2006 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

一组 88 个立方体中,对每个整数 kk 1k81 \le k \le 8 都恰有一个棱长为 kk 的立方体。 要按照以下规则用全部 88 个立方体搭成一座塔:

• 任何立方体都可以作为塔底的立方体。

• 紧放在棱长为 kk 的立方体上方的立方体,其棱长至多为 k+2k + 2

TT 为可以搭成的不同塔的数量。求 TT 除以 10001000 的余数。

A collection of 88 cubes consists of one cube with edge-length kk for each integer k,k, 1k8.1 \le k \le 8. A tower is to be built using all 88 cubes according to the rules:

• Any cube may be the bottom cube in the tower.

• The cube immediately on top of a cube with edge-length kk must have edge-length at most k+2.k + 2.

Let TT be the number of different towers that can be constructed. What is the remainder when TT is divided by 1000?1000?

答案:458
知识点:递推计数双射
难度评级:2760
解答:

S(n)S(n) 为使用棱长 1,,n1, \ldots, n 的立方体搭成合法塔的数量。给定一个由 n2n \ge 2 个立方体组成的合法塔,立方体 n+1n + 1 恰好可以插入三个位置:塔底、紧放在立方体 nn 上方、或紧放在立方体 n1n - 1 上方(若放在其他位置,它会压在棱长至多为 n2n - 2 的立方体上,违反规则)。每种插入后仍然合法,因为最后位于立方体 n+1n + 1 上方的立方体棱长至多为 n<(n+1)+2n \lt (n+1) + 2。 反过来,从一个由 n+1n + 1 个立方体组成的合法塔中删去立方体 n+1n + 1 后仍是合法塔:原来在它上方的立方体棱长至多为 nn 会落到一个棱长至少为 n1n - 1 的立方体上。

因此当 n2n \ge 2 时,S(n+1)=3S(n)S(n + 1) = 3 S(n)。因为 S(2)=2S(2) = 2(两个立方体任意一个都可以在上面),所以 T=S(8)=236=1458T = S(8) = 2 \cdot 3^6 = 1458,余数为 458458

Let S(n)S(n) be the number of legal towers using the cubes of edge-lengths 1,,n.1, \ldots, n. Given a legal tower of n2n \ge 2 cubes, cube n+1n + 1 can be inserted in exactly three places: at the bottom, immediately on top of cube n,n, or immediately on top of cube n1n - 1 (anywhere else it would rest on a cube of edge-length at most n2,n - 2, violating the rule). Each insertion stays legal, because the cube that ends up on top of cube n+1n + 1 has edge-length at most n<(n+1)+2.n \lt (n+1) + 2. Conversely, deleting cube n+1n + 1 from a legal tower of n+1n + 1 cubes leaves a legal tower: the cube that was above it, of edge-length at most n,n, lands on a cube of edge-length at least n1.n - 1.

Hence S(n+1)=3S(n)S(n + 1) = 3 S(n) for n2.n \ge 2. Since S(2)=2S(2) = 2 (either of the two cubes may be on top), we get T=S(8)=236=1458,T = S(8) = 2 \cdot 3^6 = 1458, and the remainder is 458.458.

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