 。这 种拆分中的每一种都允许 种三列排列,所以 。
因此 。
By place value, and all nine digits sum to The units digit of is exactly when or Writing if the units column sums to then while if it sums to then So achieved exactly when and the units digits sum to
The remaining digits must split so the units triple sums to the possibilities are and Each of the splits allows arrangements of the three columns, so
Therefore
9.
三角形 满足 、,且 。这个三角形内接于长方形 ,其中 在 上, 在 上。求 的最大可能面积。
Triangle has and This triangle is inscribed in rectangle with on and on Find the maximum possible area of
小提示:
令 、;面积为 ,且 。
With and the area is and
大提示:
积化和差: ,在 时最大
Product-to-sum: maximized when
解答:
令 ,,则 。由直角三角形 和 ,长方形的边长为 和 ,所以它的面积为 这里使用了积化和差公式以及 。
这个值在 时最大,且约束允许这样取,因此面积为 。
Let and so From the right triangles and the sides of the rectangle are and so its area is using the product-to-sum identity and
This is maximized when which the constraint allows, giving area
10.
一个严格递增的正整数数列 、、、 满足:对于每个正整数 ,子列 、、 是等比数列,而子列 、、 是等差数列。已知 。求 。
A strictly increasing sequence of positive integers has the property that for every positive integer the subsequence is geometric and the subsequence is arithmetic. Suppose that Find
小提示:
将 写成最简分数;则 ,且 ,其中 为某个正整数
Write in lowest terms; then and for some positive integer
大提示:
归纳可得 ,所以 ;注意
Induction gives so note
解答:
将 的公比写成最简分数 ,其中 ,因为数列递增。由于 是整数,且 可知 整除 ;设 。于是 ,,,而等差条件给出 。继续下去,归纳可得对每个 ,
特别地, 。令 ;则 整除 ,所以 。但 ,并且范围内唯一使 整除 的值是 ,从而 。由 可知需要 是 的倍数且 ,所以 、,二者互质。
因此 。(事实上这个数列以 开始,并达到 。)
Write the common ratio of as in lowest terms, with since the sequence increases. Because is an integer and we get that divides set Then and the arithmetic condition gives Continuing, induction shows for every that
In particular Let then divides so But and the only value in range for which divides is giving From we need to be a multiple of with so and which are coprime.
Therefore (Indeed the sequence begins and reaches )
11.
设 是一个非零多项式,满足对每个实数 都有 ,并且 。那么 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Let be a nonzero polynomial such that for every real and Then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
代入 、 和 ,找出 的三个根
Substitute and to find three roots of
大提示:
写作 会迫使 ,所以 是常数;再由 求出它
Writing forces so is a constant; find it from
解答:
在恒等式中令 ,得到 ,所以 。令 ,得到 ,所以 ;令 ,得到 ,所以 。因此 ,其中 是某个多项式。
代回原式, ,所以对所有实数 有 ,这迫使 为常数 。标准化条件 化为 ,所以 。
因此 并且 。
Setting in the identity gives so Setting gives so and setting gives so Hence for some polynomial
Substituting back, so for all real which forces to be a constant The normalization reads so
Then and
12.
求最小的正整数 ,使得 是至少四个质数的乘积,这些质数不一定互不相同。
Find the least positive integer such that is a product of at least four not necessarily distinct primes.
小提示:
分别对 、、 和 取模检查 :它永远不能被这些数整除。
Check modulo and it is never divisible by any of them
大提示:
所以每个质因数至少为 。测试候选值 和 ,并使用 或 。
So every prime factor is at least Test the candidates and using or
解答:
令 。因为 总是偶数, 为奇数。检查所有余数类可知, 模 、 或 均不为 ,所以 的每个质因数至少为 。四个这样的质数的乘积至少为 ,两个最小候选值是 和 。
若 ,方程 的判别式为 ,它严格介于 和 之间,所以没有整数解。对于 :因为 必须被 整除,所以 或 。尝试 ,得到 ,也就是 ,而 满足:。
因为 在 时递增,所有更小的 都有 ,而低于它的唯一四质数乘积 不可达到。因此最小的 是 ,此时 。
Let Since is always even, is odd. Checking all residues shows is never modulo or either, so every prime factor of is at least A product of four such primes is at least and the two smallest candidates are and
For the discriminant of is which lies strictly between and so there is no integer solution. For since must be divisible by either or Trying gives that is which satisfies:
Since is increasing for every smaller has and the only four-prime value below that, is unattainable. Hence the least is where
13.
青蛙 Freddy 在坐标平面上跳来跳去寻找一条河,这条河位于水平直线 上。一道篱笆位于水平直线 上。每次跳跃时,Freddy 随机选择一个平行于某条坐标轴的方向,并朝该方向移动一个单位。当他位于 的点时,他以相等概率从三个方向中选择一个方向:要么平行于篱笆跳,要么远离篱笆跳,但他绝不会选择会越过篱笆进入 区域的方向。Freddy 从点 开始寻找,并会在到达河上的某点时停止。求 Freddy 到达河所需跳跃次数的期望值。
Freddy the frog is jumping around the coordinate plane searching for a river, which lies on the horizontal line A fence is located at the horizontal line On each jump Freddy randomly chooses a direction parallel to one of the coordinate axes and moves one unit in that direction. When he is at a point where with equal likelihoods he chooses one of three directions where he either jumps parallel to the fence or jumps away from the fence, but he never chooses the direction that would have him cross over the fence to where Freddy starts his search at the point and will stop once he reaches a point on the river. Find the expected number of jumps it will take Freddy to reach the river.
小提示:
只有高度 重要。若 是从高度 出发所需跳跃次数的期望,则对 有 。
Only the height matters. If is the expected number of jumps from height then for
大提示:
在篱笆处 。对 的递推式求和后裂项相消,再从 往下推。
At the fence Sum the recurrence over to telescope, then work down from
解答:
水平跳跃不会改变任何重要信息,所以令 为从高度 出发到达河所需跳跃次数的期望。则 ;对于 ,每次跳跃分别以概率 、、 向上、向下或水平移动,所以 化简得 。在篱笆处,三个等可能移动给出 ,即 。
对 求和 ,裂项相消得到 。代入 和 ,得到 。
现在将递推式写成 ,并向下推:由 和 ,得到 ,以及 。Freddy 从高度 开始,所以答案为 。
Horizontal jumps change nothing that matters, so let be the expected number of jumps to reach the river from height Then for each jump goes up, down, or sideways with probabilities so which simplifies to At the fence the three equally likely moves give that is
Summing over telescopes to Substituting and yields
Now run the recurrence downward as from and we get and Freddy starts at height so the answer is
14.
在坐标平面的每个格点处,都以该格点为中心放置一个半径为 的圆,以及一个边长为 、边平行于坐标轴的正方形。从 到 的线段与 个正方形和 个圆相交。求 。
Centered at each lattice point in the coordinate plane are a circle radius and a square with sides of length whose sides are parallel to the coordinate axes. The line segment from to intersects of the squares and of the circles. Find
小提示:
因为 ,这条线段是从 到 的线段的 个平移副本
Since the segment is copies of the segment from to
大提示:
直线与以 为中心的正方形相交当且仅当 ;当 时,它只擦过正方形的一个角,并且不与圆相交
The line meets the square at exactly when when it only grazes a corner of the square and misses the circle
解答:
因为 ,线段经过格点 ,其中 ,并且由 个从 到 的线段的平移副本组成。这条直线是 。它与以 为中心的正方形相交,当且仅当存在一个与 相距不超过 的 ,使直线在该横坐标处的高度与 相距不超过 。这等价于 ,也就是 。
对 ,解为 和 ,它们满足 ,以及 和 ,它们满足 。前两个点处直线经过中心,所以也与圆相交。后两个点中,等号表示直线恰好经过正方形的一个角(对于 ,这个角是 ),而它到中心的距离是 ,所以不与圆相交。因此每个副本与 个正方形和 个圆相交。
个内部格点 各被相邻两个副本共享,所以 ,且 ,得到 。
Since the segment passes through the lattice points for and consists of translated copies of the segment from to The line is It meets the square centered at exactly when its height passes within of for some within of that is when or equivalently
For the solutions are and with and and with In the first two the line passes through the center, so it meets the circle as well. In the other two, equality means the line passes exactly through a corner of the square (for the corner ), while its distance to the center is so it misses the circle. Thus each copy of the segment meets squares and circles.
The interior lattice points are each shared by two consecutive copies, so and giving
15.
圆 和 交于点 和 。直线 分别在 和 处与 和 相切,且直线 离点 比离点 更近。圆 经过 和 ,并再次与 交于 ,再次与 交于 。三点 、、 共线,,,且 。求 。
Circles and intersect at points and Line is tangent to and at and respectively, with line closer to point than to Circle passes through and intersecting again at and intersecting again at The three points are collinear, and Find
小提示:
直线 、 和 是三对圆的根轴,所以它们交于一点
Lines and are radical axes of pairs of the circles, so they meet at a point
大提示:
若 ,则 ;证明 是平行四边形,并且
If then show is a parallelogram and
解答:
直线 是 和 的根轴,直线 是 和 的根轴,直线 是 和 的根轴,所以三条直线交于根心 。(它们不能平行:否则会迫使构型对称并得到 。)令 。点 对每个圆的幂给出 ,所以 是 的中点,且 位于 与 之间。
因为 共圆,;因为 共圆,。由于 、、 共线,这两个角之和为 ,所以 共圆。点 处的切线弦角给出 ,所以 ;同理,。因此 是平行四边形。由于 是对角线 的中点,它也是 的中点;因此 。另外,,并且由点 处的切线弦角可得 ,所以三角形 和 相似,得到 。
合并这些结论,等于 。
Line is the radical axis of and line that of and and line that of and so the three lines meet at the radical center (They cannot be parallel: that would force a symmetric configuration with ) Let The power of with respect to each circle gives so is the midpoint of with between and
Since is cyclic, and since is cyclic, as are collinear these add to so is cyclic. The tangent-chord angle at gives so and symmetrically Hence is a parallelogram, and since is the midpoint of diagonal it is also the midpoint of therefore Moreover and (by the tangent-chord angle at ) so triangles and are similar, giving
Putting it together, which equals