2009 AIME II 真题

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1.

比尔开始刷漆前有 130130 盎司蓝漆、164164 盎司红漆和 188188 盎司白漆。比尔在墙上刷了四条大小相同的条纹:一条蓝色、一条红色、一条白色和一条粉色。粉色由红色和白色混合而成,比例不一定相等。刷完后,比尔剩下的蓝漆、红漆和白漆量相等。求比尔一共剩下多少盎司油漆。

Before starting to paint, Bill had 130130 ounces of blue paint, 164164 ounces of red paint, and 188188 ounces of white paint. Bill painted four equally sized stripes on a wall, making a blue stripe, a red stripe, a white stripe, and a pink stripe. Pink is a mixture of red and white, not necessarily in equal amounts. When Bill finished, he had equal amounts of blue, red, and white paint left. Find the total number of ounces of paint Bill had left.

答案:114
知识点:一次方程代数变形
难度评级:1750
小提示:

剩余量相等,说明用掉的红漆比蓝漆多 164130164 - 130,白漆也类似

Equal leftovers mean the red used exceeds the blue used by 164130,164 - 130, and similarly for white

大提示:

这些多出来的量都用在粉色条纹中,所以一条条纹用漆量为 34+5834 + 58 盎司

Those excesses all went into the pink stripe, so one stripe’s worth of paint is 34+5834 + 58 ounces

解答:

设每条条纹用 ss 盎司油漆。蓝漆只用于蓝色条纹,所以用了 ss 盎司蓝漆。由于三种颜色的剩余量相等,而红漆和白漆一开始分别比蓝漆多 34345858 盎司,所以红漆用量比蓝漆多 164130=34164 - 130 = 34 盎司,白漆用量比蓝漆多 188130=58188 - 130 = 58 盎司。多出的这些红漆和白漆正好组成粉色条纹,因此 s=34+58=92s = 34 + 58 = 92

因此比尔每种颜色都剩下 13092=38130 - 92 = 38 盎司,总共剩下 338=1143 \cdot 38 = 114 盎司。

Say each stripe used ss ounces of paint. Blue was used only on the blue stripe, so ss ounces of blue were used. Since the three leftovers are equal and the colors started 3434 and 5858 ounces apart, red use exceeded blue use by 164130=34164 - 130 = 34 ounces and white use exceeded blue use by 188130=58188 - 130 = 58 ounces. That extra red and white is exactly the pink stripe, so s=34+58=92.s = 34 + 58 = 92.

Bill therefore had 13092=38130 - 92 = 38 ounces of each color left, for a total of 338=1143 \cdot 38 = 114 ounces.

2.

aabbcc 为正实数,满足 alog37=27a^{\log_3 7} = 27blog711=49b^{\log_7 11} = 49,且 clog1125=11c^{\log_{11} 25} = \sqrt{11}。求 a(log37)2+b(log711)2+c(log1125)2a^{(\log_3 7)^2} + b^{(\log_7 11)^2} + c^{(\log_{11} 25)^2}\text{。}

Suppose that a,a, b,b, and cc are positive real numbers such that alog37=27,a^{\log_3 7} = 27, blog711=49,b^{\log_7 11} = 49, and clog1125=11.c^{\log_{11} 25} = \sqrt{11}. Find a(log37)2+b(log711)2+c(log1125)2.a^{(\log_3 7)^2} + b^{(\log_7 11)^2} + c^{(\log_{11} 25)^2}.

答案:469
知识点:对数指数
难度评级:2150
小提示:

a(log37)2a^{(\log_3 7)^2} 写成 (alog37)log37=27log37\left(a^{\log_3 7}\right)^{\log_3 7} = 27^{\log_3 7}

Write a(log37)2a^{(\log_3 7)^2} as (alog37)log37=27log37\left(a^{\log_3 7}\right)^{\log_3 7} = 27^{\log_3 7}

大提示:

27log37=(3log37)3=7327^{\log_3 7} = \left(3^{\log_3 7}\right)^3 = 7^3。另外两项用同样方法处理。

27log37=(3log37)3=73.27^{\log_3 7} = \left(3^{\log_3 7}\right)^3 = 7^3. Handle the other two terms the same way.

解答:

由指数的乘方法则,a(log37)2=(alog37)log37=27log37=(3log37)3=73=343 \begin{aligned} a^{(\log_3 7)^2} &= \left(a^{\log_3 7}\right)^{\log_3 7} = 27^{\log_3 7} \\ &= \left(3^{\log_3 7}\right)^3 = 7^3 = 343 \end{aligned}\text{。}

同理,b(log711)2=49log711=(7log711)2=112=121 \begin{aligned} b^{(\log_7 11)^2} &= 49^{\log_7 11} = \left(7^{\log_7 11}\right)^2 \\ &= 11^2 = 121 \end{aligned}\text{,}并且 c(log1125)2=(11)log1125=(11log1125)12=2512=5 \begin{aligned} c^{(\log_{11} 25)^2} &= \left(\sqrt{11}\right)^{\log_{11} 25} \\ &= \left(11^{\log_{11} 25}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ &= 25^{\frac{1}{2}} = 5 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以和为 343+121+5=469343 + 121 + 5 = 469

By the power rule for exponents, a(log37)2=(alog37)log37=27log37=(3log37)3=73=343. \begin{aligned} a^{(\log_3 7)^2} &= \left(a^{\log_3 7}\right)^{\log_3 7} = 27^{\log_3 7} \\ &= \left(3^{\log_3 7}\right)^3 = 7^3 = 343. \end{aligned}

In the same way, b(log711)2=49log711=(7log711)2=112=121, \begin{aligned} b^{(\log_7 11)^2} &= 49^{\log_7 11} = \left(7^{\log_7 11}\right)^2 \\ &= 11^2 = 121, \end{aligned} and c(log1125)2=(11)log1125=(11log1125)12=2512=5. \begin{aligned} c^{(\log_{11} 25)^2} &= \left(\sqrt{11}\right)^{\log_{11} 25} \\ &= \left(11^{\log_{11} 25}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ &= 25^{\frac{1}{2}} = 5. \end{aligned}

The sum is 343+121+5=469.343 + 121 + 5 = 469.

3.

在长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=100AB = 100。令 EEAD\overline{AD} 的中点。已知直线 ACAC 与直线 BEBE 垂直,求小于 ADAD 的最大整数。

In rectangle ABCD,ABCD, AB=100.AB = 100. Let EE be the midpoint of AD.\overline{AD}. Given that line ACAC and line BEBE are perpendicular, find the greatest integer less than AD.AD.

答案:141
难度评级:1890
小提示:

建立坐标:A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(100,0)B = (100, 0)D=(0,h)D = (0, h),则 E=(0,h2)E = (0, \frac{h}{2}),且 C=(100,h)C = (100, h)

Place coordinates: A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(100,0),B = (100, 0), D=(0,h),D = (0, h), so E=(0,h2)E = (0, \frac{h}{2}) and C=(100,h)C = (100, h)

大提示:

垂直直线的斜率乘积为 1-1h100(h200)=1\frac{h}{100} \cdot \left(-\frac{h}{200}\right) = -1

Perpendicular lines have slopes whose product is 1:-1: h100(h200)=1\frac{h}{100} \cdot \left(-\frac{h}{200}\right) = -1

解答:

AD=hAD = h,并取 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(100,0)B = (100, 0)C=(100,h)C = (100, h)D=(0,h)D = (0, h),因此 E=(0,h2)E = \left(0, \frac{h}{2}\right)。直线 ACAC 的斜率为 h100\frac{h}{100},直线 BEBE 的斜率为 h2100=h200\frac{\frac{h}{2}}{-100} = -\frac{h}{200}。由垂直可得 h100(h200)=1\frac{h}{100} \cdot \left(-\frac{h}{200}\right) = -1\text{,}所以 h2=20000h^2 = 20000,且 h=1002141.42h = 100\sqrt{2} \approx 141.42

小于 ADAD 的最大整数是 141141

Let AD=h,AD = h, and place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(100,0),B = (100, 0), C=(100,h),C = (100, h), D=(0,h),D = (0, h), so E=(0,h2).E = \left(0, \frac{h}{2}\right). Line ACAC has slope h100\frac{h}{100} and line BEBE has slope h2100=h200.\frac{\frac{h}{2}}{-100} = -\frac{h}{200}. Perpendicularity gives h100(h200)=1,\frac{h}{100} \cdot \left(-\frac{h}{200}\right) = -1, so h2=20000h^2 = 20000 and h=1002141.42.h = 100\sqrt{2} \approx 141.42.

The greatest integer less than ADAD is 141.141.

4.

一群孩子举行吃葡萄比赛。比赛结束时,冠军吃了 nn 颗葡萄,第 kk 名孩子吃了 n+22kn + 2 - 2k 颗葡萄。比赛中吃掉的葡萄总数为 20092009。求 nn 的最小可能值。

A group of children held a grape-eating contest. When the contest was over, the winner had eaten nn grapes, and the child in kkth place had eaten n+22kn + 2 - 2k grapes. The total number of grapes eaten in the contest was 2009.2009. Find the smallest possible value of n.n.

答案:89
难度评级:2110
小提示:

若有 cc 个孩子,葡萄数构成等差数列,总数为 c(n+1c)=2009=7241c(n + 1 - c) = 2009 = 7^2 \cdot 41

With cc children the grape counts are an arithmetic sequence, and the total is c(n+1c)=2009=7241c(n + 1 - c) = 2009 = 7^2 \cdot 41

大提示:

最后一名孩子吃了 n+22c0n + 2 - 2c \ge 0 颗葡萄;检查 20092009 的哪些因数 cc 满足这个条件

The last-place child ate n+22c0n + 2 - 2c \ge 0 grapes; check which divisors cc of 20092009 survive that condition

解答:

设共有 cc 个孩子。各人的葡萄数 nnn2n - 2\ldotsn+22cn + 2 - 2c 构成等差数列,所以总数等于 cc 乘以首末两项的平均数:cn+(n+22c)2=c(n+1c)=2009=7241 \begin{aligned} &c \cdot \frac{n + (n + 2 - 2c)}{2} \\ &= c(n + 1 - c) \\ &= 2009 = 7^2 \cdot 41 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 20092009 能被 cc 整除,且 n=2009c+c1n = \frac{2009}{c} + c - 1

最后一名孩子吃了 n+22c=2009c+1c0n + 2 - 2c = \frac{2009}{c} + 1 - c \ge 0 颗葡萄,所以 c(c1)2009c(c - 1) \le 2009,排除 c=49c = 4928728720092009。剩余因数给出:当 c=1c = 1 时,n=2009n = 2009;当 c=7c = 7 时,n=287+6=293n = 287 + 6 = 293;当 c=41c = 41 时,n=49+40=89n = 49 + 40 = 89

最小可能值为 n=89n = 89

Let cc be the number of children. The grape counts n,n, n2,n - 2, ,\ldots, n+22cn + 2 - 2c form an arithmetic sequence, so the total is cc times the average of the first and last terms: cn+(n+22c)2=c(n+1c)=2009=7241. \begin{aligned} &c \cdot \frac{n + (n + 2 - 2c)}{2} \\ &= c(n + 1 - c) \\ &= 2009 = 7^2 \cdot 41. \end{aligned} Thus 20092009 is divisible by cc and n=2009c+c1.n = \frac{2009}{c} + c - 1.

The last-place child ate n+22c=2009c+1c0n + 2 - 2c = \frac{2009}{c} + 1 - c \ge 0 grapes, which forces c(c1)2009,c(c - 1) \le 2009, ruling out c=49,c = 49, 287,287, and 2009.2009. The remaining divisors give n=2009n = 2009 for c=1,c = 1, n=287+6=293n = 287 + 6 = 293 for c=7,c = 7, and n=49+40=89n = 49 + 40 = 89 for c=41.c = 41.

The smallest possible value is n=89.n = 89.

5.

等边三角形 TT 内接于半径为 1010 的圆 AA。半径为 33 的圆 BBTT 的一个顶点处与圆 AA 内切。半径都为 22 的圆 CCDDTT 的另外两个顶点处与圆 AA 内切。圆 BBCCDD 都与圆 EE 外切,该圆的半径为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Equilateral triangle TT is inscribed in circle A,A, which has radius 10.10. Circle BB with radius 33 is internally tangent to circle AA at one vertex of T.T. Circles CC and D,D, both with radius 2,2, are internally tangent to circle AA at the other two vertices of T.T. Circles B,B, C,C, and DD are all externally tangent to circle E,E, which has radius mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:32
难度评级:2450
小提示:

内切圆的圆心位于圆 AA 的半径上;把圆 AA 的圆心放在原点,并让半径为 33 的顶点在上方

Centers of internally tangent circles lie along radii of circle A;A; put the center of AA at the origin with the radius-33 vertex on top

大提示:

由对称性,EE 的圆心在竖直轴上。与 BB 相切使其高度为 4r4 - r;再用与 CC 相切得到关于 rr 的方程。

By symmetry EE’s center is on the vertical axis. Tangency to BB puts it at height 4r;4 - r; then tangency to CC gives an equation in r.r.

解答:

将圆 AA 的圆心放在原点,并取三角形顶点为 (0,10)(0, 10)(±53,5)\left(\pm 5\sqrt{3}, -5\right)。在某个顶点处与 AA 内切的圆,其圆心在通向该顶点的半径上,所以圆 BB 的圆心为 (0,7)(0, 7),圆 CCDD 的圆心为 (43,4)\left(\mp 4\sqrt{3}, -4\right)(它们到原点的距离为 102=810 - 2 = 8)。

由对称性,半径为 rr 的圆 EE 的圆心在 yy 轴上,设为 (0,y)(0, y)。与 BB 外切给出 7y=r+37 - y = r + 3,所以 y=4ry = 4 - r。与 CC 外切给出 (43)2+(4r+4)2=(r+2)2 \begin{aligned} &\left(4\sqrt{3}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (4 - r + 4)^2 = (r + 2)^2 \end{aligned}\text{,}48+(8r)2=(r+2)248 + (8 - r)^2 = (r + 2)^2,化简为 11216r=4r+4112 - 16r = 4r + 4,所以 r=275r = \frac{27}{5}

因此 m+n=27+5=32m + n = 27 + 5 = 32

Place the center of circle AA at the origin with the triangle’s vertices at (0,10)(0, 10) and (±53,5).\left(\pm 5\sqrt{3}, -5\right). A circle internally tangent to AA at a vertex has its center on the radius to that vertex, so circle BB has center (0,7)(0, 7) and circles CC and DD have centers (43,4)\left(\mp 4\sqrt{3}, -4\right) (at distance 102=810 - 2 = 8 from the origin).

By symmetry the center of circle E,E, of radius r,r, lies on the yy-axis at (0,y).(0, y). External tangency to BB gives 7y=r+3,7 - y = r + 3, so y=4r.y = 4 - r. External tangency to CC gives (43)2+(4r+4)2=(r+2)2, \begin{aligned} &\left(4\sqrt{3}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (4 - r + 4)^2 = (r + 2)^2, \end{aligned} that is, 48+(8r)2=(r+2)2,48 + (8 - r)^2 = (r + 2)^2, which simplifies to 11216r=4r+4,112 - 16r = 4r + 4, so r=275.r = \frac{27}{5}.

Then m+n=27+5=32.m + n = 27 + 5 = 32.

6.

mm 为从前 1414 个自然数组成的集合中选出五元素子集的个数,要求这五个数中至少有两个连续。求 mm 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let mm be the number of five-element subsets that can be chosen from the set of the first 1414 natural numbers so that at least two of the five numbers are consecutive. Find the remainder when mm is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:750
难度评级:2300
小提示:

计算补集:没有两个数连续的五元素子集

Count the complement: five-element subsets with no two consecutive numbers

大提示:

将按递增顺序排列的五个数分别减去 0011223344,可把 {1,,14}\{1, \ldots, 14\} 中没有相邻数的子集对应到 {1,,10}\{1, \ldots, 10\} 中的任意五元素子集

Subtracting 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 44 from the five numbers in increasing order matches no-two-consecutive subsets of {1,,14}\{1, \ldots, 14\} with arbitrary subsets of {1,,10}\{1, \ldots, 10\}

解答:

计算补集:设 a1<a2<a3<a4<a5a_1 \lt a_2 \lt a_3 \lt a_4 \lt a_5 是没有两个连续数的子集。令 bi=ai(i1)b_i = a_i - (i - 1),则每个这样的子集对应到 {1,,10}\{1, \ldots, 10\} 中五个不同的数 b1<b2<<b5b_1 \lt b_2 \lt \cdots \lt b_5,且这个对应可逆,所以没有两个连续数的子集共有 (105)=252\binom{10}{5} = 252 个。

因此 m=(145)(105)m = \binom{14}{5} - \binom{10}{5} =2002252=1750= 2002 - 252 = 1750,除以 10001000 的余数为 750750

Count the complement: subsets a1<a2<a3<a4<a5a_1 \lt a_2 \lt a_3 \lt a_4 \lt a_5 with no two consecutive. Setting bi=ai(i1)b_i = a_i - (i - 1) turns each such subset into five distinct numbers b1<b2<<b5b_1 \lt b_2 \lt \cdots \lt b_5 in {1,,10},\{1, \ldots, 10\}, and this map is reversible, so there are (105)=252\binom{10}{5} = 252 subsets with no two consecutive numbers.

Therefore m=(145)(105)m = \binom{14}{5} - \binom{10}{5} =2002252=1750,= 2002 - 252 = 1750, and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 750.750.

7.

定义 n!!n!!n(n2)(n4)31n(n-2)(n-4)\cdots 3 \cdot 1(当 nn 为奇数时),以及 n(n2)(n4)42n(n-2)(n-4)\cdots 4 \cdot 2(当 nn 为偶数时)。将 i=12009(2i1)!!(2i)!!\sum_{i=1}^{2009} \frac{(2i-1)!!}{(2i)!!} 化为最简分数后,它的分母为 2ab2^a b,其中 bb 为奇数。求 ab10\frac{ab}{10}

Define n!!n!! to be n(n2)(n4)31n(n-2)(n-4)\cdots 3 \cdot 1 for nn odd and n(n2)(n4)42n(n-2)(n-4)\cdots 4 \cdot 2 for nn even. When i=12009(2i1)!!(2i)!!\sum_{i=1}^{2009} \frac{(2i-1)!!}{(2i)!!} is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms, its denominator is 2ab2^a b with bb odd. Find ab10.\frac{ab}{10}.

答案:401
难度评级:2840
小提示:

(2i)!!=2ii!(2i)!! = 2^i \cdot i!,且由于 (2ii)=2i(2i1)!!i!\binom{2i}{i} = \frac{2^i (2i-1)!!}{i!} 是整数,i!i! 的所有奇因子都会被 (2i1)!!(2i-1)!! 约去

(2i)!!=2ii!,(2i)!! = 2^i \cdot i!, and since (2ii)=2i(2i1)!!i!\binom{2i}{i} = \frac{2^i (2i-1)!!}{i!} is an integer, all odd factors of i!i! cancel into (2i1)!!(2i-1)!!

大提示:

ii 项约分后的分母为 2i+ei2^{i + e_i},其中 eie_ii!i!22 的指数。这些指数严格递增,所以最后一项决定分母。

Term ii in lowest terms has denominator 2i+ei,2^{i + e_i}, eie_i the exponent of 22 in i!.i!. These strictly increase, so the last term controls.

解答:

ii 项为 (2i1)!!(2i)!!\frac{(2i-1)!!}{(2i)!!},其分子为奇数,且 (2i)!!=2ii!(2i)!! = 2^i \cdot i!。因为 (2ii)=(2i)!i!i!=2i(2i1)!!i!\binom{2i}{i} = \frac{(2i)!}{i!\,i!} = \frac{2^i (2i-1)!!}{i!} 是整数,所以 i!i! 中的每个奇素数幂也都整除 (2i1)!!(2i-1)!!。因此第 ii 项化为最简分数后的分母恰为 2ai2^{a_i},其中 ai=i+eia_i = i + e_i,而 eie_ii!i!22 的指数。数列 aia_i 严格递增,所以通分到公分母 2a20092^{a_{2009}} 时,除了最后一项外,每一项都贡献偶数分子,而最后一项贡献奇数分子。因此总和的最简分母恰为 2a20092^{a_{2009}},所以 b=1b = 1

由勒让德公式,e2009=1004+502+251+125+62+31+15+7+3+1=2001 \begin{aligned} e_{2009} &= 1004 + 502 + 251 \\ &\quad {}+ 125 + 62 + 31 + 15 \\ &\quad {}+ 7 + 3 + 1 \\ &= 2001 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 a=2009+2001=4010a = 2009 + 2001 = 4010。因而 ab10=4010110=401\frac{ab}{10} = \frac{4010 \cdot 1}{10} = 401

The iith term is (2i1)!!(2i)!!\frac{(2i-1)!!}{(2i)!!} with odd numerator, and (2i)!!=2ii!.(2i)!! = 2^i \cdot i!. Because (2ii)=(2i)!i!i!=2i(2i1)!!i!\binom{2i}{i} = \frac{(2i)!}{i!\,i!} = \frac{2^i (2i-1)!!}{i!} is an integer, every odd prime power dividing i!i! also divides (2i1)!!.(2i-1)!!. Hence in lowest terms the iith term has denominator exactly 2ai2^{a_i} where ai=i+eia_i = i + e_i and eie_i is the exponent of 22 in i!.i!. The aia_i strictly increase, so over the common denominator 2a20092^{a_{2009}} every term except the last contributes an even numerator while the last contributes an odd one. The sum in lowest terms therefore has denominator exactly 2a2009,2^{a_{2009}}, so b=1.b = 1.

By Legendre’s formula, e2009=1004+502+251+125+62+31+15+7+3+1=2001, \begin{aligned} e_{2009} &= 1004 + 502 + 251 \\ &\quad {}+ 125 + 62 + 31 + 15 \\ &\quad {}+ 7 + 3 + 1 \\ &= 2001, \end{aligned} so a=2009+2001=4010.a = 2009 + 2001 = 4010. Then ab10=4010110=401.\frac{ab}{10} = \frac{4010 \cdot 1}{10} = 401.

8.

戴夫掷一枚公平六面骰,直到第一次出现六点为止。琳达独立地掷一枚公平六面骰,也直到第一次出现六点为止。设互质正整数 mmnn 满足 mn\frac{m}{n} 等于戴夫与琳达的掷骰次数相差不超过一的概率。求 m+nm + n

Dave rolls a fair six-sided die until a six appears for the first time. Independently, Linda rolls a fair six-sided die until a six appears for the first time. Let mm and nn be relatively prime positive integers such that mn\frac{m}{n} is the probability that the number of times Dave rolls his die is equal to or within one of the number of times Linda rolls her die. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:41
难度评级:2560
小提示:

第一次出现六点在第 kk 次的概率为 pk=(56)k116p_k = \left(\frac{5}{6}\right)^{k-1} \cdot \frac{1}{6}

The chance the first six appears on roll kk is pk=(56)k116p_k = \left(\frac{5}{6}\right)^{k-1} \cdot \frac{1}{6}

大提示:

平局概率计算 pk2\sum p_k^2,相差一的概率计算 pkpk+1\sum p_k p_{k+1};两者都是公比为 2536\frac{25}{36} 的等比级数

Compute pk2\sum p_k^2 for a tie and pkpk+1\sum p_k p_{k+1} for a difference of one; both are geometric series with ratio 2536\frac{25}{36}

解答:

某人的第一次六点出现在第 kk 次的概率为 pk=(56)k116p_k = \left(\frac{5}{6}\right)^{k-1} \cdot \frac{1}{6}。两人次数相同的概率为 k=1pk2=136112536=111\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} p_k^2 = \frac{1}{36} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \frac{25}{36}} = \frac{1}{11}\text{。}

琳达恰好比戴夫多掷一次的概率为 k=1pkpk+1\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} p_k p_{k+1} =56k=1pk2= \frac{5}{6} \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} p_k^2 =566= \frac{5}{66},由对称性,戴夫恰好比琳达多掷一次也有相同概率。

总概率为 111+2566=6+1066=833\frac{1}{11} + 2 \cdot \frac{5}{66} = \frac{6 + 10}{66} = \frac{8}{33},所以 m+n=8+33=41m + n = 8 + 33 = 41

The probability that a player’s first six appears on roll kk is pk=(56)k116.p_k = \left(\frac{5}{6}\right)^{k-1} \cdot \frac{1}{6}. The probability of a tie is k=1pk2=136112536=111.\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} p_k^2 = \frac{1}{36} \cdot \frac{1}{1 - \frac{25}{36}} = \frac{1}{11}.

The probability that Linda needs exactly one more roll than Dave is k=1pkpk+1\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} p_k p_{k+1} =56k=1pk2= \frac{5}{6} \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} p_k^2 =566,= \frac{5}{66}, and by symmetry the same holds with the players swapped.

The total probability is 111+2566=6+1066=833,\frac{1}{11} + 2 \cdot \frac{5}{66} = \frac{6 + 10}{66} = \frac{8}{33}, so m+n=8+33=41.m + n = 8 + 33 = 41.

9.

mm 为方程 4x+3y+2z=20094x + 3y + 2z = 2009 的正整数解个数,令 nn 为方程 4x+3y+2z=20004x + 3y + 2z = 2000 的正整数解个数。求 mnm - n 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let mm be the number of solutions in positive integers to the equation 4x+3y+2z=2009,4x + 3y + 2z = 2009, and let nn be the number of solutions in positive integers to the equation 4x+3y+2z=2000.4x + 3y + 2z = 2000. Find the remainder when mnm - n is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:0
难度评级:2840
小提示:

每个变量减去 11 可把 20092009 方程的正整数解对应到 20002000 方程的非负整数解,因为 4+3+2=94 + 3 + 2 = 9

Subtracting 11 from each variable matches positive solutions of the 20092009 equation with nonnegative solutions of the 20002000 equation, since 4+3+2=94 + 3 + 2 = 9

大提示:

所以 mnm - n 统计 4x+3y+2z=20004x + 3y + 2z = 2000 的非负整数解中至少有一个变量为 00 的解。分三种情形计数,再修正重复计数。

So mnm - n counts nonnegative solutions of 4x+3y+2z=20004x + 3y + 2z = 2000 in which some variable is 0.0. Count the three cases and correct for double counting.

解答:

(x,y,z)(x, y, z)4x+3y+2z=20094x + 3y + 2z = 2009 的正整数解,则 (x1,y1,z1)(x - 1, y - 1, z - 1)4x+3y+2z=20004x + 3y + 2z = 2000 的非负整数解,反之亦然,因为 4+3+2=94 + 3 + 2 = 9。因此 mm 等于 4x+3y+2z=20004x + 3y + 2z = 2000 的非负整数解个数,而 mnm - n 统计该方程中至少有一个变量为 00 的非负整数解。

x=0x = 0,则 3y+2z=20003y + 2z = 2000,这要求 yy 为偶数,且 0y6660 \le y \le 666,得 334334 个解。若 y=0y = 0,则 2x+z=10002x + z = 1000,其中 0x5000 \le x \le 500,得 501501 个解。若 z=0z = 0,则 4x+3y=20004x + 3y = 2000,这要求 y0(mod4)y \equiv 0 \pmod 4,且 0y6640 \le y \le 664,得 167167 个解。解 (0,0,1000)(0, 0, 1000)(500,0,0)(500, 0, 0) 各被重复计数一次,所以 mn=334+501+1672=1000 \begin{aligned} m - n &= 334 + 501 + 167 - 2 \\ &= 1000 \end{aligned}\text{。}

除以 10001000 的余数为 00

If (x,y,z)(x, y, z) is a positive solution of 4x+3y+2z=2009,4x + 3y + 2z = 2009, then (x1,y1,z1)(x - 1, y - 1, z - 1) is a nonnegative solution of 4x+3y+2z=2000,4x + 3y + 2z = 2000, and conversely, since 4+3+2=9.4 + 3 + 2 = 9. So mm equals the number of nonnegative solutions of 4x+3y+2z=2000,4x + 3y + 2z = 2000, and mnm - n counts the nonnegative solutions of that equation in which at least one variable is 0.0.

If x=0:x = 0: 3y+2z=20003y + 2z = 2000 forces yy even, 0y666,0 \le y \le 666, giving 334334 solutions. If y=0:y = 0: 2x+z=10002x + z = 1000 with 0x5000 \le x \le 500 gives 501.501. If z=0:z = 0: 4x+3y=20004x + 3y = 2000 forces y0(mod4),y \equiv 0 \pmod 4, 0y664,0 \le y \le 664, giving 167.167. The solutions (0,0,1000)(0, 0, 1000) and (500,0,0)(500, 0, 0) are each counted twice, so mn=334+501+1672=1000. \begin{aligned} m - n &= 334 + 501 + 167 - 2 \\ &= 1000. \end{aligned}

The remainder upon division by 10001000 is 0.0.

10.

四座灯塔位于点 AABBCCDDAA 处的灯塔距 BB 处灯塔 55 千米,BB 处灯塔距 CC 处灯塔 1212 千米,AA 处灯塔距 CC 处灯塔 1313 千米。对位于 AA 的观察者而言,由 BBDD 的灯光确定的角等于由 CCDD 的灯光确定的角。对位于 CC 的观察者而言,由 AABB 的灯光确定的角等于由 DDBB 的灯光确定的角。从 AADD 的距离为 prq\frac{p\sqrt{r}}{q},其中 ppqqrr 是互质正整数,且 rr 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 p+q+rp + q + r

Four lighthouses are located at points A,A, B,B, C,C, and D.D. The lighthouse at AA is 55 kilometers from the lighthouse at B,B, the lighthouse at BB is 1212 kilometers from the lighthouse at C,C, and the lighthouse at AA is 1313 kilometers from the lighthouse at C.C. To an observer at A,A, the angle determined by the lights at BB and DD and the angle determined by the lights at CC and DD are equal. To an observer at C,C, the angle determined by the lights at AA and BB and the angle determined by the lights at DD and BB are equal. The number of kilometers from AA to DD is given by prq,\frac{p\sqrt{r}}{q}, where p,p, q,q, and rr are relatively prime positive integers, and rr is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find p+q+r.p + q + r.

答案:96
难度评级:2990
小提示:

三角形在 BB 处为直角。条件说明 ADAD 平分角 BACBAC,且 CBCB 平分角 ACDACD

The triangle is right-angled at B.B. The conditions say ADAD bisects angle BACBAC and CBCB bisects angle ACD.ACD.

大提示:

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)B=(5,0)B = (5,0)C=(5,12)C = (5,12):射线 CDCD 是射线 CACA 关于竖直线 CBCB 的镜像,所以它经过 (10,0)(10, 0),且 tanBAC2=23\tan\frac{\angle BAC}{2} = \frac{2}{3}

With A=(0,0),A = (0,0), B=(5,0),B = (5,0), C=(5,12):C = (5,12): ray CDCD is the mirror of ray CACA over the vertical line CB,CB, so it hits (10,0),(10, 0), and tanBAC2=23\tan\frac{\angle BAC}{2} = \frac{2}{3}

解答:

因为 52+122=1325^2 + 12^2 = 13^2,角 BB 为直角。取 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(5,0)B = (5, 0)C=(5,12)C = (5, 12)。点 AA 处的条件说明 BAD=CAD\angle BAD = \angle CAD,所以 DD 在角 BACBAC 的角平分线上。由半角公式和 tanBAC=125\tan \angle BAC = \frac{12}{5}tanBAC2=sinBAC1+cosBAC=12131+513=23 \begin{aligned} \tan \frac{\angle BAC}{2} &= \frac{\sin \angle BAC}{1 + \cos \angle BAC} \\ &= \frac{\frac{12}{13}}{1 + \frac{5}{13}} = \frac{2}{3} \end{aligned}\text{,}因此 DD 在直线 y=23xy = \frac{2}{3}x 上。

CC 处的条件说明 CBCB 平分角 ACDACD,所以射线 CDCD 是射线 CACA 关于直线 CBCB 的反射,而这条直线是竖直线 x=5x = 5。点 AA 的反射点为 (10,0)(10, 0),所以 DD 在过 C=(5,12)C = (5, 12)(10,0)(10, 0) 的直线上,即 5y=12012x5y = 120 - 12x

y=23xy = \frac{2}{3}x5y=12012x5y = 120 - 12x,得 x=18023x = \frac{180}{23}y=12023y = \frac{120}{23}。因此 AD=602332+22=601323AD = \frac{60}{23}\sqrt{3^2 + 2^2} = \frac{60\sqrt{13}}{23}\text{,}所以 p+q+r=60+23+13=96p + q + r = 60 + 23 + 13 = 96

Since 52+122=132,5^2 + 12^2 = 13^2, angle BB is right. Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(5,0),B = (5, 0), C=(5,12).C = (5, 12). The condition at AA says BAD=CAD,\angle BAD = \angle CAD, so DD lies on the bisector of angle BAC.BAC. Using the half-angle formula with tanBAC=125,\tan \angle BAC = \frac{12}{5}, tanBAC2=sinBAC1+cosBAC=12131+513=23, \begin{aligned} \tan \frac{\angle BAC}{2} &= \frac{\sin \angle BAC}{1 + \cos \angle BAC} \\ &= \frac{\frac{12}{13}}{1 + \frac{5}{13}} = \frac{2}{3}, \end{aligned} so DD lies on the line y=23x.y = \frac{2}{3}x.

The condition at CC says CBCB bisects angle ACD,ACD, so ray CDCD is the reflection of ray CACA over line CB,CB, which is the vertical line x=5.x = 5. The reflection of AA is (10,0),(10, 0), so DD lies on the line through C=(5,12)C = (5, 12) and (10,0),(10, 0), namely 5y=12012x.5y = 120 - 12x.

Solving y=23xy = \frac{2}{3}x and 5y=12012x5y = 120 - 12x gives x=18023,x = \frac{180}{23}, y=12023.y = \frac{120}{23}. Then AD=602332+22=601323,AD = \frac{60}{23}\sqrt{3^2 + 2^2} = \frac{60\sqrt{13}}{23}, so p+q+r=60+23+13=96.p + q + r = 60 + 23 + 13 = 96.

11.

对于某些满足 mnm \ge n 的正整数对 (m,n)(m, n),恰有 5050 个不同的正整数 kk 满足 logmlogk<logn|\log m - \log k| \lt \log n。求所有可能的乘积 mnmn 的和。

For certain pairs (m,n)(m, n) of positive integers with mnm \ge n there are exactly 5050 distinct positive integers kk such that logmlogk<logn.|\log m - \log k| \lt \log n. Find the sum of all possible values of the product mn.mn.

答案:125
难度评级:2990
小提示:

这个不等式等价于 mn<k<mn\frac{m}{n} \lt k \lt mn

The inequality says exactly that mn<k<mn\frac{m}{n} \lt k \lt mn

大提示:

m=nq+rm = nq + r,其中 0r<n0 \le r \lt n;这样的 kk 的个数为 mnq1=50mn - q - 1 = 50,所以 q(n21)+nr=51q(n^2 - 1) + nr = 51,只剩少数情况

Write m=nq+rm = nq + r with 0r<n;0 \le r \lt n; the count of such kk is mnq1=50,mn - q - 1 = 50, so q(n21)+nr=51q(n^2 - 1) + nr = 51 leaves only a few cases

解答:

不等式 logmlogk<logn|\log m - \log k| \lt \log n 等价于 mn<k<mn\frac{m}{n} \lt k \lt mn。写 m=nq+rm = nq + r,其中 0r<n0 \le r \lt n;因为 mn2m \ge n \ge 2(若 n=1n = 1,没有 kk 满足),所以 q1q \ge 1。区间中的整数 kkq+1q + 1q+2q + 2\ldotsmn1mn - 1,共 mnq1=50mn - q - 1 = 50 个,也就是 mnq=51mn - q = 51,或 q(n21)+nr=51q(n^2 - 1) + nr = 51\text{。}

n8n \ge 8 时,左边至少为 6363,所以 2n72 \le n \le 7。逐一检查可知,只有 n=2n = 2r=0r = 0q=17q = 17(于是 m=34m = 34)以及 n=3n = 3r=1r = 1q=6q = 6(于是 m=19m = 19)可行。它们给出 mn=68mn = 68mn=57mn = 57;的确,17<k<6817 \lt k \lt 68193<k<57\frac{19}{3} \lt k \lt 57 各含恰好 5050 个整数。

所有可能的 mnmn 之和为 68+57=12568 + 57 = 125

The inequality logmlogk<logn|\log m - \log k| \lt \log n is equivalent to mn<k<mn.\frac{m}{n} \lt k \lt mn. Write m=nq+rm = nq + r with 0r<n;0 \le r \lt n; since mn2m \ge n \ge 2 (for n=1n = 1 no kk works), q1.q \ge 1. The integers kk in the interval are q+1,q + 1, q+2,q + 2, ,\ldots, mn1,mn - 1, so there are mnq1=50mn - q - 1 = 50 of them, that is, mnq=51,mn - q = 51, or q(n21)+nr=51.q(n^2 - 1) + nr = 51.

For n8n \ge 8 the left side is at least 63,63, so 2n7.2 \le n \le 7. Checking each case, only n=2,n = 2, r=0,r = 0, q=17q = 17 (so m=34m = 34) and n=3,n = 3, r=1,r = 1, q=6q = 6 (so m=19m = 19) work. These give mn=68mn = 68 and mn=57;mn = 57; indeed 17<k<6817 \lt k \lt 68 and 193<k<57\frac{19}{3} \lt k \lt 57 each contain exactly 5050 integers.

The sum of all possible values of mnmn is 68+57=125.68 + 57 = 125.

12.

从整数集合 {1,2,3,,2009}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2009\} 中选出 kk 个数对 {ai,bi}\{a_i, b_i\},满足 ai<bia_i \lt b_i,且任意两个数对没有公共元素。已知所有和 ai+bia_i + b_i 互不相同,并且都不超过 20092009。求 kk 的最大可能值。

From the set of integers {1,2,3,,2009},\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2009\}, choose kk pairs {ai,bi}\{a_i, b_i\} with ai<bia_i \lt b_i so that no two pairs have a common element. Suppose that all the sums ai+bia_i + b_i are distinct and less than or equal to 2009.2009. Find the maximum possible value of k.k.

答案:803
难度评级:3060
小提示:

用两种方法估计所有 kk 个和的总和:这 2k2k 个元素互不相同,所以总和至少为 1+2++2k1 + 2 + \cdots + 2k

Add up all kk sums in two ways: the 2k2k elements are distinct, so the total is at least 1+2++2k1 + 2 + \cdots + 2k

大提示:

kk 个和是互不相同且至多为 20092009 的整数,所以总和至多为 2009+2008+2009 + 2008 + \cdots。比较上下界,再构造达到该 kk 的配对。

The kk sums are distinct integers at most 2009,2009, so the total is at most 2009+2008+.2009 + 2008 + \cdots. Compare the bounds, then build a pairing that achieves the resulting k.k.

解答:

S=i=1k(ai+bi)S = \sum_{i=1}^{k} (a_i + b_i)。选出的 2k2k 个元素是互不相同的正整数,所以 S1+2++2kS \ge 1 + 2 + \cdots + 2k =k(2k+1)= k(2k + 1)。这 kk 个和是互不相同且至多为 20092009 的整数,因而 S2009+2008+S \le 2009 + 2008 + \cdots +(2010k){}+ (2010 - k) =k(4019k)2= \frac{k(4019 - k)}{2}。合并可得 k(2k+1)k(4019k)2    4k+24019k    k40175=803.4 \begin{aligned} &k(2k + 1) \le \frac{k(4019 - k)}{2} \\ &\implies 4k + 2 \le 4019 - k \\ &\implies k \le \frac{4017}{5} = 803.4 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 k803k \le 803

为达到 k=803k = 803,取数对 (i,1206+i)(i,\, 1206 + i),其中 1i4011 \le i \le 401,它们的和为偶数 1208120812101210\ldots20082008,再取数对 (a,a+403)(a,\, a + 403),其中 402a803402 \le a \le 803,它们的和为奇数 1207120712091209\ldots20092009。用到的元素为 11803803,以及 80580516071607,没有重复,并且所有 803803 个和互不相同且不超过 20092009

最大值为 k=803k = 803

Let S=i=1k(ai+bi).S = \sum_{i=1}^{k} (a_i + b_i). The 2k2k chosen elements are distinct positive integers, so S1+2++2kS \ge 1 + 2 + \cdots + 2k =k(2k+1).= k(2k + 1). The kk sums are distinct integers at most 2009,2009, so S2009+2008+S \le 2009 + 2008 + \cdots +(2010k){}+ (2010 - k) =k(4019k)2.= \frac{k(4019 - k)}{2}. Combining, k(2k+1)k(4019k)2    4k+24019k    k40175=803.4, \begin{aligned} &k(2k + 1) \le \frac{k(4019 - k)}{2} \\ &\implies 4k + 2 \le 4019 - k \\ &\implies k \le \frac{4017}{5} = 803.4, \end{aligned} so k803.k \le 803.

To achieve k=803,k = 803, take the pairs (i,1206+i)(i,\, 1206 + i) for 1i401,1 \le i \le 401, whose sums are the even numbers 1208,1208, 1210,1210, ,\ldots, 2008,2008, together with the pairs (a,a+403)(a,\, a + 403) for 402a803,402 \le a \le 803, whose sums are the odd numbers 1207,1207, 1209,1209, ,\ldots, 2009.2009. The elements used are 11803,803, 80580516071607 with no repeats, and all 803803 sums are distinct and at most 2009.2009.

The maximum is k=803.k = 803.

13.

AABB 是半径为 22 的半圆弧的两个端点。六个等距点 C1C_1C2C_2\ldotsC6C_6 将该半圆弧分成七段全等的弧。画出所有形如 ACi\overline{AC_i}BCi\overline{BC_i} 的弦。令 nn 为这十二条弦长的乘积。求 nn 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let AA and BB be the endpoints of a semicircular arc of radius 2.2. The arc is divided into seven congruent arcs by six equally spaced points C1,C_1, C2,C_2, ,\ldots, C6.C_6. All chords of the form ACi\overline{AC_i} or BCi\overline{BC_i} are drawn. Let nn be the product of the lengths of these twelve chords. Find the remainder when nn is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:672
知识点:单位根复数
难度评级:3160
小提示:

在复平面中表示圆,取 A=2A = -2B=2B = 2,且 Ci=2ωiC_i = 2\omega^i,其中 ω=eπi7\omega = e^{\frac{\pi \mathrm{i}}{7}}

Model the circle in the complex plane with A=2,A = -2, B=2,B = 2, and Ci=2ωiC_i = 2\omega^i where ω=eπi7\omega = e^{\frac{\pi \mathrm{i}}{7}}

大提示:

ACiBCi=4ω2i1AC_i \cdot BC_i = 4\,|\omega^{2i} - 1|,且 ω2i\omega^{2i} 正好是非平凡的 77 次单位根;它们到 11 的距离乘积为 77

ACiBCi=4ω2i1,AC_i \cdot BC_i = 4\,|\omega^{2i} - 1|, and the ω2i\omega^{2i} are exactly the nontrivial 77th roots of unity, whose product of distances to 11 is 77

解答:

在复平面中放置该圆,圆心为 00,取 A=2A = -2B=2B = 2,且对 i=1,,6i = 1, \ldots, 6,令 Ci=2ωiC_i = 2\omega^i,其中 ω=eπi7\omega = e^{\frac{\pi \mathrm{i}}{7}}。则 ACi=2ωi+1AC_i = 2\,|\omega^i + 1|BCi=2ωi1BC_i = 2\,|\omega^i - 1|,所以 ACiBCi=4ω2i1AC_i \cdot BC_i = 4\,\bigl|\omega^{2i} - 1\bigr|\text{。}

ii1,,61, \ldots, 6 时,ω2i\omega^{2i} 遍历所有六个非平凡的 77 次单位根。令 ζ=ω2\zeta = \omega^2。由于 j=16(xζj)\prod_{j=1}^{6} (x - \zeta^j) =1+x++x6= 1 + x + \cdots + x^6,代入 x=1x = 1j=161ζj=7\prod_{j=1}^{6} \bigl|1 - \zeta^j\bigr| = 7。因此 n=i=164ω2i1=467=28672 \begin{aligned} n &= \prod_{i=1}^{6} 4\,\bigl|\omega^{2i} - 1\bigr| \\ &= 4^6 \cdot 7 = 28672 \end{aligned}\text{。}

nn 除以 10001000 的余数为 672672

Put the circle in the complex plane with center 0,0, A=2,A = -2, B=2,B = 2, and Ci=2ωiC_i = 2\omega^i for i=1,,6,i = 1, \ldots, 6, where ω=eπi7.\omega = e^{\frac{\pi \mathrm{i}}{7}}. Then ACi=2ωi+1AC_i = 2\,|\omega^i + 1| and BCi=2ωi1,BC_i = 2\,|\omega^i - 1|, so ACiBCi=4ω2i1.AC_i \cdot BC_i = 4\,\bigl|\omega^{2i} - 1\bigr|.

As ii runs over 1,,6,1, \ldots, 6, the numbers ω2i\omega^{2i} run over all six nontrivial 77th roots of unity. Let ζ=ω2.\zeta = \omega^2. Since j=16(xζj)\prod_{j=1}^{6} (x - \zeta^j) =1+x++x6,= 1 + x + \cdots + x^6, plugging in x=1x = 1 gives j=161ζj=7.\prod_{j=1}^{6} \bigl|1 - \zeta^j\bigr| = 7. Therefore n=i=164ω2i1=467=28672. \begin{aligned} n &= \prod_{i=1}^{6} 4\,\bigl|\omega^{2i} - 1\bigr| \\ &= 4^6 \cdot 7 = 28672. \end{aligned}

The remainder when nn is divided by 10001000 is 672.672.

14.

数列 (an)(a_n) 满足 a0=0a_0 = 0,且当 n0n \ge 0 时,an+1=85an+654nan2a_{n+1} = \frac{8}{5}a_n + \frac{6}{5}\sqrt{4^n - a_n^2}。求小于或等于 a10a_{10} 的最大整数。

The sequence (an)(a_n) satisfies a0=0a_0 = 0 and an+1=85an+654nan2a_{n+1} = \frac{8}{5}a_n + \frac{6}{5}\sqrt{4^n - a_n^2} for n0.n \ge 0. Find the greatest integer less than or equal to a10.a_{10}.

答案:983
难度评级:3160
小提示:

尝试 an=2nsinθna_n = 2^n \sin\theta_n,则 4nan2=2ncosθn\sqrt{4^n - a_n^2} = 2^n\,|\cos\theta_n|,递推式可用正弦的和角公式表示,其中 θ=arcsin35\theta = \arcsin\frac{3}{5}

Try an=2nsinθn:a_n = 2^n \sin\theta_n: then 4nan2=2ncosθn\sqrt{4^n - a_n^2} = 2^n\,|\cos\theta_n| and the recursion is angle addition with θ=arcsin35\theta = \arcsin\frac{3}{5}

大提示:

因为 30<θ<4530^\circ \lt \theta \lt 45^\circ,角会先升到 3θ3\theta,此时余弦为负,之后在 2θ2\theta3θ3\theta 之间交替

Since 30<θ<45,30^\circ \lt \theta \lt 45^\circ, the angle climbs to 3θ,3\theta, whose cosine is negative, and then oscillates between 2θ2\theta and 3θ3\theta

解答:

an=2nsinθna_n = 2^n \sin\theta_n,其中 θ0=0\theta_0 = 0,则 4nan2=2ncosθn\sqrt{4^n - a_n^2} = 2^n\,|\cos\theta_n|。令 θ=arcsin35\theta = \arcsin\frac{3}{5},所以 cosθ=45\cos\theta = \frac{4}{5}。递推式变为 an+1=2n+1(cosθsinθn+sinθcosθn)=2n+1sin(θn±θ) \begin{aligned} &a_{n+1} \\ &= 2^{n+1} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\cos\theta \sin\theta_n + \sin\theta\,|\cos\theta_n|\right) \\ &= 2^{n+1}\sin(\theta_n \pm \theta) \end{aligned}\text{,}cosθn0\cos\theta_n \ge 0 时取加号,当 cosθn<0\cos\theta_n \lt 0 时取减号。

因为 12<35<22\frac{1}{2} \lt \frac{3}{5} \lt \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},所以 30<θ<4530^\circ \lt \theta \lt 45^\circ。角 θ\theta2θ2\theta 的余弦为正,所以角的序列为 00θ\theta2θ2\theta3θ3\theta。但 90<3θ<13590^\circ \lt 3\theta \lt 135^\circ 的余弦为负,所以 θ4=2θ\theta_4 = 2\theta,此后角在 3θ3\theta2θ2\theta 之间交替。特别地,对每个偶数 n2n \ge 2 都有 θn=2θ\theta_n = 2\theta

因为 sin2θ=23545=2425\sin 2\theta = 2 \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{4}{5} = \frac{24}{25}a10=210sin2θ=10242425=2457625=983.04 \begin{aligned} a_{10} &= 2^{10} \sin 2\theta \\ &= 1024 \cdot \frac{24}{25} \\ &= \frac{24576}{25} = 983.04 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以答案为 983983

Write an=2nsinθna_n = 2^n \sin\theta_n with θ0=0,\theta_0 = 0, so 4nan2=2ncosθn.\sqrt{4^n - a_n^2} = 2^n\,|\cos\theta_n|. Let θ=arcsin35,\theta = \arcsin\frac{3}{5}, so cosθ=45.\cos\theta = \frac{4}{5}. The recursion becomes an+1=2n+1(cosθsinθn+sinθcosθn)=2n+1sin(θn±θ), \begin{aligned} &a_{n+1} \\ &= 2^{n+1} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\cos\theta \sin\theta_n + \sin\theta\,|\cos\theta_n|\right) \\ &= 2^{n+1}\sin(\theta_n \pm \theta), \end{aligned} with the plus sign when cosθn0\cos\theta_n \ge 0 and the minus sign when cosθn<0.\cos\theta_n \lt 0.

Since 12<35<22,\frac{1}{2} \lt \frac{3}{5} \lt \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, we have 30<θ<45.30^\circ \lt \theta \lt 45^\circ. The angles θ,\theta, 2θ2\theta have positive cosine, so the sequence of angles runs 0,0, θ,\theta, 2θ,2\theta, 3θ.3\theta. But 90<3θ<13590^\circ \lt 3\theta \lt 135^\circ has negative cosine, so θ4=2θ,\theta_4 = 2\theta, and from then on the angle alternates between 3θ3\theta and 2θ.2\theta. In particular θn=2θ\theta_n = 2\theta for every even n2.n \ge 2.

With sin2θ=23545=2425,\sin 2\theta = 2 \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{4}{5} = \frac{24}{25}, a10=210sin2θ=10242425=2457625=983.04, \begin{aligned} a_{10} &= 2^{10} \sin 2\theta \\ &= 1024 \cdot \frac{24}{25} \\ &= \frac{24576}{25} = 983.04, \end{aligned} so the answer is 983.983.

15.

MN\overline{MN} 为一个直径为 11 的圆的一条直径。点 AABB 位于由 MN\overline{MN} 确定的一个半圆弧上,其中 AA 是该半圆弧的中点,且 MB=35MB = \frac{3}{5}。点 CC 位于另一条半圆弧上。令 dd 为如下线段的长度:其端点分别是直径 MN\overline{MN} 与弦 AC\overline{AC}BC\overline{BC} 的交点。dd 的最大可能值可写成 rstr - s\sqrt{t} 的形式,其中 rrsstt 是正整数,且 tt 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 r+s+tr + s + t

Let MN\overline{MN} be a diameter of a circle with diameter 1.1. Let AA and BB be points on one of the semicircular arcs determined by MN\overline{MN} such that AA is the midpoint of the semicircle and MB=35.MB = \frac{3}{5}. Point CC lies on the other semicircular arc. Let dd be the length of the line segment whose endpoints are the intersections of diameter MN\overline{MN} with the chords AC\overline{AC} and BC.\overline{BC}. The largest possible value of dd can be written in the form rst,r - s\sqrt{t}, where r,r, s,s, and tt are positive integers and tt is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find r+s+t.r + s + t.

答案:14
难度评级:3370
小提示:

若弦 BCBCMNMN 交于 PP,则 MPPN=[BMC][BNC]=BMMCBNNC\frac{MP}{PN} = \frac{[BMC]}{[BNC]} = \frac{BM \cdot MC}{BN \cdot NC},因为角 BMCBMCBNCBNC 互补

If chord BCBC meets MNMN at P,P, then MPPN=[BMC][BNC]=BMMCBNNC,\frac{MP}{PN} = \frac{[BMC]}{[BNC]} = \frac{BM \cdot MC}{BN \cdot NC}, since angles BMCBMC and BNCBNC are supplementary

大提示:

x=CMCNx = \frac{CM}{CN} 可得到长度 d=x3x2+7x+4d = \frac{x}{3x^2 + 7x + 4};用算术平均值与几何平均值不等式最小化 3x+4x3x + \frac{4}{x}

With x=CMCN,x = \frac{CM}{CN}, the length works out to d=x3x2+7x+4;d = \frac{x}{3x^2 + 7x + 4}; minimize 3x+4x3x + \frac{4}{x} by AM-GM

解答:

设弦 BCBCACAC 分别与 MN\overline{MN} 交于 PPQQ,并令 x=CMCNx = \frac{CM}{CN}。因为 MBN=90\angle MBN = 90^\circ(半圆所对的圆周角),且 MB=35MB = \frac{3}{5},所以 BN=45BN = \frac{4}{5};又有 AM=AN=22AM = AN = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}。由于 PP 同时在 MNMNBCBC 上,比值 MPPN\frac{MP}{PN} 等于 MMNN 到直线 BCBC 的距离之比,也就是 [BMC][BNC]\frac{[BMC]}{[BNC]}。在圆内接四边形 MBNCMBNC 中,角 BMCBMCBNCBNC 互补,所以它们的正弦相等,并且 MPPN=BMMCBNNC=3x4,MQQN=AMMCANNC=x \begin{aligned} \frac{MP}{PN} &= \frac{BM \cdot MC}{BN \cdot NC} = \frac{3x}{4}, \\ \frac{MQ}{QN} &= \frac{AM \cdot MC}{AN \cdot NC} = x \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 MN=1MN = 1,由此得到 MP=3x3x+4MP = \frac{3x}{3x + 4}MQ=xx+1MQ = \frac{x}{x + 1},所以 d=MQMP=xx+13x3x+4=x3x2+7x+4=13x+4x+7 \begin{aligned} &d = MQ - MP \\ &= \frac{x}{x + 1} - \frac{3x}{3x + 4} \\ &= \frac{x}{3x^2 + 7x + 4} \\ &= \frac{1}{3x + \frac{4}{x} + 7} \end{aligned}\text{。}

CC 在另一条半圆弧上变化时,xx 取遍所有正值。由算术平均值与几何平均值不等式,3x+4x212=433x + \frac{4}{x} \ge 2\sqrt{12} = 4\sqrt{3},等号在 x=23x = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} 时成立。因此 dd 的最大值为 17+43=743\frac{1}{7 + 4\sqrt{3}} = 7 - 4\sqrt{3}\text{,}因为 (7+43)(743)=1(7 + 4\sqrt{3})(7 - 4\sqrt{3}) = 1。所以 r+s+t=7+4+3=14r + s + t = 7 + 4 + 3 = 14

Let chords BCBC and ACAC meet MN\overline{MN} at PP and Q,Q, and set x=CMCN.x = \frac{CM}{CN}. Since MBN=90\angle MBN = 90^\circ (angle in a semicircle) and MB=35,MB = \frac{3}{5}, we get BN=45;BN = \frac{4}{5}; also AM=AN=22.AM = AN = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}. Because PP lies on both MNMN and BC,BC, the ratio MPPN\frac{MP}{PN} equals the ratio of the distances from MM and NN to line BC,BC, i.e. [BMC][BNC].\frac{[BMC]}{[BNC]}. In cyclic quadrilateral MBNCMBNC the angles BMCBMC and BNCBNC are supplementary, so their sines are equal and MPPN=BMMCBNNC=3x4,MQQN=AMMCANNC=x. \begin{aligned} \frac{MP}{PN} &= \frac{BM \cdot MC}{BN \cdot NC} = \frac{3x}{4}, \\ \frac{MQ}{QN} &= \frac{AM \cdot MC}{AN \cdot NC} = x. \end{aligned}

Since MN=1,MN = 1, these give MP=3x3x+4MP = \frac{3x}{3x + 4} and MQ=xx+1,MQ = \frac{x}{x + 1}, so d=MQMP=xx+13x3x+4=x3x2+7x+4=13x+4x+7. \begin{aligned} &d = MQ - MP \\ &= \frac{x}{x + 1} - \frac{3x}{3x + 4} \\ &= \frac{x}{3x^2 + 7x + 4} \\ &= \frac{1}{3x + \frac{4}{x} + 7}. \end{aligned}

As CC ranges over the far semicircle, xx takes every positive value. By AM-GM, 3x+4x212=43,3x + \frac{4}{x} \ge 2\sqrt{12} = 4\sqrt{3}, with equality at x=23.x = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}. Hence the largest value of dd is 17+43=743,\frac{1}{7 + 4\sqrt{3}} = 7 - 4\sqrt{3}, since (7+43)(743)=1.(7 + 4\sqrt{3})(7 - 4\sqrt{3}) = 1. Then r+s+t=7+4+3=14.r + s + t = 7 + 4 + 3 = 14.