2000 AIME II 真题

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1.

2log420006+3log520006\frac{2}{\log_4 2000^6} + \frac{3}{\log_5 2000^6} 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The number 2log420006+3log520006\frac{2}{\log_4 2000^6} + \frac{3}{\log_5 2000^6} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:7
知识点:对数
难度评级:1890
小提示:

1logba=logab\frac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b,把两项都改写成以 200062000^6 为底的对数。

Use 1logba=logab\frac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b to rewrite both terms as logarithms with base 200062000^6

大提示:

这个和变为 log20006(4253)\log_{2000^6}(4^2 \cdot 5^3),而 4253=20004^2 \cdot 5^3 = 2000

The sum becomes log20006(4253),\log_{2000^6}(4^2 \cdot 5^3), and 4253=20004^2 \cdot 5^3 = 2000

解答:

因为 1logba=logab\frac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b,两项分别等于 2log200064=log20006162\log_{2000^6} 4 = \log_{2000^6} 163log200065=log200061253\log_{2000^6} 5 = \log_{2000^6} 125。它们的和为 log20006(16125)=log200062000=16 \begin{aligned} \log_{2000^6}(16 \cdot 125) &= \log_{2000^6} 2000 \\ &= \frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 gcd(1,6)=1\gcd(1, 6) = 1,所以 m+n=1+6=7m + n = 1 + 6 = 7

Since 1logba=logab,\frac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b, the two terms equal 2log200064=log20006162\log_{2000^6} 4 = \log_{2000^6} 16 and 3log200065=log20006125.3\log_{2000^6} 5 = \log_{2000^6} 125. Their sum is log20006(16125)=log200062000=16. \begin{aligned} \log_{2000^6}(16 \cdot 125) &= \log_{2000^6} 2000 \\ &= \frac{1}{6}. \end{aligned}

Since gcd(1,6)=1,\gcd(1, 6) = 1, the answer is m+n=1+6=7.m + n = 1 + 6 = 7.

2.

坐标都是整数的点称为格点。双曲线 x2y2=20002x^2 - y^2 = 2000^2 上有多少个格点?

A point whose coordinates are both integers is called a lattice point. How many lattice points lie on the hyperbola x2y2=20002?x^2 - y^2 = 2000^2?

答案:98
难度评级:2110
小提示:

分解 x2y2=(xy)(x+y)x^2 - y^2 = (x - y)(x + y),并注意这两个因子奇偶性相同。

Factor x2y2=(xy)(x+y)x^2 - y^2 = (x - y)(x + y) and note the two factors have the same parity

大提示:

xy=2ax - y = 2ax+y=2bx + y = 2b,其中 ab=106ab = 10^6;数有序因子对,并记得 xx 也可以为负。

Write xy=2ax - y = 2a and x+y=2bx + y = 2b with ab=106;ab = 10^6; count ordered pairs, and remember negative values of xx

解答:

分解得 (xy)(x+y)=20002(x - y)(x + y) = 2000^2 =2856= 2^8 \cdot 5^6。两个因子 xyx - yx+yx + y 奇偶性相同,且乘积为偶数,所以二者都必须是偶数。令 xy=2ax - y = 2ax+y=2bx + y = 2b,得到 ab=2656=106ab = 2^6 \cdot 5^6 = 10^6

每个满足 ab=106ab = 10^6 的正整数有序对 (a,b)(a, b) 恰好给出一个解 x=a+bx = a + by=bay = b - a,且 x>0x \gt 0。数 10610^677=497 \cdot 7 = 49 个正因子,因而有 4949 个这样的有序对。把 (a,b)(a, b) 换成 (a,b)(-a, -b) 给出 4949x<0x \lt 0 的解;而 x=0x = 0 不可能,因为此时 y2<20002-y^2 \lt 2000^2

格点总数为 49+49=9849 + 49 = 98

Factor (xy)(x+y)=20002(x - y)(x + y) = 2000^2 =2856.= 2^8 \cdot 5^6. The factors xyx - y and x+yx + y have the same parity, and their product is even, so both must be even. Writing xy=2ax - y = 2a and x+y=2bx + y = 2b gives ab=2656=106.ab = 2^6 \cdot 5^6 = 10^6.

Each ordered pair of positive integers (a,b)(a, b) with ab=106ab = 10^6 yields exactly one solution x=a+b,x = a + b, y=bay = b - a with x>0,x \gt 0, and 10610^6 has 77=497 \cdot 7 = 49 divisors, hence 4949 such pairs. Replacing (a,b)(a, b) by (a,b)(-a, -b) gives the 4949 solutions with x<0,x \lt 0, and x=0x = 0 is impossible since y2<20002.-y^2 \lt 2000^2.

In total there are 49+49=9849 + 49 = 98 lattice points.

3.

一副四十张的牌中,数字 1122\ldots1010 各出现四次。先从牌中取走一对数字相同的牌,并且不将它们放回。设接着随机抽出的两张牌也组成一对的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A deck of forty cards consists of four 11’s, four 22’s, ,\ldots, and four 1010’s. A matching pair (two cards with the same number) is removed from the deck. Given that these cards are not returned to the deck, let mn\frac{m}{n} be the probability that two randomly selected cards also form a pair, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:758
知识点:基本概率组合
难度评级:2020
小提示:

取走一对后还剩 3838 张牌:九个数字各有四张,另一个数字只剩两张。

After the pair is removed, 3838 cards remain: nine numbers with four cards each and one number with only two

大提示:

有利的两张牌数为 9(42)+(22)9\binom{4}{2} + \binom{2}{2},总抽法数为 (382)\binom{38}{2}

Count the favorable pairs as 9(42)+(22)9\binom{4}{2} + \binom{2}{2} out of (382)\binom{38}{2} equally likely draws

解答:

取走相同数字的一对后,还剩 3838 张牌:九个数字各有四张,一个数字只剩两张。能抽成一对的抽法数为 9(42)+(22)=54+1=559\binom{4}{2} + \binom{2}{2} = 54 + 1 = 55,而所有等可能抽法数为 (382)=703\binom{38}{2} = 703

由于 703=1937703 = 19 \cdot 3755=51155 = 5 \cdot 11 没有公因子,所以概率 55703\frac{55}{703} 已是最简形式,m+n=55+703=758m + n = 55 + 703 = 758

After the matching pair is removed, 3838 cards remain: nine numbers with four cards each and one number with only two cards. The number of ways to draw a pair is 9(42)+(22)=54+1=55,9\binom{4}{2} + \binom{2}{2} = 54 + 1 = 55, out of (382)=703\binom{38}{2} = 703 equally likely draws.

Since 703=1937703 = 19 \cdot 37 shares no factor with 55=511,55 = 5 \cdot 11, the probability 55703\frac{55}{703} is in lowest terms, and m+n=55+703=758.m + n = 55 + 703 = 758.

4.

有六个正奇因子和十二个正偶因子的最小正整数是多少?

What is the smallest positive integer with six positive odd integer divisors and twelve positive even integer divisors?

答案:180
难度评级:2070
小提示:

写成 N=2amN = 2^a m,其中 mm 为奇数;NN 的奇因子正好就是 mm 的因子。

Write N=2amN = 2^a m with mm odd; the odd divisors of NN are exactly the divisors of mm

大提示:

每个偶因子都是 2k2^k 乘以一个奇因子,所以偶因子数为 ad(m)a \cdot d(m);找出满足 d(m)=6d(m) = 6 的最小奇数 mm

Every even divisor is a power 2k2^k times an odd divisor, so there are ad(m)a \cdot d(m) of them; find the smallest odd mm with d(m)=6d(m) = 6

解答:

写成 N=2amN = 2^a m,其中 mm 是奇数。NN 的奇因子正好是 mm 的因子,所以 d(m)=6d(m) = 6。每个偶因子都是 2k2^k1ka1 \le k \le a)乘以一个奇因子,因此偶因子数为 ad(m)=6aa \cdot d(m) = 6a。由 6a=126a = 12a=2a = 2

因此 N=4mN = 4m,其中 mm 是恰有 66 个因子的最小奇数。可能的形式是 p5p^5 (最小为 35=2433^5 = 243)或 p2qp^2 q(最小为 325=453^2 \cdot 5 = 45),所以 m=45m = 45N=445=180N = 4 \cdot 45 = 180

Write N=2amN = 2^a m with mm odd. The odd divisors of NN are exactly the divisors of m,m, so d(m)=6.d(m) = 6. Every even divisor is 2k2^k (for 1ka1 \le k \le a) times an odd divisor, so there are ad(m)=6aa \cdot d(m) = 6a of them, and 6a=126a = 12 gives a=2.a = 2.

So N=4mN = 4m where mm is the smallest odd number with exactly 66 divisors. The shapes are p5p^5 (smallest 35=2433^5 = 243) and p2qp^2 q (smallest 325=453^2 \cdot 5 = 45), so m=45m = 45 and N=445=180.N = 4 \cdot 45 = 180.

5.

给定八枚可区分的戒指,设 nn 为把其中五枚戒指戴在一只手的四根手指(不包括拇指)上的可能排列数。同一根手指上戒指的上下顺序有区别,但不要求每根手指都戴戒指。求 nn 从左起前三个非零数字。

Given eight distinguishable rings, let nn be the number of possible five-ring arrangements on the four fingers (not the thumb) of one hand. The order of rings on each finger is significant, but it is not required that each finger have a ring. Find the leftmost three nonzero digits of n.n.

答案:376
难度评级:2300
小提示:

先选择要用的 55 枚戒指并排成一个顺序,再决定如何把这个有序列表分到 44 根手指上。

Choose which 55 rings to use, put them in order, then decide how to split the ordered list among the 44 fingers

大提示:

55 枚有序戒指分成 44 个可为空的连续段,是隔板法计数:(83)\binom{8}{3}

Splitting an ordered list of 55 rings into 44 possibly empty blocks is a stars-and-bars count: (83)\binom{8}{3}

解答:

选择使用哪五枚戒指有 (85)=56\binom{8}{5} = 56 种,再把它们排成顺序(依次读第一根手指、第二根手指等),有 5!=1205! = 120 种。剩下的是把这个有序列表分成四个可为空的连续段,每段对应一根手指;也就是把 55 分成 44 个非负整数部分的方案数,由隔板法为 (83)=56\binom{8}{3} = 56

因此 n=5612056=376320n = 56 \cdot 120 \cdot 56 = 376320,从左起前三个非零数字是 376376

Choose which five rings to use in (85)=56\binom{8}{5} = 56 ways, and order them (reading down the first finger, then the second, and so on) in 5!=1205! = 120 ways. It remains to split the ordered list into four possibly empty consecutive blocks, one per finger: the number of compositions of 55 into 44 nonnegative parts, which by stars and bars is (83)=56.\binom{8}{3} = 56.

Therefore n=5612056=376320,n = 56 \cdot 120 \cdot 56 = 376320, whose leftmost three nonzero digits are 376.376.

6.

一个梯形的一条底边比另一条底边长 100100 个单位。连接两腰中点的线段把梯形分成面积比为 2:32 : 3 的两个区域。设 xx 为一条连接两腰、平行于底边、且把梯形分成两个等面积区域的线段长度。求不超过 x2100\frac{x^2}{100} 的最大整数。

One base of a trapezoid is 100100 units longer than the other base. The segment that joins the midpoints of the legs divides the trapezoid into two regions whose areas are in the ratio 2:3.2 : 3. Let xx be the length of the segment joining the legs of the trapezoid that is parallel to the bases and that divides the trapezoid into two regions of equal area. Find the greatest integer that does not exceed x2100.\frac{x^2}{100}.

答案:181
难度评级:2450
小提示:

若两底为 bbb+100b + 100,中位线把梯形分成的两部分面积分别与 2b+502b + 502b+1502b + 150 成正比。

With bases bb and b+100,b + 100, the midsegment splits the trapezoid into pieces with areas proportional to 2b+502b + 50 and 2b+1502b + 150

大提示:

延长两腰直到相交:平行线段长度为 \ell 时截出三角形的面积与 2\ell^2 成正比,因此 x2x^2 是两条底边平方的平均数。

Extend the legs to an apex: a parallel segment of length \ell cuts off a triangle of area proportional to 2,\ell^2, so x2x^2 is the average of the squares of the two bases

解答:

设两条底边为 bbb+100b + 100。中位线长为 b+50b + 50,并把梯形分成两个等高梯形;它们的面积分别与平行边之和 b+(b+50)b + (b + 50)(b+50)+(b+100)(b + 50) + (b + 100) 成正比。由 2b+502b+150=23\frac{2b + 50}{2b + 150} = \frac{2}{3}b=75b = 75,所以两底为 7575175175

延长两腰相交于一点,得到相似三角形:长度为 \ell 的平行线段截出的三角形面积为 c2c\ell^2,其中 cc 为常数。长度为 xx 的线段恰好平分梯形面积时,cx2c752=c1752cx2cx^2 - c \cdot 75^2 = c \cdot 175^2 - cx^2,所以 x2=752+17522=18125x^2 = \frac{75^2 + 175^2}{2} = 18125\text{。}

因而 x2100=181.25\frac{x^2}{100} = 181.25,不超过它的最大整数为 181181

Let the bases be bb and b+100.b + 100. The midsegment has length b+50b + 50 and splits the trapezoid into two trapezoids of equal height, whose areas are proportional to the sums of their parallel sides, b+(b+50)b + (b + 50) and (b+50)+(b+100).(b + 50) + (b + 100). Setting 2b+502b+150=23\frac{2b + 50}{2b + 150} = \frac{2}{3} gives b=75,b = 75, so the bases are 7575 and 175.175.

Extend the legs to meet at an apex, creating similar triangles: a segment parallel to the bases with length \ell cuts off a triangle of area c2c\ell^2 for a fixed constant c.c. The segment of length xx bisects the trapezoid’s area exactly when cx2c752=c1752cx2,cx^2 - c \cdot 75^2 = c \cdot 175^2 - cx^2, so x2=752+17522=18125.x^2 = \frac{75^2 + 175^2}{2} = 18125.

Then x2100=181.25,\frac{x^2}{100} = 181.25, and the greatest integer not exceeding it is 181.181.

7.

已知 12!17!+13!16!+14!15!+15!14!+16!13!+17!12!+18!11!+19!10!=N1!18! \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2!17!} + \frac{1}{3!16!} + \frac{1}{4!15!} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{5!14!} + \frac{1}{6!13!} + \frac{1}{7!12!} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{8!11!} + \frac{1}{9!10!} = \frac{N}{1!18!} \end{aligned}\text{,}求小于 N100\frac{N}{100} 的最大整数。

Given that 12!17!+13!16!+14!15!+15!14!+16!13!+17!12!+18!11!+19!10!=N1!18!, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2!17!} + \frac{1}{3!16!} + \frac{1}{4!15!} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{5!14!} + \frac{1}{6!13!} + \frac{1}{7!12!} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{8!11!} + \frac{1}{9!10!} = \frac{N}{1!18!}, \end{aligned} find the greatest integer that is less than N100.\frac{N}{100}.

答案:137
难度评级:2360
小提示:

两边同乘 19!19!,使左边每一项都变成一个二项式系数 (19k)\binom{19}{k}

Multiply both sides by 19!19! so that each term on the left becomes a binomial coefficient (19k)\binom{19}{k}

大提示:

由对称性,k=09(19k)=218\sum_{k=0}^{9}\binom{19}{k} = 2^{18};减去 k=0k = 0k=1k = 1 两项。

By symmetry k=09(19k)=218;\sum_{k=0}^{9}\binom{19}{k} = 2^{18}; subtract the k=0k = 0 and k=1k = 1 terms

解答:

两边同乘 19!19!。左边每一项变为 19!k!(19k)!=(19k)\frac{19!}{k!\,(19 - k)!} = \binom{19}{k},其中 k=2,,9k = 2, \ldots, 9;右边变为 19N19N

因为 (19k)=(1919k)\binom{19}{k} = \binom{19}{19 - k},这一行二项式系数的前半部分之和为 k=09(19k)=2192=218\sum_{k=0}^{9} \binom{19}{k} = \frac{2^{19}}{2} = 2^{18}。所以 k=29(19k)=218(190)(191)=26214420=262124 \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=2}^{9}\binom{19}{k} &= 2^{18} - \binom{19}{0} \\ &\quad {}- \binom{19}{1} \\ &= 262144 - 20 \\ &= 262124 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 N=26212419=13796N = \frac{262124}{19} = 13796,所以 N100=137.96\frac{N}{100} = 137.96,小于它的最大整数是 137137

Multiply both sides by 19!.19!. Each term on the left becomes 19!k!(19k)!=(19k)\frac{19!}{k!\,(19 - k)!} = \binom{19}{k} for k=2,,9,k = 2, \ldots, 9, while the right side becomes 19N.19N.

Since (19k)=(1919k),\binom{19}{k} = \binom{19}{19 - k}, the first half of the binomial row sums to k=09(19k)=2192=218,\sum_{k=0}^{9} \binom{19}{k} = \frac{2^{19}}{2} = 2^{18}, so k=29(19k)=218(190)(191)=26214420=262124. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=2}^{9}\binom{19}{k} &= 2^{18} - \binom{19}{0} \\ &\quad {}- \binom{19}{1} \\ &= 262144 - 20 \\ &= 262124. \end{aligned}

Hence N=26212419=13796,N = \frac{262124}{19} = 13796, so N100=137.96,\frac{N}{100} = 137.96, and the greatest integer less than this is 137.137.

8.

在梯形 ABCDABCD 中,腰 BC\overline{BC} 垂直于底边 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD},且对角线 AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 互相垂直。已知 AB=11AB = \sqrt{11}AD=1001AD = \sqrt{1001}。求 BC2BC^2

In trapezoid ABCD,ABCD, leg BC\overline{BC} is perpendicular to bases AB\overline{AB} and CD,\overline{CD}, and diagonals AC\overline{AC} and BD\overline{BD} are perpendicular. Given that AB=11AB = \sqrt{11} and AD=1001,AD = \sqrt{1001}, find BC2.BC^2.

答案:110
难度评级:2450
小提示:

BB 放在原点,并令 BC\overline{BC} 竖直:A=(11,0)A = (\sqrt{11}, 0)C=(0,h)C = (0, h)D=(d,h)D = (d, h)

Place BB at the origin with BC\overline{BC} vertical: A=(11,0),A = (\sqrt{11}, 0), C=(0,h),C = (0, h), D=(d,h)D = (d, h)

大提示:

对角线垂直给出 d11=h2d\sqrt{11} = h^2;代入 AD2=1001AD^2 = 1001,得到关于 h2h^2 的二次方程。

Perpendicular diagonals force d11=h2;d\sqrt{11} = h^2; substitute into AD2=1001AD^2 = 1001 to get a quadratic in h2h^2

解答:

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)A=(11,0)A = (\sqrt{11}, 0)C=(0,h)C = (0, h)D=(d,h)D = (d, h),使 BC\overline{BC} 竖直,且 BC2=h2BC^2 = h^2。两条对角线的向量为 AC=(11,h)\overrightarrow{AC} = (-\sqrt{11}, h)BD=(d,h)\overrightarrow{BD} = (d, h)。垂直条件给出 11d+h2=0-\sqrt{11}\,d + h^2 = 0,所以 d=h211d = \frac{h^2}{\sqrt{11}}

于是 AD2=(d11)2+h2=1001AD^2 = (d - \sqrt{11})^2 + h^2 = 1001。令 u=h2u = h^2,得到 (u11)211+u=1001\frac{(u - 11)^2}{11} + u = 1001,即 u211u10890=0u^2 - 11u - 10890 = 0\text{。}正根为 u=11+121+435602u = \frac{11 + \sqrt{121 + 43560}}{2} =11+2092=110= \frac{11 + 209}{2} = 110,所以 BC2=110BC^2 = 110

Place B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), A=(11,0),A = (\sqrt{11}, 0), C=(0,h),C = (0, h), and D=(d,h),D = (d, h), so that BC\overline{BC} is vertical and BC2=h2.BC^2 = h^2. The diagonals give vectors AC=(11,h)\overrightarrow{AC} = (-\sqrt{11}, h) and BD=(d,h),\overrightarrow{BD} = (d, h), and perpendicularity means 11d+h2=0,-\sqrt{11}\,d + h^2 = 0, so d=h211.d = \frac{h^2}{\sqrt{11}}.

Then AD2=(d11)2+h2=1001.AD^2 = (d - \sqrt{11})^2 + h^2 = 1001. Setting u=h2,u = h^2, this becomes (u11)211+u=1001,\frac{(u - 11)^2}{11} + u = 1001, that is, u211u10890=0.u^2 - 11u - 10890 = 0. The positive root is u=11+121+435602u = \frac{11 + \sqrt{121 + 43560}}{2} =11+2092=110,= \frac{11 + 209}{2} = 110, so BC2=110.BC^2 = 110.

9.

已知复数 zz 满足 z+1z=2cos3z + \frac{1}{z} = 2\cos 3^\circ。求大于 z2000+1z2000z^{2000} + \frac{1}{z^{2000}} 的最小整数。

Given that zz is a complex number such that z+1z=2cos3,z + \frac{1}{z} = 2\cos 3^\circ, find the least integer that is greater than z2000+1z2000.z^{2000} + \frac{1}{z^{2000}}.

答案:0
难度评级:2330
小提示:

z+1z=2cosθz + \frac{1}{z} = 2\cos\theta,则 z=cosθ±isinθz = \cos\theta \pm i\sin\theta,位于单位圆上。

If z+1z=2cosθ,z + \frac{1}{z} = 2\cos\theta, then z=cosθ±isinθz = \cos\theta \pm i\sin\theta lies on the unit circle

大提示:

由棣莫弗定理,z2000+1z2000=2cos6000z^{2000} + \frac{1}{z^{2000}} = 2\cos 6000^\circ;把 60006000^\circ360360^\circ 取余。

By de Moivre, z2000+1z2000=2cos6000;z^{2000} + \frac{1}{z^{2000}} = 2\cos 6000^\circ; reduce 60006000^\circ modulo 360360^\circ

解答:

z+1z=2cos3z + \frac{1}{z} = 2\cos 3^\circz2(2cos3)z+1=0z^2 - (2\cos 3^\circ) z + 1 = 0,所以 z=cos3±isin3z = \cos 3^\circ \pm i \sin 3^\circ,在单位圆上。由棣莫弗定理,z2000+1z2000=2cos(20003)=2cos6000 \begin{aligned} z^{2000} + \frac{1}{z^{2000}} &= 2\cos(2000 \cdot 3^\circ) \\ &= 2\cos 6000^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 6000=16360+2406000 = 16 \cdot 360 + 240,所以它等于 2cos240=12\cos 240^\circ = -1。大于 1-1 的最小整数是 00

From z+1z=2cos3z + \frac{1}{z} = 2\cos 3^\circ we get z2(2cos3)z+1=0,z^2 - (2\cos 3^\circ) z + 1 = 0, so z=cos3±isin3,z = \cos 3^\circ \pm i \sin 3^\circ, a point on the unit circle. By de Moivre’s theorem, z2000+1z2000=2cos(20003)=2cos6000. \begin{aligned} z^{2000} + \frac{1}{z^{2000}} &= 2\cos(2000 \cdot 3^\circ) \\ &= 2\cos 6000^\circ. \end{aligned}

Since 6000=16360+240,6000 = 16 \cdot 360 + 240, this equals 2cos240=1.2\cos 240^\circ = -1. The least integer greater than 1-1 is 0.0.

10.

一个圆内切于四边形 ABCDABCD,分别与 AB\overline{AB} 切于 PPCD\overline{CD} 切于 QQ。已知 AP=19AP = 19PB=26PB = 26CQ=37CQ = 37QD=23QD = 23。求该圆半径的平方。

A circle is inscribed in quadrilateral ABCD,ABCD, tangent to AB\overline{AB} at PP and to CD\overline{CD} at Q.Q. Given that AP=19,AP = 19, PB=26,PB = 26, CQ=37,CQ = 37, and QD=23,QD = 23, find the square of the radius of the circle.

答案:647
难度评级:2990
小提示:

圆心在四个角的角平分线上,所以顶点 AA 的半角满足 tanA2=r19\tan\frac{A}{2} = \frac{r}{19},其他顶点同理。

The center lies on all four angle bisectors, so the half-angle at AA satisfies tanA2=r19,\tan\frac{A}{2} = \frac{r}{19}, and similarly at the other vertices

大提示:

四个半角之和为 180180^\circ,所以 tan(α+γ)=tan(β+δ)\tan(\alpha + \gamma) = -\tan(\beta + \delta);正切加法公式会给出关于 r2r^2 的一次方程。

The four half-angles sum to 180,180^\circ, so tan(α+γ)=tan(β+δ);\tan(\alpha + \gamma) = -\tan(\beta + \delta); the addition formula gives a linear equation in r2r^2

解答:

设内切圆圆心为 II,半径为 rr。从 AABBCCDD 引出的切线长分别为 1919262637372323,且 II 在每个角的角平分线上。因此四个顶点的半角 α,β,γ,δ\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta 满足 tanα=r19\tan\alpha = \frac{r}{19}tanβ=r26\tan\beta = \frac{r}{26}tanγ=r37\tan\gamma = \frac{r}{37}tanδ=r23\tan\delta = \frac{r}{23},并且 α+β+γ+δ=180\alpha + \beta + \gamma + \delta = 180^\circ

于是 tan(α+γ)=tan(β+δ)\tan(\alpha + \gamma) = -\tan(\beta + \delta)。用正切加法公式得到 r19+r371r21937=r26+r231r22623 \begin{aligned} &\frac{\frac{r}{19} + \frac{r}{37}}{1 - \frac{r^2}{19 \cdot 37}} \\ &= -\frac{\frac{r}{26} + \frac{r}{23}}{1 - \frac{r^2}{26 \cdot 23}} \end{aligned}\text{,}56r703r2=49rr2598\frac{56r}{703 - r^2} = \frac{49r}{r^2 - 598}\text{。}

交叉相乘得 56r25659856r^2 - 56 \cdot 598 =4970349r2= 49 \cdot 703 - 49r^2,所以 105r2=33488+34447=67935105r^2 = 33488 + 34447 = 67935,从而 r2=647r^2 = 647

Let the incircle have center II and radius r.r. The tangent lengths from A,A, B,B, C,C, DD are 19,19, 26,26, 37,37, 23,23, and II lies on each angle bisector, so the half-angles α,β,γ,δ\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta at the four vertices satisfy tanα=r19,\tan\alpha = \frac{r}{19}, tanβ=r26,\tan\beta = \frac{r}{26}, tanγ=r37,\tan\gamma = \frac{r}{37}, tanδ=r23,\tan\delta = \frac{r}{23}, with α+β+γ+δ=180.\alpha + \beta + \gamma + \delta = 180^\circ.

Then tan(α+γ)=tan(β+δ),\tan(\alpha + \gamma) = -\tan(\beta + \delta), and the tangent addition formula turns this into r19+r371r21937=r26+r231r22623, \begin{aligned} &\frac{\frac{r}{19} + \frac{r}{37}}{1 - \frac{r^2}{19 \cdot 37}} \\ &= -\frac{\frac{r}{26} + \frac{r}{23}}{1 - \frac{r^2}{26 \cdot 23}}, \end{aligned} i.e. 56r703r2=49rr2598.\frac{56r}{703 - r^2} = \frac{49r}{r^2 - 598}.

Cross-multiplying gives 56r25659856r^2 - 56 \cdot 598 =4970349r2,= 49 \cdot 703 - 49r^2, so 105r2=33488+34447=67935105r^2 = 33488 + 34447 = 67935 and r2=647.r^2 = 647.

11.

等腰梯形 ABCDABCD 的各顶点坐标都是整数,其中 A=(20,100)A = (20, 100)D=(21,107)D = (21, 107)。该梯形没有水平边或竖直边,且 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 是唯一一组平行边。所有可能的 AB\overline{AB} 斜率的绝对值之和为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

The coordinates of the vertices of isosceles trapezoid ABCDABCD are all integers, with A=(20,100)A = (20, 100) and D=(21,107).D = (21, 107). The trapezoid has no horizontal or vertical sides, and AB\overline{AB} and CD\overline{CD} are the only parallel sides. The sum of the absolute values of all possible slopes for AB\overline{AB} is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:131
难度评级:2990
小提示:

BC\overrightarrow{BC} 是与 AD=(1,7)\overrightarrow{AD} = (1, 7) 等长的整数向量,即 (±1,±7)(\pm 1, \pm 7)(±7,±1)(\pm 7, \pm 1)(±5,±5)(\pm 5, \pm 5) 之一。

BC\overrightarrow{BC} is an integer vector of the same length as AD=(1,7):\overrightarrow{AD} = (1, 7): one of (±1,±7),(\pm 1, \pm 7), (±7,±1),(\pm 7, \pm 1), (±5,±5)(\pm 5, \pm 5)

大提示:

由反射对称性,(1,7)BC(1, 7) - \overrightarrow{BC} 平行于 AB\overline{AB};去掉平行四边形、退化情形以及水平或竖直情形。

By the reflection symmetry, (1,7)BC(1, 7) - \overrightarrow{BC} is parallel to AB;\overline{AB}; discard the parallelogram, degenerate, and horizontal/vertical cases

解答:

因为所有顶点都是格点,w=BCw = \overrightarrow{BC} 是整数向量,且 w=AD=50|w| = |\overrightarrow{AD}| = \sqrt{50}。所以 ww(±1,±7)(\pm 1, \pm 7)(±7,±1)(\pm 7, \pm 1)(±5,±5)(\pm 5, \pm 5) 之一。写 AD=(1,7)=su^+hv^\overrightarrow{AD} = (1, 7) = s\,\hat{u} + h\,\hat{v},其中 u^\hat{u} 沿 AB\overline{AB} 方向,v^\hat{v} 与其垂直。由于 ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD},向量 ww 的垂直分量同为 hh;又因两腰等长,它在 u^\hat{u} 方向的分量必须为 s-s(取 +s+s 会得到平行四边形)。因此 (1,7)w=2su^(1, 7) - w = 2s\,\hat{u} 平行于 AB\overline{AB}

去掉 w=(1,7)w = (1, 7)(平行四边形)和 w=(1,7)w = (-1, -7)(此时 h=0h = 0,退化)。选择 w=(1,7)w = (1, -7)w=(1,7)w = (-1, 7) 会使 (1,7)w(1, 7) - w 竖直或水平,也不允许。其余八种选择使 (1,7)w(1, 7) - w 分别为 (6,6)(-6, 6)(6,8)(-6, 8)(8,6)(8, 6)(8,8)(8, 8)(4,2)(-4, 2)(4,12)(-4, 12)(6,2)(6, 2)(6,12)(6, 12),对应斜率为 1-143-\frac{4}{3}34\frac{3}{4}1112-\frac{1}{2}3-313\frac{1}{3}22。每种都可通过把 BB 沿 u^\hat{u} 方向放在足够远的位置来实现。

这些绝对值之和为 1+43+34+1+121 + \frac{4}{3} + \frac{3}{4} + 1 + \frac{1}{2} +3+13+2=11912+ 3 + \frac{1}{3} + 2 = \frac{119}{12},所以 m+n=119+12=131m + n = 119 + 12 = 131

Since all vertices are lattice points, w=BCw = \overrightarrow{BC} is an integer vector with w=AD=50,|w| = |\overrightarrow{AD}| = \sqrt{50}, so ww is one of (±1,±7),(\pm 1, \pm 7), (±7,±1),(\pm 7, \pm 1), (±5,±5).(\pm 5, \pm 5). Write AD=(1,7)=su^+hv^\overrightarrow{AD} = (1, 7) = s\,\hat{u} + h\,\hat{v} where u^\hat{u} points along AB\overline{AB} and v^\hat{v} is perpendicular. Because ABCD,\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD}, the vector ww has the same perpendicular component h,h, and the equal leg lengths force its u^\hat{u}-component to be s-s (the value +s+s gives a parallelogram). Hence (1,7)w=2su^(1, 7) - w = 2s\,\hat{u} is parallel to AB.\overline{AB}.

Discard w=(1,7)w = (1, 7) (parallelogram) and w=(1,7)w = (-1, -7) (then h=0,h = 0, degenerate). The choices w=(1,7)w = (1, -7) and w=(1,7)w = (-1, 7) make (1,7)w(1, 7) - w vertical or horizontal, which is forbidden. The remaining eight choices give (1,7)w(1, 7) - w equal to (6,6),(-6, 6), (6,8),(-6, 8), (8,6),(8, 6), (8,8),(8, 8), (4,2),(-4, 2), (4,12),(-4, 12), (6,2),(6, 2), (6,12),(6, 12), with slopes 1,-1, 43,-\frac{4}{3}, 34,\frac{3}{4}, 1,1, 12,-\frac{1}{2}, 3,-3, 13,\frac{1}{3}, 2;2; each is realizable by placing BB suitably far along u^.\hat{u}.

The sum of the absolute values is 1+43+34+1+121 + \frac{4}{3} + \frac{3}{4} + 1 + \frac{1}{2} +3+13+2=11912,+ 3 + \frac{1}{3} + 2 = \frac{119}{12}, so m+n=119+12=131.m + n = 119 + 12 = 131.

12.

AABBCC 位于以 OO 为球心、半径为 2020 的球面上。已知 AB=13AB = 13BC=14BC = 14CA=15CA = 15,且 OO 到三角形 ABCABC 的距离为 mnk\frac{m\sqrt{n}}{k},其中 mmnnkk 是正整数,mmkk 互质,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+km + n + k

The points A,A, B,B, and CC lie on the surface of a sphere with center OO and radius 20.20. It is given that AB=13,AB = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, CA=15,CA = 15, and that the distance from OO to triangle ABCABC is mnk,\frac{m\sqrt{n}}{k}, where m,m, n,n, and kk are positive integers, mm and kk are relatively prime, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+k.m + n + k.

答案:118
难度评级:2560
小提示:

OOABCABC 所在平面作垂线,其垂足到三个顶点等距,所以它是外心。

The foot of the perpendicular from OO to the plane of ABCABC is equidistant from all three vertices, so it is the circumcenter

大提示:

1313-1414-1515 三角形面积为 8484,所以外接圆半径为 abc4K\frac{abc}{4K};再用球半径 2020 和勾股定理完成。

The 1313-1414-1515 triangle has area 84,84, so its circumradius is abc4K;\frac{abc}{4K}; finish with the Pythagorean theorem using radius 2020

解答:

OOABCABC 所在平面的垂足到 AABBCC 等距,因为从球心到三个顶点的线段都长为 2020。所以这个垂足是三角形 ABCABC 的外心。因为 152<132+14215^2\lt13^2+14^2,这个三角形是锐角三角形,外心位于其内部,所以这条垂线的长度也是 OO 到三角形本身的距离。

由海伦公式,取 s=21s = 21,面积为 K=21876=84K = \sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84,所以外接圆半径为 R=abc4K=131415336=658R = \frac{abc}{4K} = \frac{13 \cdot 14 \cdot 15}{336} = \frac{65}{8}OO 到平面的距离为 202(658)2=25600422564=213758=15958 \begin{aligned} &\small \sqrt{20^2 - \left(\tfrac{65}{8}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{\frac{25600 - 4225}{64}} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{21375}}{8} \\ &= \frac{15\sqrt{95}}{8} \end{aligned}\text{。}

这里 gcd(15,8)=1\gcd(15, 8) = 1,且 95=51995 = 5 \cdot 19 没有平方因子,所以 m+n+k=15+95+8=118m + n + k = 15 + 95 + 8 = 118

The foot of the perpendicular from OO to the plane of ABCABC is equidistant from A,A, B,B, and CC (the slant segments to the vertices all have length 2020), so it is the circumcenter of triangle ABC.ABC. Since 152<132+142,15^2\lt13^2+14^2, the triangle is acute and its circumcenter lies inside it, so this perpendicular length is also the distance from OO to the triangle itself.

By Heron’s formula with s=21,s = 21, the area is K=21876=84,K = \sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84, so the circumradius is R=abc4K=131415336=658.R = \frac{abc}{4K} = \frac{13 \cdot 14 \cdot 15}{336} = \frac{65}{8}. The distance from OO to the plane is 202(658)2=25600422564=213758=15958. \begin{aligned} &\small \sqrt{20^2 - \left(\tfrac{65}{8}\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{\frac{25600 - 4225}{64}} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{21375}}{8} \\ &= \frac{15\sqrt{95}}{8}. \end{aligned}

Here gcd(15,8)=1\gcd(15, 8) = 1 and 95=51995 = 5 \cdot 19 is squarefree, so m+n+k=15+95+8=118.m + n + k = 15 + 95 + 8 = 118.

13.

方程 2000x6+100x5+10x32000x^6 + 100x^5 + 10x^3 +x2=0+ x - 2 = 0 恰有两个实根,其中一个是 m+nr\frac{m + \sqrt{n}}{r},其中 mmnnrr 是整数,mmrr 互质,且 r>0r \gt 0。求 m+n+rm + n + r

The equation 2000x6+100x5+10x32000x^6 + 100x^5 + 10x^3 +x2=0+ x - 2 = 0 has exactly two real roots, one of which is m+nr,\frac{m + \sqrt{n}}{r}, where m,m, n,n, and rr are integers, mm and rr are relatively prime, and r>0.r \gt 0. Find m+n+r.m + n + r.

答案:200
难度评级:2920
小提示:

分组为 2(1000x61)2(1000x^6 - 1) +x(100x4+10x2+1)+ x(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1),并把 1000x611000x^6 - 1 看作关于 10x210x^2 的立方差来分解。

Group as 2(1000x61)2(1000x^6 - 1) +x(100x4+10x2+1)+ x(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1) and factor 1000x611000x^6 - 1 as a difference of cubes in 10x210x^2

大提示:

两组都有因子 100x4+10x2+1100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1,而它恒为正,所以实根来自一个二次方程。

Both groups share the factor 100x4+10x2+1,100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1, which is always positive, so the real roots come from a quadratic

解答:

把方程左边分组为 2(1000x61)+x(100x4+10x2+1)=0 \begin{aligned} &2(1000x^6 - 1) \\ &\quad {}+ x(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1) = 0 \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 1000x61=(10x2)311000x^6 - 1 = (10x^2)^3 - 1 =(10x21)= (10x^2 - 1) (100x4+10x2+1)(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1),左边可分解为 (100x4+10x2+1)(2(10x21)+x)=(100x4+10x2+1)(20x2+x2) \begin{aligned} &(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1) \\ &\quad \big(2(10x^2 - 1) + x\big) \\ &= (100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1) \\ &\quad (20x^2 + x - 2) \end{aligned}\text{。}

四次因子恒为正,所以两个实根是 20x2+x2=020x^2 + x - 2 = 0 的根,即 x=1±16140x = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{161}}{40}。符合 m+nr\frac{m + \sqrt{n}}{r} 形式的根为 1+16140\frac{-1 + \sqrt{161}}{40},其中 m=1m = -1n=161n = 161r=40r = 40,且 gcd(1,40)=1\gcd(-1, 40) = 1。因此 m+n+r=1+161+40m + n + r = -1 + 161 + 40 =200= 200

Group the equation as 2(1000x61)+x(100x4+10x2+1)=0. \begin{aligned} &2(1000x^6 - 1) \\ &\quad {}+ x(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1) = 0. \end{aligned} Since 1000x61=(10x2)311000x^6 - 1 = (10x^2)^3 - 1 =(10x21)= (10x^2 - 1) (100x4+10x2+1),(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1), the left side factors as (100x4+10x2+1)(2(10x21)+x)=(100x4+10x2+1)(20x2+x2). \begin{aligned} &(100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1) \\ &\quad \big(2(10x^2 - 1) + x\big) \\ &= (100x^4 + 10x^2 + 1) \\ &\quad (20x^2 + x - 2). \end{aligned}

The quartic factor is always positive, so the two real roots are the roots of 20x2+x2=0,20x^2 + x - 2 = 0, namely x=1±16140.x = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{161}}{40}. The root of the form m+nr\frac{m + \sqrt{n}}{r} is 1+16140,\frac{-1 + \sqrt{161}}{40}, with m=1,m = -1, n=161,n = 161, r=40,r = 40, and gcd(1,40)=1.\gcd(-1, 40) = 1. Thus m+n+r=1+161+40m + n + r = -1 + 161 + 40 =200.= 200.

14.

每个正整数 kk 都有唯一的阶乘进制展开 (f1,f2,f3,,fm)(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_m),意思是 k=1!f1+2!f2k = 1! \cdot f_1 + 2! \cdot f_2 +3!f3++m!fm+ 3! \cdot f_3 + \cdots + m! \cdot f_m,其中每个 fif_i 都是整数,且 0fii0 \le f_i \le i0<fm0 \lt f_m。已知 (f1,f2,f3,,fj)(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_j)16!32!+48!64!++1968!1984!+2000! \begin{aligned} &16! - 32! + 48! \\ &\quad {}- 64! + \cdots + 1968! \\ &\quad {}- 1984! + 2000! \end{aligned} 的阶乘进制展开。求 f1f2+f3f_1 - f_2 + f_3 f4++(1)j+1fj- f_4 + \cdots + (-1)^{j+1} f_j 的值。

Every positive integer kk has a unique factorial base expansion (f1,f2,f3,,fm),(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_m), meaning that k=1!f1+2!f2k = 1! \cdot f_1 + 2! \cdot f_2 +3!f3++m!fm,+ 3! \cdot f_3 + \cdots + m! \cdot f_m, where each fif_i is an integer, 0fii,0 \le f_i \le i, and 0<fm.0 \lt f_m. Given that (f1,f2,f3,,fj)(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_j) is the factorial base expansion of 16!32!+48!64!++1968!1984!+2000!, \begin{aligned} &16! - 32! + 48! \\ &\quad {}- 64! + \cdots + 1968! \\ &\quad {}- 1984! + 2000!, \end{aligned} find the value of f1f2+f3f_1 - f_2 + f_3 f4++(1)j+1fj.- f_4 + \cdots + (-1)^{j+1} f_j.

答案:495
难度评级:3060
小提示:

把这个数分组为 16!+(48!32!)+(80!64!)16! + (48! - 32!) + (80! - 64!) ++(2000!1984!)+ \cdots + (2000! - 1984!)

Group the number as 16!+(48!32!)+(80!64!)16! + (48! - 32!) + (80! - 64!) ++(2000!1984!)+ \cdots + (2000! - 1984!)

大提示:

由裂项求和,(i+1)!i!=ii!(i+1)! - i! = i \cdot i! 给出 a!b!=i=ba1ii!a! - b! = \sum_{i=b}^{a-1} i \cdot i!,所以每组会在它的整个范围内填入数字 fi=if_i = i

Telescoping (i+1)!i!=ii!(i+1)! - i! = i \cdot i! gives a!b!=i=ba1ii!,a! - b! = \sum_{i=b}^{a-1} i \cdot i!, so each group fills in digits fi=if_i = i on its whole range

解答:

因为 (i+1)!i!=ii!(i+1)! - i! = i \cdot i!,裂项求和给出 a!b!=i=ba1ii!a! - b! = \sum_{i=b}^{a-1} i \cdot i!,其中 a>ba \gt b。把题中的数分组为 16!+(48!32!)+(80!64!)++(2000!1984!) \begin{aligned} &16! + (48! - 32!) + (80! - 64!) \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + (2000! - 1984!) \end{aligned}\text{,}其中有 6262 个括号内的组 (32j+16)!(32j)!(32j + 16)! - (32j)!j=1,,62j = 1, \ldots, 62

jj 组贡献阶乘进制数字 fi=if_i = i,范围为 32ji32j+1532j \le i \le 32j + 15;单独的 16!16! 贡献 f16=1f_{16} = 1;其他所有数字都是 00。每个数字都满足 0fii0 \le f_i \le i,所以由唯一性,这就是阶乘进制展开。

在交错和中,f16=1f_{16} = 1 位于偶数下标,贡献 1-1。每组的范围从偶数下标开始,长度为 1616,可分成 88 对连续下标,每对贡献 i+(i+1)=1-i + (i + 1) = 1,所以每组贡献 +8+8。总和为 6281=49562 \cdot 8 - 1 = 495

Since (i+1)!i!=ii!,(i+1)! - i! = i \cdot i!, telescoping gives a!b!=i=ba1ii!a! - b! = \sum_{i=b}^{a-1} i \cdot i! for a>b.a \gt b. Group the given number as 16!+(48!32!)+(80!64!)++(2000!1984!), \begin{aligned} &16! + (48! - 32!) + (80! - 64!) \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + (2000! - 1984!), \end{aligned} with 6262 parenthesized groups (32j+16)!(32j)!(32j + 16)! - (32j)! for j=1,,62.j = 1, \ldots, 62.

The group for jj contributes factorial-base digits fi=if_i = i for 32ji32j+15,32j \le i \le 32j + 15, and the lone 16!16! contributes f16=1;f_{16} = 1; all other digits are 0.0. Every digit satisfies 0fii,0 \le f_i \le i, so by uniqueness this is the factorial base expansion.

In the alternating sum, f16=1f_{16} = 1 sits at an even index and contributes 1.-1. Each group’s range starts at an even index and has length 16,16, so it splits into 88 consecutive pairs, each contributing i+(i+1)=1,-i + (i + 1) = 1, for +8+8 per group. The total is 6281=495.62 \cdot 8 - 1 = 495.

15.

求最小正整数 nn,使得 1sin45sin46+1sin47sin48++1sin133sin134=1sinn \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\sin 45^\circ \sin 46^\circ} + \frac{1}{\sin 47^\circ \sin 48^\circ} \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + \frac{1}{\sin 133^\circ \sin 134^\circ} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sin n^\circ} \end{aligned}\text{。}

Find the least positive integer nn such that 1sin45sin46+1sin47sin48++1sin133sin134=1sinn. \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{\sin 45^\circ \sin 46^\circ} + \frac{1}{\sin 47^\circ \sin 48^\circ} \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + \frac{1}{\sin 133^\circ \sin 134^\circ} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sin n^\circ}. \end{aligned}

答案:1
难度评级:3060
小提示:

写出 sin1=sin((k+1)k)\sin 1^\circ = \sin\big((k+1)^\circ - k^\circ\big) 可推出 1sinksin(k+1)=cotkcot(k+1)sin1\frac{1}{\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ} = \frac{\cot k^\circ - \cot(k+1)^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ}

Write sin1=sin((k+1)k)\sin 1^\circ = \sin\big((k+1)^\circ - k^\circ\big) to show 1sinksin(k+1)=cotkcot(k+1)sin1\frac{1}{\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ} = \frac{\cot k^\circ - \cot(k+1)^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ}

大提示:

使用 cot(180x)=cotx\cot(180^\circ - x) = -\cot x:互为补角的两个角的余切项会成对抵消,只留下 4545^\circ 项。

Use cot(180x)=cotx:\cot(180^\circ - x) = -\cot x: the cotangents at supplementary arguments cancel in pairs, leaving only the 4545^\circ term

解答:

因为 sin1=sin((k+1)k)\sin 1^\circ = \sin\big((k+1)^\circ - k^\circ\big) =sin(k+1)cosk= \sin(k+1)^\circ \cos k^\circ cos(k+1)sink- \cos(k+1)^\circ \sin k^\circ,两边除以 sinksin(k+1)\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ,得 1sinksin(k+1)=cotkcot(k+1)sin1 \begin{aligned} &\small \frac{1}{\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ} \\ &\scriptsize = \frac{\cot k^\circ - \cot(k+1)^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此原和乘以 sin1\sin 1^\circ,等于 cot45cot46+cot47\cot 45^\circ - \cot 46^\circ + \cot 47^\circ cot48- \cot 48^\circ ++cot133cot134+ \cdots + \cot 133^\circ - \cot 134^\circ,其中 ++ 号对应奇数角,- 号对应偶数角。

因为 cot(180x)=cotx\cot(180^\circ - x) = -\cot x,且这里互为补角的两个角奇偶性相同,所以各项按这样的角成对抵消:+cot133+\cot 133^\circ 抵消 +cot47+\cot 47^\circcot134-\cot 134^\circ 抵消 cot46-\cot 46^\circ,其余和为 180180^\circ 的角也都如此。仅剩 cot45=1\cot 45^\circ = 1(它的配对角 135135^\circ 不在范围内)以及 cot90=0-\cot 90^\circ = 0

所以原和等于 cot45sin1=1sin1\frac{\cot 45^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ} = \frac{1}{\sin 1^\circ},满足条件的最小 nn11

Since sin1=sin((k+1)k)\sin 1^\circ = \sin\big((k+1)^\circ - k^\circ\big) =sin(k+1)cosk= \sin(k+1)^\circ \cos k^\circ cos(k+1)sink,- \cos(k+1)^\circ \sin k^\circ, dividing by sinksin(k+1)\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ gives 1sinksin(k+1)=cotkcot(k+1)sin1. \begin{aligned} &\small \frac{1}{\sin k^\circ \sin(k+1)^\circ} \\ &\scriptsize = \frac{\cot k^\circ - \cot(k+1)^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ}. \end{aligned} So the sum times sin1\sin 1^\circ equals cot45cot46+cot47\cot 45^\circ - \cot 46^\circ + \cot 47^\circ cot48- \cot 48^\circ ++cot133cot134,+ \cdots + \cot 133^\circ - \cot 134^\circ, with ++ signs on odd arguments and - signs on even arguments.

Because cot(180x)=cotx\cot(180^\circ - x) = -\cot x and supplementary arguments here have the same parity, the terms cancel in supplementary pairs: +cot133+\cot 133^\circ cancels +cot47,+\cot 47^\circ, cot134-\cot 134^\circ cancels cot46,-\cot 46^\circ, and so on for every pair of arguments summing to 180.180^\circ. The only survivors are cot45=1\cot 45^\circ = 1 (its partner 135135^\circ is out of range) and cot90=0.-\cot 90^\circ = 0.

Hence the sum equals cot45sin1=1sin1,\frac{\cot 45^\circ}{\sin 1^\circ} = \frac{1}{\sin 1^\circ}, so the least such nn is 1.1.