2000 AIME I 第 13 题

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13.

在广阔草原中央,一辆消防车停在两条互相垂直的笔直公路交叉口。车在公路上的速度为每小时 5050 英里,在草原上的速度为每小时 1414 英里。考虑消防车在六分钟内可以到达的所有点所组成的区域。该区域的面积为 mn\frac{m}{n} 平方英里,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

In the middle of a vast prairie, a firetruck is stationed at the intersection of two perpendicular straight highways. The truck travels at 5050 miles per hour along the highways and at 1414 miles per hour across the prairie. Consider the set of points that can be reached by the firetruck within six minutes. The area of this region is mn\frac{m}{n} square miles, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:731
知识点:坐标几何切线面积最优化
难度评级:3160
解答:

六分钟内车可沿公路行驶 55 英里,或穿过草原行驶 1.41.4 英里。最优路线是一段公路加一段直线草原路。以公路为坐标轴,在第一象限中,若先行驶到 (d,0)(d, 0),用时 d50\frac{d}{50} 小时,剩余草原可达半径为 14(110d50)=1.4(1d5)14\left(\frac{1}{10} - \frac{d}{50}\right) = 1.4\left(1 - \frac{d}{5}\right) 英里。当 dd00 变到 55 时,这些圆盘线性缩小到一点,所以它们的并集是以原点为圆心、半径 1.41.4 的圆盘和点 (5,0)(5, 0) 的凸包,由从 (5,0)(5, 0) 作圆的切线围成。切线长为 521.42=4.8\sqrt{5^2 - 1.4^2} = 4.8,对应 77-2424-2525 比例,所以切线为 7x+24y=357x + 24y = 35yy-轴方向给出对称区域,其边界为 24x+7y=3524x + 7y = 35

两条切线交于 P=(3531,3531)P = \left(\frac{35}{31}, \frac{35}{31}\right),它到原点的距离为 35231>1.4\frac{35\sqrt{2}}{31} \gt 1.4,在圆外。因此第一象限可达区域恰好是顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(5,0)(5, 0)PP(0,5)(0, 5) 的非凸四边形。沿原点到 PP 的对角线分成两个三角形,每个面积为 1253531\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot \frac{35}{31},所以第一象限面积为 17531\frac{175}{31}

全区域是四份,面积为 70031\frac{700}{31}。因此 gcd(700,31)=1\gcd(700, 31) = 1700+31=731700 + 31 = 731

In six minutes the truck can drive 55 miles on a highway or 1.41.4 miles across the prairie, and an optimal route is a highway stretch followed by a straight prairie segment. Work in the first quadrant with the highways as axes. Driving to (d,0)(d, 0) takes d50\frac{d}{50} hours, leaving a prairie range of 14(110d50)=1.4(1d5)14\left(\frac{1}{10} - \frac{d}{50}\right) = 1.4\left(1 - \frac{d}{5}\right) miles. As dd runs from 00 to 5,5, these disks shrink linearly to a point, so their union is the "cone": the convex hull of the disk of radius 1.41.4 about the origin and the point (5,0),(5, 0), bounded by the tangent line from (5,0).(5, 0). The tangent length is 521.42=4.8,\sqrt{5^2 - 1.4^2} = 4.8, so the ratios are 7724242525 and the tangent line is 7x+24y=35.7x + 24y = 35. The yy-axis gives the mirror-image region bounded by 24x+7y=35.24x + 7y = 35.

The two tangent lines meet at P=(3531,3531),P = \left(\frac{35}{31}, \frac{35}{31}\right), which lies at distance 35231>1.4\frac{35\sqrt{2}}{31} \gt 1.4 from the origin — outside the circle — so in the first quadrant the reachable set is exactly the (non-convex) quadrilateral with vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (5,0),(5, 0), P,P, (0,5).(0, 5). Splitting it along the diagonal from the origin to PP gives two triangles, each with area 1253531,\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot \frac{35}{31}, for a quadrant area of 17531.\frac{175}{31}.

The full region is four copies, with area 70031\frac{700}{31} square miles. Since gcd(700,31)=1,\gcd(700, 31) = 1, the answer is 700+31=731.700 + 31 = 731.

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