2022 AIME II 第 5 题

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5.

在一个圆上标出 2020 个不同的点,并按顺时针顺序标号为 112020。若两点标号之差为质数,就在这两点之间画一条线段。求以原来的二十个点为顶点形成的三角形个数。

Twenty distinct points are marked on a circle and labeled 11 through 2020 in clockwise order. A line segment is drawn between every pair of points whose labels differ by a prime number. Find the number of triangles formed whose vertices are among the original 2020 points.

答案:72
知识点:质数奇偶性分类讨论
难度评级:2400
解答:

一个三角形的顶点为 i<j<ki \lt j \lt k,其中 jij - ikjk - j, 和 kik - i 都是质数。 因为 ki=(ji)+(kj)k - i = (j - i) + (k - j) 是两个质数之和且本身也是质数,而两个奇质数之和为偶数, 所以两个较小的差中必有一个等于 22。因此两个较小的差按某种顺序为 {2,p}\{2, p\},其中 ppp+2p + 2 都是质数;满足 p+219p + 2 \le 19 的孪生质数对为 (3,5)(3, 5)(5,7)(5, 7)(11,13)(11, 13), 和 (17,19)(17, 19)

对每一对,居中的顶点可以离最小顶点距离 22,也可以离最小顶点距离 pp,总跨度为 p+2p + 2, 所以有 2(20(p+2))2\bigl(20 - (p + 2)\bigr) 个三角形。四对分别给出 215=302 \cdot 15 = 30213=262 \cdot 13 = 2627=142 \cdot 7 = 14, 和 21=22 \cdot 1 = 2

总数为 30+26+14+2=7230 + 26 + 14 + 2 = 72

A triangle has vertices i<j<ki \lt j \lt k where ji,j - i, kj,k - j, and kik - i are all prime. Since ki=(ji)+(kj)k - i = (j - i) + (k - j) is a prime that is a sum of two primes, and the sum of two odd primes is even, one of the two smaller differences must equal 2.2. So the differences are {2,p}\{2, p\} in some order with pp and p+2p + 2 both prime: the twin prime pairs with p+219p + 2 \le 19 are (3,5),(3, 5), (5,7),(5, 7), (11,13),(11, 13), and (17,19).(17, 19).

For each pair, the middle vertex can be at distance 22 or at distance pp from the smallest, and the total span is p+2,p + 2, so there are 2(20(p+2))2\bigl(20 - (p + 2)\bigr) triangles. This gives 215=30,2 \cdot 15 = 30, 213=26,2 \cdot 13 = 26, 27=14,2 \cdot 7 = 14, and 21=22 \cdot 1 = 2 for the four pairs.

The total is 30+26+14+2=72.30 + 26 + 14 + 2 = 72.

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