2025 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

一个分段线性函数定义为 并且对所有实数 xxf(x+4)=f(x)f(x + 4) = f(x)f(x)f(x) 的图像呈现如下锯齿形。 f(x)={xif 1x<12xif 1x<3f(x) = \begin{cases} x & \text{if } -1 \le x \lt 1 \\ 2 - x & \text{if } 1 \le x \lt 3 \end{cases}

抛物线 x=34y2x = 34y^2f(x)f(x) 的图像有有限个交点。所有这些交点的 yy 坐标之和可表示为 a+bcd\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d},其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,且 aabbdd 的最大公因数为 11cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+c+da + b + c + d

A piecewise linear function is defined by f(x)={xif 1x<12xif 1x<3f(x) = \begin{cases} x & \text{if } -1 \le x \lt 1 \\ 2 - x & \text{if } 1 \le x \lt 3 \end{cases} and f(x+4)=f(x)f(x + 4) = f(x) for all real numbers x.x. The graph of f(x)f(x) has the sawtooth pattern depicted below.

The parabola x=34y2x = 34y^2 intersects the graph of f(x)f(x) at finitely many points. The sum of the yy-coordinates of all these intersection points can be expressed in the form a+bcd,\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers such that a,a, b,b, dd have greatest common divisor equal to 1,1, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

答案:259
知识点:函数二次方程韦达定理分类讨论
难度评级:2990
解答:

因为 ff 的取值只在 [1,1][-1, 1] 内,任一交点都有 1y1-1 \le y \le 1,从而 x=34y2[0,34]x = 34y^2 \in [0, 34]。在上升段上,x[4k1,4k+1)x \in [4k - 1, 4k + 1)f(x)=x4kf(x) = x - 4k,所以 y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) 化为 34y2y4k=034y^2 - y - 4k = 0;在下降段上, x[4k+1,4k+3)x \in [4k + 1, 4k + 3)f(x)=4k+2xf(x) = 4k + 2 - x,得到 34y2+y(4k+2)=034y^2 + y - (4k + 2) = 0。每种情形中,一个根有效当且仅当它落在 [1,1)[-1, 1) (上升段)或 (1,1](-1, 1](下降段)内,因为这时 x=34y2x = 34y^2 会自动落在正确区间中。

对上升段,根为 1±1+544k68\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 544k}}{68},且两个根都有效当且仅当 1+544k67\sqrt{1 + 544k} \le 67,即 k=0,1,,8k = 0, 1, \ldots, 8:共有九个二次方程,每个由韦达定理贡献根和 134\frac{1}{34}。对下降段,根为 1±544k+27368\frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{544k + 273}}{68}。带负号的根要求 544k+273<67\sqrt{544k + 273} \lt 67,这对 k=0,,7k = 0, \ldots, 7 成立;这些八个二次方程各贡献 134-\frac{1}{34}。当 k=8k = 8 时,只有正根 1+462568=1+518568\frac{-1 + \sqrt{4625}}{68} = \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} 有效。

总和为 且 185=537185 = 5 \cdot 37 是无平方因子数,所以 a+b+c+da + b + c + d =1+5+185+68= 1 + 5 + 185 + 68 =259= 259934834+1+518568=1+518568, \begin{aligned} &\frac{9}{34} - \frac{8}{34} + \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} \\ &\quad = \frac{1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68}, \end{aligned}

Since ff only takes values in [1,1],[-1, 1], any intersection has 1y1-1 \le y \le 1 and hence x=34y2[0,34].x = 34y^2 \in [0, 34]. On the rising pieces, x[4k1,4k+1)x \in [4k - 1, 4k + 1) with f(x)=x4k,f(x) = x - 4k, so y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) becomes 34y2y4k=0;34y^2 - y - 4k = 0; on the falling pieces, x[4k+1,4k+3)x \in [4k + 1, 4k + 3) with f(x)=4k+2x,f(x) = 4k + 2 - x, giving 34y2+y(4k+2)=0.34y^2 + y - (4k + 2) = 0. In each case a root is valid exactly when it lies in [1,1)[-1, 1) (rising) or (1,1](-1, 1] (falling), since then x=34y2x = 34y^2 automatically falls in the correct interval.

For the rising pieces the roots are 1±1+544k68,\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 544k}}{68}, and both are valid exactly when 1+544k67,\sqrt{1 + 544k} \le 67, i.e. for k=0,1,,8:k = 0, 1, \ldots, 8: nine quadratics, each contributing root sum 134\frac{1}{34} by Vieta. For the falling pieces the roots are 1±544k+27368.\frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{544k + 273}}{68}. The root with the minus sign requires 544k+273<67,\sqrt{544k + 273} \lt 67, which holds for k=0,,7;k = 0, \ldots, 7; those eight quadratics each contribute 134.-\frac{1}{34}. For k=8k = 8 only the positive root 1+462568=1+518568\frac{-1 + \sqrt{4625}}{68} = \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} is valid.

The total is 934834+1+518568=1+518568, \begin{aligned} &\frac{9}{34} - \frac{8}{34} + \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} \\ &\quad = \frac{1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68}, \end{aligned} and 185=537185 = 5 \cdot 37 is squarefree, so a+b+c+da + b + c + d =1+5+185+68= 1 + 5 + 185 + 68 =259.= 259.

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