2009 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
比尔开始刷漆前有 盎司蓝漆、 盎司红漆和 盎司白漆。比尔在墙上刷了四条大小相同的条纹:一条蓝色、一条红色、一条白色和一条粉色。粉色由红色和白色混合而成,比例不一定相等。刷完后,比尔剩下的蓝漆、红漆和白漆量相等。求比尔一共剩下多少盎司油漆。
Before starting to paint, Bill had ounces of blue paint, ounces of red paint, and ounces of white paint. Bill painted four equally sized stripes on a wall, making a blue stripe, a red stripe, a white stripe, and a pink stripe. Pink is a mixture of red and white, not necessarily in equal amounts. When Bill finished, he had equal amounts of blue, red, and white paint left. Find the total number of ounces of paint Bill had left.
小提示:
剩余量相等,说明用掉的红漆比蓝漆多 ,白漆也类似
Equal leftovers mean the red used exceeds the blue used by and similarly for white
大提示:
这些多出来的量都用在粉色条纹中,所以一条条纹用漆量为 盎司
Those excesses all went into the pink stripe, so one stripe’s worth of paint is ounces
解答:
设每条条纹用 盎司油漆。蓝漆只用于蓝色条纹,所以用了 盎司蓝漆。由于三种颜色的剩余量相等,而红漆和白漆一开始分别比蓝漆多 和 盎司,所以红漆用量比蓝漆多 盎司,白漆用量比蓝漆多 盎司。多出的这些红漆和白漆正好组成粉色条纹,因此 。
因此比尔每种颜色都剩下 盎司,总共剩下 盎司。
Say each stripe used ounces of paint. Blue was used only on the blue stripe, so ounces of blue were used. Since the three leftovers are equal and the colors started and ounces apart, red use exceeded blue use by ounces and white use exceeded blue use by ounces. That extra red and white is exactly the pink stripe, so
Bill therefore had ounces of each color left, for a total of ounces.
2.
3.
在长方形 中,。令 为 的中点。已知直线 与直线 垂直,求小于 的最大整数。
In rectangle Let be the midpoint of Given that line and line are perpendicular, find the greatest integer less than
小提示:
建立坐标:、、,则 ,且
Place coordinates: so and
大提示:
垂直直线的斜率乘积为 :
Perpendicular lines have slopes whose product is
解答:
设 ,并取 、、、,因此 。直线 的斜率为 ,直线 的斜率为 。由垂直可得 所以 ,且 。
小于 的最大整数是 。
Let and place so Line has slope and line has slope Perpendicularity gives so and
The greatest integer less than is
4.
一群孩子举行吃葡萄比赛。比赛结束时,冠军吃了 颗葡萄,第 名孩子吃了 颗葡萄。比赛中吃掉的葡萄总数为 。求 的最小可能值。
A group of children held a grape-eating contest. When the contest was over, the winner had eaten grapes, and the child in th place had eaten grapes. The total number of grapes eaten in the contest was Find the smallest possible value of
小提示:
若有 个孩子,葡萄数构成等差数列,总数为
With children the grape counts are an arithmetic sequence, and the total is
大提示:
最后一名孩子吃了 颗葡萄;检查 的哪些因数 满足这个条件
The last-place child ate grapes; check which divisors of survive that condition
解答:
设共有 个孩子。各人的葡萄数 、、、 构成等差数列,所以总数等于 乘以首末两项的平均数:因此 能被 整除,且 。
最后一名孩子吃了 颗葡萄,所以 ,排除 、 和 。剩余因数给出:当 时,;当 时,;当 时,。
最小可能值为 。
Let be the number of children. The grape counts form an arithmetic sequence, so the total is times the average of the first and last terms: Thus is divisible by and
The last-place child ate grapes, which forces ruling out and The remaining divisors give for for and for
The smallest possible value is
5.
等边三角形 内接于半径为 的圆 。半径为 的圆 在 的一个顶点处与圆 内切。半径都为 的圆 和 在 的另外两个顶点处与圆 内切。圆 、、 都与圆 外切,该圆的半径为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Equilateral triangle is inscribed in circle which has radius Circle with radius is internally tangent to circle at one vertex of Circles and both with radius are internally tangent to circle at the other two vertices of Circles and are all externally tangent to circle which has radius where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
内切圆的圆心位于圆 的半径上;把圆 的圆心放在原点,并让半径为 的顶点在上方
Centers of internally tangent circles lie along radii of circle put the center of at the origin with the radius- vertex on top
大提示:
由对称性, 的圆心在竖直轴上。与 相切使其高度为 ;再用与 相切得到关于 的方程。
By symmetry ’s center is on the vertical axis. Tangency to puts it at height then tangency to gives an equation in
解答:
将圆 的圆心放在原点,并取三角形顶点为 和 。在某个顶点处与 内切的圆,其圆心在通向该顶点的半径上,所以圆 的圆心为 ,圆 和 的圆心为 (它们到原点的距离为 )。
由对称性,半径为 的圆 的圆心在 轴上,设为 。与 外切给出 ,所以 。与 外切给出 即 ,化简为 ,所以 。
因此 。
Place the center of circle at the origin with the triangle’s vertices at and A circle internally tangent to at a vertex has its center on the radius to that vertex, so circle has center and circles and have centers (at distance from the origin).
By symmetry the center of circle of radius lies on the -axis at External tangency to gives so External tangency to gives that is, which simplifies to so
Then
6.
令 为从前 个自然数组成的集合中选出五元素子集的个数,要求这五个数中至少有两个连续。求 除以 的余数。
Let be the number of five-element subsets that can be chosen from the set of the first natural numbers so that at least two of the five numbers are consecutive. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
计算补集:没有两个数连续的五元素子集
Count the complement: five-element subsets with no two consecutive numbers
大提示:
将按递增顺序排列的五个数分别减去 、、、、,可把 中没有相邻数的子集对应到 中的任意五元素子集
Subtracting from the five numbers in increasing order matches no-two-consecutive subsets of with arbitrary subsets of
解答:
计算补集:设 是没有两个连续数的子集。令 ,则每个这样的子集对应到 中五个不同的数 ,且这个对应可逆,所以没有两个连续数的子集共有 个。
因此 ,除以 的余数为 。
Count the complement: subsets with no two consecutive. Setting turns each such subset into five distinct numbers in and this map is reversible, so there are subsets with no two consecutive numbers.
Therefore and the remainder upon division by is
7.
定义 为 (当 为奇数时),以及 (当 为偶数时)。将 化为最简分数后,它的分母为 ,其中 为奇数。求 。
Define to be for odd and for even. When is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms, its denominator is with odd. Find
小提示:
,且由于 是整数, 的所有奇因子都会被 约去
and since is an integer, all odd factors of cancel into
大提示:
第 项约分后的分母为 ,其中 是 中 的指数。这些指数严格递增,所以最后一项决定分母。
Term in lowest terms has denominator the exponent of in These strictly increase, so the last term controls.
解答:
第 项为 ,其分子为奇数,且 。因为 是整数,所以 中的每个奇素数幂也都整除 。因此第 项化为最简分数后的分母恰为 ,其中 ,而 是 中 的指数。数列 严格递增,所以通分到公分母 时,除了最后一项外,每一项都贡献偶数分子,而最后一项贡献奇数分子。因此总和的最简分母恰为 ,所以 。
由勒让德公式,所以 。因而 。
The th term is with odd numerator, and Because is an integer, every odd prime power dividing also divides Hence in lowest terms the th term has denominator exactly where and is the exponent of in The strictly increase, so over the common denominator every term except the last contributes an even numerator while the last contributes an odd one. The sum in lowest terms therefore has denominator exactly so
By Legendre’s formula, so Then
8.
戴夫掷一枚公平六面骰,直到第一次出现六点为止。琳达独立地掷一枚公平六面骰,也直到第一次出现六点为止。设互质正整数 和 满足 等于戴夫与琳达的掷骰次数相差不超过一的概率。求 。
Dave rolls a fair six-sided die until a six appears for the first time. Independently, Linda rolls a fair six-sided die until a six appears for the first time. Let and be relatively prime positive integers such that is the probability that the number of times Dave rolls his die is equal to or within one of the number of times Linda rolls her die. Find
小提示:
第一次出现六点在第 次的概率为
The chance the first six appears on roll is
大提示:
平局概率计算 ,相差一的概率计算 ;两者都是公比为 的等比级数
Compute for a tie and for a difference of one; both are geometric series with ratio
解答:
某人的第一次六点出现在第 次的概率为 。两人次数相同的概率为
琳达恰好比戴夫多掷一次的概率为 ,由对称性,戴夫恰好比琳达多掷一次也有相同概率。
总概率为 ,所以 。
The probability that a player’s first six appears on roll is The probability of a tie is
The probability that Linda needs exactly one more roll than Dave is and by symmetry the same holds with the players swapped.
The total probability is so
9.
令 为方程 的正整数解个数,令 为方程 的正整数解个数。求 除以 的余数。
Let be the number of solutions in positive integers to the equation and let be the number of solutions in positive integers to the equation Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
每个变量减去 可把 方程的正整数解对应到 方程的非负整数解,因为
Subtracting from each variable matches positive solutions of the equation with nonnegative solutions of the equation, since
大提示:
所以 统计 的非负整数解中至少有一个变量为 的解。分三种情形计数,再修正重复计数。
So counts nonnegative solutions of in which some variable is Count the three cases and correct for double counting.
解答:
若 是 的正整数解,则 是 的非负整数解,反之亦然,因为 。因此 等于 的非负整数解个数,而 统计该方程中至少有一个变量为 的非负整数解。
若 ,则 ,这要求 为偶数,且 ,得 个解。若 ,则 ,其中 ,得 个解。若 ,则 ,这要求 ,且 ,得 个解。解 和 各被重复计数一次,所以
除以 的余数为 。
If is a positive solution of then is a nonnegative solution of and conversely, since So equals the number of nonnegative solutions of and counts the nonnegative solutions of that equation in which at least one variable is
If forces even, giving solutions. If with gives If forces giving The solutions and are each counted twice, so
The remainder upon division by is
10.
四座灯塔位于点 、、 和 。 处的灯塔距 处灯塔 千米, 处灯塔距 处灯塔 千米, 处灯塔距 处灯塔 千米。对位于 的观察者而言,由 与 的灯光确定的角等于由 与 的灯光确定的角。对位于 的观察者而言,由 与 的灯光确定的角等于由 与 的灯光确定的角。从 到 的距离为 ,其中 、、 是互质正整数,且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
Four lighthouses are located at points and The lighthouse at is kilometers from the lighthouse at the lighthouse at is kilometers from the lighthouse at and the lighthouse at is kilometers from the lighthouse at To an observer at the angle determined by the lights at and and the angle determined by the lights at and are equal. To an observer at the angle determined by the lights at and and the angle determined by the lights at and are equal. The number of kilometers from to is given by where and are relatively prime positive integers, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
三角形在 处为直角。条件说明 平分角 ,且 平分角 。
The triangle is right-angled at The conditions say bisects angle and bisects angle
大提示:
取 、、:射线 是射线 关于竖直线 的镜像,所以它经过 ,且
With ray is the mirror of ray over the vertical line so it hits and
解答:
因为 ,角 为直角。取 、、。点 处的条件说明 ,所以 在角 的角平分线上。由半角公式和 ,因此 在直线 上。
点 处的条件说明 平分角 ,所以射线 是射线 关于直线 的反射,而这条直线是竖直线 。点 的反射点为 ,所以 在过 和 的直线上,即 。
解 与 ,得 、。因此 所以 。
Since angle is right. Place The condition at says so lies on the bisector of angle Using the half-angle formula with so lies on the line
The condition at says bisects angle so ray is the reflection of ray over line which is the vertical line The reflection of is so lies on the line through and namely
Solving and gives Then so
11.
对于某些满足 的正整数对 ,恰有 个不同的正整数 满足 。求所有可能的乘积 的和。
For certain pairs of positive integers with there are exactly distinct positive integers such that Find the sum of all possible values of the product
小提示:
这个不等式等价于
The inequality says exactly that
大提示:
写 ,其中 ;这样的 的个数为 ,所以 ,只剩少数情况
Write with the count of such is so leaves only a few cases
解答:
不等式 等价于 。写 ,其中 ;因为 (若 ,没有 满足),所以 。区间中的整数 为 、、、,共 个,也就是 ,或
当 时,左边至少为 ,所以 。逐一检查可知,只有 、、(于是 )以及 、、(于是 )可行。它们给出 和 ;的确, 与 各含恰好 个整数。
所有可能的 之和为 。
The inequality is equivalent to Write with since (for no works), The integers in the interval are so there are of them, that is, or
For the left side is at least so Checking each case, only (so ) and (so ) work. These give and indeed and each contain exactly integers.
The sum of all possible values of is
12.
从整数集合 中选出 个数对 ,满足 ,且任意两个数对没有公共元素。已知所有和 互不相同,并且都不超过 。求 的最大可能值。
From the set of integers choose pairs with so that no two pairs have a common element. Suppose that all the sums are distinct and less than or equal to Find the maximum possible value of
小提示:
用两种方法估计所有 个和的总和:这 个元素互不相同,所以总和至少为
Add up all sums in two ways: the elements are distinct, so the total is at least
大提示:
这 个和是互不相同且至多为 的整数,所以总和至多为 。比较上下界,再构造达到该 的配对。
The sums are distinct integers at most so the total is at most Compare the bounds, then build a pairing that achieves the resulting
解答:
令 。选出的 个元素是互不相同的正整数,所以 。这 个和是互不相同且至多为 的整数,因而 。合并可得 所以 。
为达到 ,取数对 ,其中 ,它们的和为偶数 、、、,再取数对 ,其中 ,它们的和为奇数 、、、。用到的元素为 到 ,以及 到 ,没有重复,并且所有 个和互不相同且不超过 。
最大值为 。
Let The chosen elements are distinct positive integers, so The sums are distinct integers at most so Combining, so
To achieve take the pairs for whose sums are the even numbers together with the pairs for whose sums are the odd numbers The elements used are – – with no repeats, and all sums are distinct and at most
The maximum is
13.
设 和 是半径为 的半圆弧的两个端点。六个等距点 、、、 将该半圆弧分成七段全等的弧。画出所有形如 或 的弦。令 为这十二条弦长的乘积。求 除以 的余数。
Let and be the endpoints of a semicircular arc of radius The arc is divided into seven congruent arcs by six equally spaced points All chords of the form or are drawn. Let be the product of the lengths of these twelve chords. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
在复平面中表示圆,取 、,且 ,其中
Model the circle in the complex plane with and where
大提示:
,且 正好是非平凡的 次单位根;它们到 的距离乘积为
and the are exactly the nontrivial th roots of unity, whose product of distances to is
解答:
在复平面中放置该圆,圆心为 ,取 、,且对 ,令 ,其中 。则 ,,所以
当 取 时, 遍历所有六个非平凡的 次单位根。令 。由于 ,代入 得 。因此
除以 的余数为 。
Put the circle in the complex plane with center and for where Then and so
As runs over the numbers run over all six nontrivial th roots of unity. Let Since plugging in gives Therefore
The remainder when is divided by is
14.
数列 满足 ,且当 时,。求小于或等于 的最大整数。
The sequence satisfies and for Find the greatest integer less than or equal to
小提示:
尝试 ,则 ,递推式可用正弦的和角公式表示,其中
Try then and the recursion is angle addition with
大提示:
因为 ,角会先升到 ,此时余弦为负,之后在 与 之间交替
Since the angle climbs to whose cosine is negative, and then oscillates between and
解答:
写 ,其中 ,则 。令 ,所以 。递推式变为 当 时取加号,当 时取减号。
因为 ,所以 。角 、 的余弦为正,所以角的序列为 、、、。但 的余弦为负,所以 ,此后角在 与 之间交替。特别地,对每个偶数 都有 。
因为 ,所以答案为 。
Write with so Let so The recursion becomes with the plus sign when and the minus sign when
Since we have The angles have positive cosine, so the sequence of angles runs But has negative cosine, so and from then on the angle alternates between and In particular for every even
With so the answer is
15.
令 为一个直径为 的圆的一条直径。点 和 位于由 确定的一个半圆弧上,其中 是该半圆弧的中点,且 。点 位于另一条半圆弧上。令 为如下线段的长度:其端点分别是直径 与弦 和 的交点。 的最大可能值可写成 的形式,其中 、、 是正整数,且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
Let be a diameter of a circle with diameter Let and be points on one of the semicircular arcs determined by such that is the midpoint of the semicircle and Point lies on the other semicircular arc. Let be the length of the line segment whose endpoints are the intersections of diameter with the chords and The largest possible value of can be written in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
答案:14
小提示:
若弦 与 交于 ,则 ,因为角 和 互补
If chord meets at then since angles and are supplementary
大提示:
令 可得到长度 ;用算术平均值与几何平均值不等式最小化
With the length works out to minimize by AM-GM
解答:
设弦 和 分别与 交于 和 ,并令 。因为 (半圆所对的圆周角),且 ,所以 ;又有 。由于 同时在 和 上,比值 等于 和 到直线 的距离之比,也就是 。在圆内接四边形 中,角 和 互补,所以它们的正弦相等,并且
因为 ,由此得到 和 ,所以
当 在另一条半圆弧上变化时, 取遍所有正值。由算术平均值与几何平均值不等式,,等号在 时成立。因此 的最大值为 因为 。所以 。
Let chords and meet at and and set Since (angle in a semicircle) and we get also Because lies on both and the ratio equals the ratio of the distances from and to line i.e. In cyclic quadrilateral the angles and are supplementary, so their sines are equal and
Since these give and so
As ranges over the far semicircle, takes every positive value. By AM-GM, with equality at Hence the largest value of is since Then