2000 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

求最小正整数 nn,使得 1sin45sin46+1sin47sin48++1sin133sin134=1sinn. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\sin 45^\circ \sin 46^\circ} + \frac{1}{\sin 47^\circ \sin 48^\circ} \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + \frac{1}{\sin 133^\circ \sin 134^\circ} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sin n^\circ}. \end{aligned}

Find the least positive integer nn such that 1sin45sin46+1sin47sin48++1sin133sin134=1sinn. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\sin 45^\circ \sin 46^\circ} + \frac{1}{\sin 47^\circ \sin 48^\circ} \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + \frac{1}{\sin 133^\circ \sin 134^\circ} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sin n^\circ}. \end{aligned}

答案:1
知识点:三角恒等式裂项相消
难度评级:3060
解答:

因为 sin1=sin((k+1)k)\sin 1^\circ = \sin\big((k+1)^\circ - k^\circ\big) =sin(k+1)cosk= \sin(k+1)^\circ \cos k^\circ cos(k+1)sink- \cos(k+1)^\circ \sin k^\circ,两边除以 sinksin(k+1)\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ,得 因此原和乘以 sin1\sin 1^\circ,等于 cot45cot46+cot47\cot 45^\circ - \cot 46^\circ + \cot 47^\circ cot48- \cot 48^\circ ++cot133cot134+ \cdots + \cot 133^\circ - \cot 134^\circ,其中 ++ 号对应奇数角,- 号对应偶数角。 1sinksin(k+1)=cotkcot(k+1)sin1. \begin{aligned} \small \frac{1}{\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ} \\ &\scriptsize = \frac{\cot k^\circ - \cot(k+1)^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ}. \end{aligned}

因为 cot(180x)=cotx\cot(180^\circ - x) = -\cot x,且这里互补的角奇偶性相同,所以各项按互补角成对抵消: +cot133+\cot 133^\circ 抵消 +cot47+\cot 47^\circcot134-\cot 134^\circ 抵消 cot46-\cot 46^\circ,其余和为 180180^\circ 的角也都如此。仅剩 cot45=1\cot 45^\circ = 1(它的配对角 135135^\circ 不在范围内)以及 cot90=0-\cot 90^\circ = 0

所以原和等于 cot45sin1=1sin1\frac{\cot 45^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ} = \frac{1}{\sin 1^\circ},满足条件的最小 nn11

Since sin1=sin((k+1)k)\sin 1^\circ = \sin\big((k+1)^\circ - k^\circ\big) =sin(k+1)cosk= \sin(k+1)^\circ \cos k^\circ cos(k+1)sink,- \cos(k+1)^\circ \sin k^\circ, dividing by sinksin(k+1)\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ gives 1sinksin(k+1)=cotkcot(k+1)sin1. \begin{aligned} \small \frac{1}{\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ} \\ &\scriptsize = \frac{\cot k^\circ - \cot(k+1)^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ}. \end{aligned} So the sum times sin1\sin 1^\circ equals cot45cot46+cot47\cot 45^\circ - \cot 46^\circ + \cot 47^\circ cot48- \cot 48^\circ ++cot133cot134,+ \cdots + \cot 133^\circ - \cot 134^\circ, with ++ signs on odd arguments and - signs on even arguments.

Because cot(180x)=cotx\cot(180^\circ - x) = -\cot x and supplementary arguments here have the same parity, the terms cancel in supplementary pairs: +cot133+\cot 133^\circ cancels +cot47,+\cot 47^\circ, cot134-\cot 134^\circ cancels cot46,-\cot 46^\circ, and so on for every pair of arguments summing to 180.180^\circ. The only survivors are cot45=1\cot 45^\circ = 1 (its partner 135135^\circ is out of range) and cot90=0.-\cot 90^\circ = 0.

Hence the sum equals cot45sin1=1sin1,\frac{\cot 45^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ} = \frac{1}{\sin 1^\circ}, so the least such nn is 1.1.

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