2006 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

已知 xxyyzz 是满足 的实数,并且 x+y+z=mnx + y + z = \frac{m}{\sqrt{n}},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除,求 m+nm + nx=y2116+z2116,x = \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} + \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{16}}, y=z2125+x2125,y = \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{25}} + \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{25}}, z=x2136+y2136,z = \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{36}} + \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{36}},

Given that x,x, y,y, and zz are real numbers that satisfy x=y2116+z2116,x = \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} + \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{16}}, y=z2125+x2125,y = \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{25}} + \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{25}}, z=x2136+y2136,z = \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{36}} + \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{36}}, and that x+y+z=mn,x + y + z = \frac{m}{\sqrt{n}}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime, find m+n.m + n.

答案:9
知识点:方程组高线海伦公式
难度评级:3370
解答:

每个根式 y2116\sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} 都可看作一个直角三角形的直角边,其中斜边为 yy, 另一条直角边为 14\frac{1}{4}。 因此第一个方程表示:在一个三角形 XYZXYZ 中,令 x=YZx = YZy=ZXy = ZXz=XYz = XY, 从 XX 作出的高为 14\frac{1}{4}, 且高的垂足把 YZYZ 分成两个根式长度。其他方程说明到边 yyzz 的高分别为 15\frac{1}{5}16\frac{1}{6}

KK 为这个三角形的面积,则 K=12x14K = \frac{1}{2} \cdot x \cdot \frac{1}{4} 给出 x=8Kx = 8K, 同理 y=10Ky = 10Kz=12Kz = 12K。 它们与 8,10,128, 10, 12, 成比例,且 82+102>1228^2 + 10^2 \gt 12^2, 所以三角形为锐角三角形,高的垂足确实落在边内。海伦公式配合 s=15Ks = 15K 给出 所以 K2=11575K^2 = \frac{1}{1575},且 K=1157K = \frac{1}{15\sqrt{7}}K2=15K7K5K3K=1575K4, \begin{aligned} K^2 &= 15K \cdot 7K \cdot 5K \cdot 3K \\ &= 1575K^4, \end{aligned}

于是 x+y+z=30K=27x + y + z = 30K = \frac{2}{\sqrt{7}}, 所以 m+n=2+7=9m + n = 2 + 7 = 9

Each radical y2116\sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} is the leg of a right triangle with hypotenuse yy and other leg 14.\frac{1}{4}. So the first equation says: in a triangle XYZXYZ with x=YZ,x = YZ, y=ZX,y = ZX, z=XY,z = XY, the altitude from XX has length 14,\frac{1}{4}, and its foot splits YZYZ into the two radical lengths. The other equations say the altitudes to sides yy and zz are 15\frac{1}{5} and 16.\frac{1}{6}.

If KK is the area of this triangle, then K=12x14K = \frac{1}{2} \cdot x \cdot \frac{1}{4} gives x=8K,x = 8K, and likewise y=10Ky = 10K and z=12K.z = 12K. These are proportional to 8,10,12,8, 10, 12, and 82+102>122,8^2 + 10^2 \gt 12^2, so the triangle is acute and the altitude feet do land inside the sides. Heron's formula with s=15Ks = 15K gives K2=15K7K5K3K=1575K4, \begin{aligned} K^2 &= 15K \cdot 7K \cdot 5K \cdot 3K \\ &= 1575K^4, \end{aligned} so K2=11575K^2 = \frac{1}{1575} and K=1157.K = \frac{1}{15\sqrt{7}}.

Then x+y+z=30K=27,x + y + z = 30K = \frac{2}{\sqrt{7}}, so m+n=2+7=9.m + n = 2 + 7 = 9.

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