2000 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
数 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
The number can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
答案:7
小提示:
用 ,把两项都改写成以 为底的对数。
Use to rewrite both terms as logarithms with base
大提示:
这个和变为 ,而 。
The sum becomes and
解答:
因为 ,两项分别等于 和 。它们的和为
因为 ,所以 。
Since the two terms equal and Their sum is
Since the answer is
2.
坐标都是整数的点称为格点。双曲线 上有多少个格点?
A point whose coordinates are both integers is called a lattice point. How many lattice points lie on the hyperbola
小提示:
分解 ,并注意这两个因子奇偶性相同。
Factor and note the two factors have the same parity
大提示:
令 、,其中 ;数有序因子对,并记得 也可以为负。
Write and with count ordered pairs, and remember negative values of
解答:
分解得 。两个因子 和 奇偶性相同,且乘积为偶数,所以二者都必须是偶数。令 、,得到 。
每个满足 的正整数有序对 恰好给出一个解 、,且 。数 有 个正因子,因而有 个这样的有序对。把 换成 给出 个 的解;而 不可能,因为此时 。
格点总数为 。
Factor The factors and have the same parity, and their product is even, so both must be even. Writing and gives
Each ordered pair of positive integers with yields exactly one solution with and has divisors, hence such pairs. Replacing by gives the solutions with and is impossible since
In total there are lattice points.
3.
一副四十张的牌中,数字 、、、 各出现四次。先从牌中取走一对数字相同的牌,并且不将它们放回。设接着随机抽出的两张牌也组成一对的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
A deck of forty cards consists of four ’s, four ’s, and four ’s. A matching pair (two cards with the same number) is removed from the deck. Given that these cards are not returned to the deck, let be the probability that two randomly selected cards also form a pair, where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
取走一对后还剩 张牌:九个数字各有四张,另一个数字只剩两张。
After the pair is removed, cards remain: nine numbers with four cards each and one number with only two
大提示:
有利的两张牌数为 ,总抽法数为 。
Count the favorable pairs as out of equally likely draws
解答:
取走相同数字的一对后,还剩 张牌:九个数字各有四张,一个数字只剩两张。能抽成一对的抽法数为 ,而所有等可能抽法数为 。
由于 与 没有公因子,所以概率 已是最简形式,。
After the matching pair is removed, cards remain: nine numbers with four cards each and one number with only two cards. The number of ways to draw a pair is out of equally likely draws.
Since shares no factor with the probability is in lowest terms, and
4.
有六个正奇因子和十二个正偶因子的最小正整数是多少?
What is the smallest positive integer with six positive odd integer divisors and twelve positive even integer divisors?
小提示:
写成 ,其中 为奇数; 的奇因子正好就是 的因子。
Write with odd; the odd divisors of are exactly the divisors of
大提示:
每个偶因子都是 乘以一个奇因子,所以偶因子数为 ;找出满足 的最小奇数 。
Every even divisor is a power times an odd divisor, so there are of them; find the smallest odd with
解答:
写成 ,其中 是奇数。 的奇因子正好是 的因子,所以 。每个偶因子都是 ()乘以一个奇因子,因此偶因子数为 。由 得 。
因此 ,其中 是恰有 个因子的最小奇数。可能的形式是 (最小为 )或 (最小为 ),所以 ,。
Write with odd. The odd divisors of are exactly the divisors of so Every even divisor is (for ) times an odd divisor, so there are of them, and gives
So where is the smallest odd number with exactly divisors. The shapes are (smallest ) and (smallest ), so and
5.
给定八枚可区分的戒指,设 为把其中五枚戒指戴在一只手的四根手指(不包括拇指)上的可能排列数。同一根手指上戒指的上下顺序有区别,但不要求每根手指都戴戒指。求 从左起前三个非零数字。
Given eight distinguishable rings, let be the number of possible five-ring arrangements on the four fingers (not the thumb) of one hand. The order of rings on each finger is significant, but it is not required that each finger have a ring. Find the leftmost three nonzero digits of
小提示:
先选择要用的 枚戒指并排成一个顺序,再决定如何把这个有序列表分到 根手指上。
Choose which rings to use, put them in order, then decide how to split the ordered list among the fingers
大提示:
把 枚有序戒指分成 个可为空的连续段,是隔板法计数:。
Splitting an ordered list of rings into possibly empty blocks is a stars-and-bars count:
解答:
选择使用哪五枚戒指有 种,再把它们排成顺序(依次读第一根手指、第二根手指等),有 种。剩下的是把这个有序列表分成四个可为空的连续段,每段对应一根手指;也就是把 分成 个非负整数部分的方案数,由隔板法为 。
因此 ,从左起前三个非零数字是 。
Choose which five rings to use in ways, and order them (reading down the first finger, then the second, and so on) in ways. It remains to split the ordered list into four possibly empty consecutive blocks, one per finger: the number of compositions of into nonnegative parts, which by stars and bars is
Therefore whose leftmost three nonzero digits are
6.
一个梯形的一条底边比另一条底边长 个单位。连接两腰中点的线段把梯形分成面积比为 的两个区域。设 为一条连接两腰、平行于底边、且把梯形分成两个等面积区域的线段长度。求不超过 的最大整数。
One base of a trapezoid is units longer than the other base. The segment that joins the midpoints of the legs divides the trapezoid into two regions whose areas are in the ratio Let be the length of the segment joining the legs of the trapezoid that is parallel to the bases and that divides the trapezoid into two regions of equal area. Find the greatest integer that does not exceed
小提示:
若两底为 和 ,中位线把梯形分成的两部分面积分别与 和 成正比。
With bases and the midsegment splits the trapezoid into pieces with areas proportional to and
大提示:
延长两腰直到相交:平行线段长度为 时截出三角形的面积与 成正比,因此 是两条底边平方的平均数。
Extend the legs to an apex: a parallel segment of length cuts off a triangle of area proportional to so is the average of the squares of the two bases
解答:
设两条底边为 和 。中位线长为 ,并把梯形分成两个等高梯形;它们的面积分别与平行边之和 和 成正比。由 得 ,所以两底为 和 。
延长两腰相交于一点,得到相似三角形:长度为 的平行线段截出的三角形面积为 ,其中 为常数。长度为 的线段恰好平分梯形面积时,,所以
因而 ,不超过它的最大整数为 。
Let the bases be and The midsegment has length and splits the trapezoid into two trapezoids of equal height, whose areas are proportional to the sums of their parallel sides, and Setting gives so the bases are and
Extend the legs to meet at an apex, creating similar triangles: a segment parallel to the bases with length cuts off a triangle of area for a fixed constant The segment of length bisects the trapezoid’s area exactly when so
Then and the greatest integer not exceeding it is
7.
已知 求小于 的最大整数。
Given that find the greatest integer that is less than
小提示:
两边同乘 ,使左边每一项都变成一个二项式系数 。
Multiply both sides by so that each term on the left becomes a binomial coefficient
大提示:
由对称性,;减去 和 两项。
By symmetry subtract the and terms
解答:
两边同乘 。左边每一项变为 ,其中 ;右边变为 。
因为 ,这一行二项式系数的前半部分之和为 。所以
因此 ,所以 ,小于它的最大整数是 。
Multiply both sides by Each term on the left becomes for while the right side becomes
Since the first half of the binomial row sums to so
Hence so and the greatest integer less than this is
8.
在梯形 中,腰 垂直于底边 和 ,且对角线 与 互相垂直。已知 ,。求 。
In trapezoid leg is perpendicular to bases and and diagonals and are perpendicular. Given that and find
小提示:
把 放在原点,并令 竖直:、、。
Place at the origin with vertical:
大提示:
对角线垂直给出 ;代入 ,得到关于 的二次方程。
Perpendicular diagonals force substitute into to get a quadratic in
解答:
令 、、、,使 竖直,且 。两条对角线的向量为 和 。垂直条件给出 ,所以 。
于是 。令 ,得到 ,即 正根为 ,所以 。
Place and so that is vertical and The diagonals give vectors and and perpendicularity means so
Then Setting this becomes that is, The positive root is so
9.
已知复数 满足 。求大于 的最小整数。
Given that is a complex number such that find the least integer that is greater than
10.
一个圆内切于四边形 ,分别与 切于 与 切于 。已知 、、、。求该圆半径的平方。
A circle is inscribed in quadrilateral tangent to at and to at Given that and find the square of the radius of the circle.
答案:647
小提示:
圆心在四个角的角平分线上,所以顶点 的半角满足 ,其他顶点同理。
The center lies on all four angle bisectors, so the half-angle at satisfies and similarly at the other vertices
大提示:
四个半角之和为 ,所以 ;正切加法公式会给出关于 的一次方程。
The four half-angles sum to so the addition formula gives a linear equation in
解答:
设内切圆圆心为 ,半径为 。从 、、、 引出的切线长分别为 、、、,且 在每个角的角平分线上。因此四个顶点的半角 满足 、、、,并且 。
于是 。用正切加法公式得到 即
交叉相乘得 ,所以 ,从而 。
Let the incircle have center and radius The tangent lengths from are and lies on each angle bisector, so the half-angles at the four vertices satisfy with
Then and the tangent addition formula turns this into i.e.
Cross-multiplying gives so and
11.
等腰梯形 的各顶点坐标都是整数,其中 、。该梯形没有水平边或竖直边,且 与 是唯一一组平行边。所有可能的 斜率的绝对值之和为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
The coordinates of the vertices of isosceles trapezoid are all integers, with and The trapezoid has no horizontal or vertical sides, and and are the only parallel sides. The sum of the absolute values of all possible slopes for is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
是与 等长的整数向量,即 、、 之一。
is an integer vector of the same length as one of
大提示:
由反射对称性, 平行于 ;去掉平行四边形、退化情形以及水平或竖直情形。
By the reflection symmetry, is parallel to discard the parallelogram, degenerate, and horizontal/vertical cases
解答:
因为所有顶点都是格点, 是整数向量,且 。所以 是 、、 之一。写 ,其中 沿 方向, 与其垂直。由于 ,向量 的垂直分量同为 ;又因两腰等长,它在 方向的分量必须为 (取 会得到平行四边形)。因此 平行于 。
去掉 (平行四边形)和 (此时 ,退化)。选择 和 会使 竖直或水平,也不允许。其余八种选择使 分别为 、、、、、、、,对应斜率为 、、、、、、、。每种都可通过把 沿 方向放在足够远的位置来实现。
这些绝对值之和为 ,所以 。
Since all vertices are lattice points, is an integer vector with so is one of Write where points along and is perpendicular. Because the vector has the same perpendicular component and the equal leg lengths force its -component to be (the value gives a parallelogram). Hence is parallel to
Discard (parallelogram) and (then degenerate). The choices and make vertical or horizontal, which is forbidden. The remaining eight choices give equal to with slopes each is realizable by placing suitably far along
The sum of the absolute values is so
12.
点 、、 位于以 为球心、半径为 的球面上。已知 、、,且 到三角形 的距离为 ,其中 、、 是正整数, 与 互质,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
The points and lie on the surface of a sphere with center and radius It is given that and that the distance from to triangle is where and are positive integers, and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
答案:118
小提示:
从 向 所在平面作垂线,其垂足到三个顶点等距,所以它是外心。
The foot of the perpendicular from to the plane of is equidistant from all three vertices, so it is the circumcenter
大提示:
-- 三角形面积为 ,所以外接圆半径为 ;再用球半径 和勾股定理完成。
The -- triangle has area so its circumradius is finish with the Pythagorean theorem using radius
解答:
从 到 所在平面的垂足到 、 和 等距,因为从球心到三个顶点的线段都长为 。所以这个垂足是三角形 的外心。因为 ,这个三角形是锐角三角形,外心位于其内部,所以这条垂线的长度也是 到三角形本身的距离。
由海伦公式,取 ,面积为 ,所以外接圆半径为 。 到平面的距离为
这里 ,且 没有平方因子,所以 。
The foot of the perpendicular from to the plane of is equidistant from and (the slant segments to the vertices all have length ), so it is the circumcenter of triangle Since the triangle is acute and its circumcenter lies inside it, so this perpendicular length is also the distance from to the triangle itself.
By Heron’s formula with the area is so the circumradius is The distance from to the plane is
Here and is squarefree, so
13.
方程 恰有两个实根,其中一个是 ,其中 、、 是整数, 与 互质,且 。求 。
The equation has exactly two real roots, one of which is where and are integers, and are relatively prime, and Find
小提示:
分组为 ,并把 看作关于 的立方差来分解。
Group as and factor as a difference of cubes in
大提示:
两组都有因子 ,而它恒为正,所以实根来自一个二次方程。
Both groups share the factor which is always positive, so the real roots come from a quadratic
解答:
把方程左边分组为 因为 ,左边可分解为
四次因子恒为正,所以两个实根是 的根,即 。符合 形式的根为 ,其中 、、,且 。因此 。
Group the equation as Since the left side factors as
The quartic factor is always positive, so the two real roots are the roots of namely The root of the form is with and Thus
14.
每个正整数 都有唯一的阶乘进制展开 ,意思是 ,其中每个 都是整数,且 、。已知 是 的阶乘进制展开。求 的值。
Every positive integer has a unique factorial base expansion meaning that where each is an integer, and Given that is the factorial base expansion of find the value of
小提示:
把这个数分组为 。
Group the number as
大提示:
由裂项求和, 给出 ,所以每组会在它的整个范围内填入数字 。
Telescoping gives so each group fills in digits on its whole range
解答:
因为 ,裂项求和给出 ,其中 。把题中的数分组为 其中有 个括号内的组 ,。
第 组贡献阶乘进制数字 ,范围为 ;单独的 贡献 ;其他所有数字都是 。每个数字都满足 ,所以由唯一性,这就是阶乘进制展开。
在交错和中, 位于偶数下标,贡献 。每组的范围从偶数下标开始,长度为 ,可分成 对连续下标,每对贡献 ,所以每组贡献 。总和为 。
Since telescoping gives for Group the given number as with parenthesized groups for
The group for contributes factorial-base digits for and the lone contributes all other digits are Every digit satisfies so by uniqueness this is the factorial base expansion.
In the alternating sum, sits at an even index and contributes Each group’s range starts at an even index and has length so it splits into consecutive pairs, each contributing for per group. The total is
15.
求最小正整数 ,使得
Find the least positive integer such that
小提示:
写出 可推出 。
Write to show
大提示:
使用 :互为补角的两个角的余切项会成对抵消,只留下 项。
Use the cotangents at supplementary arguments cancel in pairs, leaving only the term
解答:
因为 ,两边除以 ,得 因此原和乘以 ,等于 ,其中 号对应奇数角, 号对应偶数角。
因为 ,且这里互为补角的两个角奇偶性相同,所以各项按这样的角成对抵消: 抵消 , 抵消 ,其余和为 的角也都如此。仅剩 (它的配对角 不在范围内)以及 。
所以原和等于 ,满足条件的最小 为 。
Since dividing by gives So the sum times equals with signs on odd arguments and signs on even arguments.
Because and supplementary arguments here have the same parity, the terms cancel in supplementary pairs: cancels cancels and so on for every pair of arguments summing to The only survivors are (its partner is out of range) and
Hence the sum equals so the least such is