2015 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q} 的半径分别为 1144,并在点 AA 外切。点 BBP\mathcal{P} 上,点 CCQ\mathcal{Q} 上,使直线 BCBC 是两圆的一条公外切线。过 AA 的一条直线 \ell 再次与 P\mathcal{P} 交于 DD,再次与 Q\mathcal{Q} 交于 EE。点 BBCC 位于 \ell 的同侧,且 DBA\triangle DBAACE\triangle ACE 的面积相等。这个公共面积为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Circles P\mathcal{P} and Q\mathcal{Q} have radii 11 and 4,4, respectively, and are externally tangent at point A.A. Point BB is on P\mathcal{P} and point CC is on Q\mathcal{Q} so that line BCBC is a common external tangent of the two circles. A line \ell through AA intersects P\mathcal{P} again at DD and intersects Q\mathcal{Q} again at E.E. Points BB and CC lie on the same side of ,\ell, and the areas of DBA\triangle DBA and ACE\triangle ACE are equal. This common area is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:129
知识点:位似相切圆坐标几何三角形面积
难度评级:3500
解答:

把直线 BCBC 放在 xx-轴上,则圆心为 P=(0,1)P = (0, 1)Q=(4,4)Q = (4, 4); 它们距离为 1+4=51 + 4 = 5。此时 B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(4,0)C = (4, 0),切点为 A=P+15(QP)=(45,85)A = P + \frac{1}{5}(Q - P) = \left(\frac{4}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\right)。以 AA 为中心、比为 4-4 的位似把 P\mathcal{P} 映到 Q\mathcal{Q},并把 DD 映到 EE,所以 AE=4ADAE = 4\,AD。由于 [DBA]=12ADd(B,)[DBA] = \frac{1}{2} AD \cdot d(B, \ell)[ACE]=12AEd(C,)[ACE] = \frac{1}{2} AE \cdot d(C, \ell) 面积相等条件为 d(B,)=4d(C,)d(B, \ell) = 4\,d(C, \ell),并且 BBCC\ell 的同侧。

\ell 写成 u(x45)+v(y85)=0u\left(x - \frac{4}{5}\right) + v\left(y - \frac{8}{5}\right) = 0。 它在 BBCC 处的带符号值分别为 4u+8v5-\frac{4u + 8v}{5}16u8v5\frac{16u - 8v}{5},所以同侧且距离比为 44 的条件为 (4u+8v)=4(16u8v)-(4u + 8v) = 4(16u - 8v),得到 24v=68u24v = 68u,即 v=176uv = \frac{17}{6}u。取 (u,v)=(6,17)(u, v) = (6, 17),直线为 6x+17y=326x + 17y = 32

于是 d(B,)=32325d(B, \ell) = \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}}。圆心 P=(0,1)P = (0, 1)\ell 的距离为 15325\frac{15}{\sqrt{325}},因此由弦长可得 AD=21225325=20325AD = 2\sqrt{1 - \frac{225}{325}} = \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}}。公共面积为 122032532325=320325=6465, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}} \cdot \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}} \\ &= \frac{320}{325} = \frac{64}{65}, \end{aligned} 所以 m+n=64+65=129m + n = 64 + 65 = 129

Place line BCBC on the xx-axis, so the centers are P=(0,1)P = (0, 1) and Q=(4,4)Q = (4, 4) (their distance is 1+4=51 + 4 = 5), with B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), C=(4,0),C = (4, 0), and the tangency point A=P+15(QP)=(45,85).A = P + \frac{1}{5}(Q - P) = \left(\frac{4}{5}, \frac{8}{5}\right). The homothety centered at AA with ratio 4-4 carries P\mathcal{P} to Q\mathcal{Q} and DD to E,E, so AE=4AD.AE = 4\,AD. Since [DBA]=12ADd(B,)[DBA] = \frac{1}{2} AD \cdot d(B, \ell) and [ACE]=12AEd(C,),[ACE] = \frac{1}{2} AE \cdot d(C, \ell), the equal-area condition is d(B,)=4d(C,)d(B, \ell) = 4\,d(C, \ell) with BB and CC on the same side of .\ell.

Write \ell as u(x45)+v(y85)=0.u\left(x - \frac{4}{5}\right) + v\left(y - \frac{8}{5}\right) = 0. Its signed values at BB and CC are 4u+8v5-\frac{4u + 8v}{5} and 16u8v5,\frac{16u - 8v}{5}, so the same-side ratio-44 condition reads (4u+8v)=4(16u8v),-(4u + 8v) = 4(16u - 8v), giving 24v=68u,24v = 68u, i.e. v=176u.v = \frac{17}{6}u. Taking (u,v)=(6,17),(u, v) = (6, 17), the line is 6x+17y=32.6x + 17y = 32.

Then d(B,)=32325,d(B, \ell) = \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}}, and the center P=(0,1)P = (0, 1) is at distance 15325\frac{15}{\sqrt{325}} from ,\ell, so the chord gives AD=21225325=20325.AD = 2\sqrt{1 - \frac{225}{325}} = \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}}. The common area is 122032532325=320325=6465, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{20}{\sqrt{325}} \cdot \frac{32}{\sqrt{325}} \\ &= \frac{320}{325} = \frac{64}{65}, \end{aligned} so m+n=64+65=129.m + n = 64 + 65 = 129.

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