2010 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

矩形 ABCDABCD 与以 AB\overline{AB} 为直径的半圆共面,且内部不重叠。设 R\mathcal{R} 为由半圆和矩形围成的区域。直线 \ell 分别在不同点 NNUUTT 处与半圆、线段 AB\overline{AB}、线段 CD\overline{CD} 相交。直线 \ell 将区域 R\mathcal{R} 分成面积比为 1:21 : 2 的两个区域。已知 AU=84AU = 84AN=126AN = 126UB=168UB = 168。则 DADA 可表示为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Rectangle ABCDABCD and a semicircle with diameter AB\overline{AB} are coplanar and have nonoverlapping interiors. Let R\mathcal{R} denote the region enclosed by the semicircle and the rectangle. Line \ell meets the semicircle, segment AB,\overline{AB}, and segment CD\overline{CD} at distinct points N,N, U,U, and T,T, respectively. Line \ell divides region R\mathcal{R} into two regions with areas in the ratio 1:2.1 : 2. Suppose that AU=84,AU = 84, AN=126,AN = 126, and UB=168.UB = 168. Then DADA can be represented as mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:69
知识点:扇形面积分割相似
难度评级:3270
解答:

这里 AB=84+168=252AB = 84 + 168 = 252,所以半圆的圆心为 OOAB\overline{AB} 的中点),半径为 126126。由于 AN=AO=ON=126AN = AO = ON = 126,三角形 AONAON 是等边三角形,所以 AON=60\angle AON = 60^\circ,扇形 AONAON 正好是半圆的三分之一。同样地,若 QQ 为从 UUDC\overline{DC} 的垂足,则 AU:UB=1:2AU : UB = 1 : 2 使矩形 AUQDAUQD 为矩形 ABCDABCD 的三分之一。

R\mathcal{R}\ellAA 侧的部分等于(扇形 AONAON- [NUO][NUO] ++(矩形 AUQDAUQD++ [UQT][UQT]。由于这必须是 R\mathcal{R} 的三分之一,所以需要 [NUO]=[UQT][NUO] = [UQT]。设 PP 为从 NNAB\overline{AB} 的垂足。在 3030-6060-9090 三角形 NOPNOP 中, OP=63OP = 63NP=633NP = 63\sqrt{3},所以 UP=8463=21UP = 84 - 63 = 21,且 UO=12684=42UO = 126 - 84 = 42。三角形 NUPNUPTUQTUQ 是相似直角三角形(在 UU 处有对顶角),因此 后一个等式成立,是因为这两个三角形都以 NPNP 为高,底分别为 UOUOUPUP[UQT][NUP]=(UQNP)2,[NUO][NUP]=UOUP=2, \begin{aligned} \frac{[UQT]}{[NUP]} &= \left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2, \\ \frac{[NUO]}{[NUP]} &= \frac{UO}{UP} = 2, \end{aligned}

令两个三角形面积相等,得 (UQNP)2=2\left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2 = 2,所以 因此 m+n=63+6=69m + n = 63 + 6 = 69DA=UQ=NP2=6332=636, \begin{aligned} DA = UQ &= NP\sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{3} \cdot \sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{6}, \end{aligned}

Here AB=84+168=252,AB = 84 + 168 = 252, so the semicircle has center OO (the midpoint of AB\overline{AB}) and radius 126.126. Since AN=AO=ON=126,AN = AO = ON = 126, triangle AONAON is equilateral, so AON=60\angle AON = 60^\circ and sector AONAON is exactly one third of the semicircle. Likewise, if QQ is the foot of the perpendicular from UU to DC,\overline{DC}, then AU:UB=1:2AU : UB = 1 : 2 makes rectangle AUQDAUQD one third of rectangle ABCD.ABCD.

The part of R\mathcal{R} on the AA-side of \ell equals (sector AONAON) - [NUO][NUO] ++ (rectangle AUQDAUQD) ++ [UQT].[UQT]. Since this must be one third of R,\mathcal{R}, we need [NUO]=[UQT].[NUO] = [UQT]. Let PP be the foot of the perpendicular from NN to AB.\overline{AB}. In the 3030-6060-9090 triangle NOP,NOP, OP=63OP = 63 and NP=633,NP = 63\sqrt{3}, so UP=8463=21UP = 84 - 63 = 21 and UO=12684=42.UO = 126 - 84 = 42. Triangles NUPNUP and TUQTUQ are similar right triangles (vertical angles at UU), so [UQT][NUP]=(UQNP)2,[NUO][NUP]=UOUP=2, \begin{aligned} \frac{[UQT]}{[NUP]} &= \left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2, \\ \frac{[NUO]}{[NUP]} &= \frac{UO}{UP} = 2, \end{aligned} the latter because both triangles have height NPNP over bases UOUO and UP.UP.

Setting the two triangle areas equal gives (UQNP)2=2,\left(\frac{UQ}{NP}\right)^2 = 2, so DA=UQ=NP2=6332=636, \begin{aligned} DA = UQ &= NP\sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{3} \cdot \sqrt{2} \\ &= 63\sqrt{6}, \end{aligned} and m+n=63+6=69.m + n = 63 + 6 = 69.

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