2009 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

MN\overline{MN} 为一个直径为 11 的圆的一条直径。点 AABB 位于由 MN\overline{MN} 确定的一个半圆弧上,其中 AA 是该半圆弧的中点,且 MB=35MB = \frac{3}{5}。点 CC 位于另一条半圆弧上。令 dd 为如下线段的长度:其端点分别是直径 MN\overline{MN} 与弦 AC\overline{AC}BC\overline{BC} 的交点。dd 的最大可能值可写成 rstr - s\sqrt{t} 的形式,其中 rrsstt 是正整数,且 tt 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 r+s+tr + s + t

Let MN\overline{MN} be a diameter of a circle with diameter 1.1. Let AA and BB be points on one of the semicircular arcs determined by MN\overline{MN} such that AA is the midpoint of the semicircle and MB=35.MB = \frac{3}{5}. Point CC lies on the other semicircular arc. Let dd be the length of the line segment whose endpoints are the intersections of diameter MN\overline{MN} with the chords AC\overline{AC} and BC.\overline{BC}. The largest possible value of dd can be written in the form rst,r - s\sqrt{t}, where r,r, s,s, and tt are positive integers and tt is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find r+s+t.r + s + t.

答案:14
知识点:圆内接四边形面积比算术-几何平均不等式最优化
难度评级:3370
解答:

设弦 BCBCACAC 分别与 MN\overline{MN} 交于 PPQQ, 并令 x=CMCNx = \frac{CM}{CN}。 因为 MBN=90\angle MBN = 90^\circ(半圆所对的圆周角),且 MB=35MB = \frac{3}{5}, 所以 BN=45BN = \frac{4}{5}; 又有 AM=AN=22AM = AN = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}。 由于 PP 同时在 MNMNBCBC 上, 比值 MPPN\frac{MP}{PN} 等于 MMNN 到直线 BCBC 的距离之比,也就是 [BMC][BNC]\frac{[BMC]}{[BNC]}。 在圆内接四边形 MBNCMBNC 中,角 BMCBMCBNCBNC 互补, 所以它们的正弦相等,并且 MPPN=BMMCBNNC=3x4,MQQN=AMMCANNC=x. \begin{aligned} \frac{MP}{PN} &= \frac{BM \cdot MC}{BN \cdot NC} = \frac{3x}{4}, \\ \frac{MQ}{QN} &= \frac{AM \cdot MC}{AN \cdot NC} = x. \end{aligned}

因为 MN=1MN = 1, 由此得到 MP=3x3x+4MP = \frac{3x}{3x + 4}MQ=xx+1MQ = \frac{x}{x + 1}, 所以 d=MQMP=xx+13x3x+4=x3x2+7x+4=13x+4x+7. \begin{aligned} &d = MQ - MP \\ &= \frac{x}{x + 1} - \frac{3x}{3x + 4} \\ &= \frac{x}{3x^2 + 7x + 4} \\ &= \frac{1}{3x + \frac{4}{x} + 7}. \end{aligned}

CC 在另一条半圆弧上变化时,xx 取遍所有正值。由 AM-GM, 3x+4x212=433x + \frac{4}{x} \ge 2\sqrt{12} = 4\sqrt{3}, 等号在 x=23x = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} 时成立。 因此 dd 的最大值为 17+43=743,\frac{1}{7 + 4\sqrt{3}} = 7 - 4\sqrt{3}, 因为 (7+43)(743)=1(7 + 4\sqrt{3})(7 - 4\sqrt{3}) = 1。 所以 r+s+t=7+4+3=14r + s + t = 7 + 4 + 3 = 14

Let chords BCBC and ACAC meet MN\overline{MN} at PP and Q,Q, and set x=CMCN.x = \frac{CM}{CN}. Since MBN=90\angle MBN = 90^\circ (angle in a semicircle) and MB=35,MB = \frac{3}{5}, we get BN=45;BN = \frac{4}{5}; also AM=AN=22.AM = AN = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}. Because PP lies on both MNMN and BC,BC, the ratio MPPN\frac{MP}{PN} equals the ratio of the distances from MM and NN to line BC,BC, i.e. [BMC][BNC].\frac{[BMC]}{[BNC]}. In cyclic quadrilateral MBNCMBNC the angles BMCBMC and BNCBNC are supplementary, so their sines are equal and MPPN=BMMCBNNC=3x4,MQQN=AMMCANNC=x. \begin{aligned} \frac{MP}{PN} &= \frac{BM \cdot MC}{BN \cdot NC} = \frac{3x}{4}, \\ \frac{MQ}{QN} &= \frac{AM \cdot MC}{AN \cdot NC} = x. \end{aligned}

Since MN=1,MN = 1, these give MP=3x3x+4MP = \frac{3x}{3x + 4} and MQ=xx+1,MQ = \frac{x}{x + 1}, so d=MQMP=xx+13x3x+4=x3x2+7x+4=13x+4x+7. \begin{aligned} &d = MQ - MP \\ &= \frac{x}{x + 1} - \frac{3x}{3x + 4} \\ &= \frac{x}{3x^2 + 7x + 4} \\ &= \frac{1}{3x + \frac{4}{x} + 7}. \end{aligned}

As CC ranges over the far semicircle, xx takes every positive value. By AM-GM, 3x+4x212=43,3x + \frac{4}{x} \ge 2\sqrt{12} = 4\sqrt{3}, with equality at x=23.x = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}. Hence the largest value of dd is 17+43=743,\frac{1}{7 + 4\sqrt{3}} = 7 - 4\sqrt{3}, since (7+43)(743)=1.(7 + 4\sqrt{3})(7 - 4\sqrt{3}) = 1. Then r+s+t=7+4+3=14.r + s + t = 7 + 4 + 3 = 14.

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