2021 AIME II 第 4 题

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4.

存在实数 a,b,ca, b, c, 和 dd,使得 20-20x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b 的一个根,且 21-21x3+cx2+dx^3 + cx^2 + d 的一个根。这两个多项式共有一个复根 m+nim + \sqrt{n} \cdot i,其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。求 m+nm + n

There are real numbers a,b,c,a, b, c, and dd such that 20-20 is a root of x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b and 21-21 is a root of x3+cx2+d.x^3 + cx^2 + d. These two polynomials share a complex root m+ni,m + \sqrt{n} \cdot i, where mm and nn are positive integers and i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:330
知识点:复数韦达定理多项式
难度评级:2100
解答:

两个三次多项式都有实系数,所以非实根成共轭对出现:第一个多项式的根是 20-20m±nim \pm \sqrt{n}\,i,第二个多项式的根是 21-21m±nim \pm \sqrt{n}\,i

第一个三次多项式 x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b 没有 x2x^2 项,所以根和为 0020+2m=0-20 + 2m = 0,得 m=10m = 10。第二个三次多项式 x3+cx2+dx^3 + cx^2 + d 没有 xx 项,所以 两两根积之和为 00: 因此 n=420100=320n = 420 - 100 = 320。于是 m+n=10+320=330m + n = 10 + 320 = 330(m+ni)(mni)+(21)(2m)=m2+n42m=0, \begin{aligned} &(m + \sqrt{n}\,i)(m - \sqrt{n}\,i) \\ &\quad {}+ (-21)(2m) \\ &= m^2 + n - 42m = 0, \end{aligned}

Both cubics have real coefficients, so their non-real roots come in conjugate pairs: the roots of the first are 20-20 and m±ni,m \pm \sqrt{n}\,i, and the roots of the second are 21-21 and m±ni.m \pm \sqrt{n}\,i.

The first cubic x3+ax+bx^3 + ax + b has no x2x^2 term, so its roots sum to 0:0: 20+2m=0,-20 + 2m = 0, giving m=10.m = 10. The second cubic x3+cx2+dx^3 + cx^2 + d has no xx term, so the sum of pairwise products of its roots is 0:0: (m+ni)(mni)+(21)(2m)=m2+n42m=0, \begin{aligned} &(m + \sqrt{n}\,i)(m - \sqrt{n}\,i) \\ &\quad {}+ (-21)(2m) \\ &= m^2 + n - 42m = 0, \end{aligned} so n=420100=320.n = 420 - 100 = 320. Then m+n=10+320=330.m + n = 10 + 320 = 330.

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