2022 AIME II 第 4 题

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4.

存在一个正实数 xx,它既不等于 120\frac{1}{20} 也不等于 12\frac{1}{2},并且满足数值 log20x(22x)\log_{20x}(22x) 可写成 log10(mn)\log_{10}\left(\frac{m}{n}\right),其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + nlog20x(22x)=log2x(202x).\log_{20x}(22x) = \log_{2x}(202x).

There is a positive real number xx not equal to either 120\frac{1}{20} or 12\frac{1}{2} such that log20x(22x)=log2x(202x).\log_{20x}(22x) = \log_{2x}(202x). The value log20x(22x)\log_{20x}(22x) can be written as log10(mn),\log_{10}\left(\frac{m}{n}\right), where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:112
知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:2350
解答:

设公共值为 yy。用自然对数表示,当两个分数相等时,它们也等于分子之差与分母之差的商: y=ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x.y = \frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}. y=ln202xln22xln2xln20x=ln10111ln110=log1010111=log1011101. \begin{aligned} y &= \frac{\ln 202x - \ln 22x}{\ln 2x - \ln 20x} \\ &= \frac{\ln \frac{101}{11}}{\ln \frac{1}{10}} \\ &= -\log_{10}\frac{101}{11} \\ &= \log_{10}\frac{11}{101}. \end{aligned}

(这样的 xx 确实存在:原方程可整理为一个可解条件,而被排除的值 y1y \ne 1 只排除了退化的底数。)因为 ln(22x)=yln(20x)\ln(22x)=y\ln(20x),所以 ln(202x)=yln(2x)\ln(202x)=y\ln(2x)xx gcd(11,101)=1\gcd(11,101)=1m+n=11+101=112m+n=11+101=112lnx=yln20ln221y \ln x=\frac{y\ln 20-\ln 22}{1-y} ln(202x)ln(22x)=ln10111=yln110, \begin{aligned} \ln(202x)-\ln(22x) &= \ln\frac{101}{11} \\ &= y\ln\frac{1}{10}, \end{aligned}

Let yy be the common value. In natural logarithms, y=ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x.y = \frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}. When two fractions are equal, each also equals the quotient of the differences of numerators and denominators: y=ln202xln22xln2xln20x=ln10111ln110=log1010111=log1011101. \begin{aligned} y &= \frac{\ln 202x - \ln 22x}{\ln 2x - \ln 20x} \\ &= \frac{\ln \frac{101}{11}}{\ln \frac{1}{10}} \\ &= -\log_{10}\frac{101}{11} \\ &= \log_{10}\frac{11}{101}. \end{aligned}

To check existence rather than merely use the promised x,x, note that y1.y \ne 1. Setting lnx=yln20ln221y \ln x=\frac{y\ln 20-\ln 22}{1-y} makes ln(22x)=yln(20x).\ln(22x)=y\ln(20x). Also ln(202x)ln(22x)=ln10111=yln110, \begin{aligned} \ln(202x)-\ln(22x) &= \ln\frac{101}{11} \\ &= y\ln\frac{1}{10}, \end{aligned} so ln(202x)=yln(2x)\ln(202x)=y\ln(2x) as well. This positive xx is neither excluded value (neither one satisfies the displayed linear equation), so both logarithm bases are valid. Since gcd(11,101)=1,\gcd(11,101)=1, we get m+n=11+101=112.m+n=11+101=112.

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