2005 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=20AB = 20。 该三角形的内切圆把包含 CC 的中线分成三段等长线段。已知 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 mnm\sqrt{n}, 其中 mmnn 是整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除,求 m+nm + n

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=20.AB = 20. The incircle of the triangle divides the median containing CC into three segments of equal length. Given that the area of ABC\triangle ABC is mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime, find m+n.m + n.

答案:38
知识点:圆幂内切圆、内心与内切圆半径中线(几何)海伦公式
难度评级:3270
解答:

MMAB\overline{AB} 的中点,内切圆在点 SSNN 处截中线 CM\overline{CM},且 CS=SN=NM=13CMCS = SN = NM = \frac{1}{3}CM。 设内切圆分别在 TTRR 处与 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 相切。由点的幂, MT2=MNMS=CM32CM3=29CM2,CR2=CSCN=29CM2, \begin{aligned} MT^2 &= MN \cdot MS \\ &= \frac{CM}{3} \cdot \frac{2\,CM}{3} \\ &= \frac{2}{9}CM^2, \\ CR^2 &= CS \cdot CN \\ &= \frac{2}{9}CM^2, \end{aligned} 所以 MT=CRMT = CR。 因为 AR=ATAR = AT(从 AA 引出的切线长相等),可得 AC=AR+RCAC = AR + RC =AT+TM= AT + TM =AM=10= AM = 10

a=BCa = BC,且 s=20+a+102=15+a2s = \frac{20 + a + 10}{2} = 15 + \frac{a}{2}。 标准切线长给出 AT=saAT = s - a, 所以 MT=AMATMT = AM - AT =10(15a2)= 10 - \left(15 - \frac{a}{2}\right) =a102= \frac{a - 10}{2}, 而中线长公式给出 CM2=2102+2a22024=a21002CM^2 = \frac{2 \cdot 10^2 + 2a^2 - 20^2}{4} = \frac{a^2 - 100}{2}。 代入 MT2=29CM2MT^2 = \frac{2}{9}CM^2(a10)24=a210099(a10)=4(a+10)a=26. \begin{aligned} \frac{(a - 10)^2}{4} &= \frac{a^2 - 100}{9} \\ &\quad\Longrightarrow\quad 9(a - 10) \\ &= 4(a + 10) \\ &\quad\Longrightarrow\quad a = 26. \end{aligned}

因此三边为 202026261010,且 s=28s = 28,由海伦公式, [ABC]=288218=8064=2414, \begin{aligned} [ABC] &= \sqrt{28 \cdot 8 \cdot 2 \cdot 18} \\ &= \sqrt{8064} = 24\sqrt{14}, \end{aligned} 所以 m+n=24+14=38m + n = 24 + 14 = 38

Let MM be the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, and let the incircle cut median CM\overline{CM} at SS and N,N, with CS=SN=NM=13CM.CS = SN = NM = \frac{1}{3}CM. Let the incircle touch AB\overline{AB} at TT and AC\overline{AC} at R.R. By Power of a Point, MT2=MNMS=CM32CM3=29CM2,CR2=CSCN=29CM2, \begin{aligned} MT^2 &= MN \cdot MS \\ &= \frac{CM}{3} \cdot \frac{2\,CM}{3} \\ &= \frac{2}{9}CM^2, \\ CR^2 &= CS \cdot CN \\ &= \frac{2}{9}CM^2, \end{aligned} so MT=CR.MT = CR. Since AR=ATAR = AT (tangents from AA), we get AC=AR+RCAC = AR + RC =AT+TM= AT + TM =AM=10.= AM = 10.

Write a=BCa = BC and s=20+a+102=15+a2.s = \frac{20 + a + 10}{2} = 15 + \frac{a}{2}. The standard tangent length gives AT=sa,AT = s - a, so MT=AMATMT = AM - AT =10(15a2)= 10 - \left(15 - \frac{a}{2}\right) =a102,= \frac{a - 10}{2}, while the median length formula gives CM2=2102+2a22024=a21002.CM^2 = \frac{2 \cdot 10^2 + 2a^2 - 20^2}{4} = \frac{a^2 - 100}{2}. Substituting into MT2=29CM2:MT^2 = \frac{2}{9}CM^2: (a10)24=a210099(a10)=4(a+10)a=26. \begin{aligned} \frac{(a - 10)^2}{4} &= \frac{a^2 - 100}{9} \\ &\quad\Longrightarrow\quad 9(a - 10) \\ &= 4(a + 10) \\ &\quad\Longrightarrow\quad a = 26. \end{aligned}

Then the sides are 20,20, 26,26, 1010 with s=28,s = 28, and Heron's formula gives [ABC]=288218=8064=2414, \begin{aligned} [ABC] &= \sqrt{28 \cdot 8 \cdot 2 \cdot 18} \\ &= \sqrt{8064} = 24\sqrt{14}, \end{aligned} so m+n=24+14=38.m + n = 24 + 14 = 38.

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