2020 AIME II 第 5 题

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5.

对每个正整数 nn,令 f(n)f(n)nn 以四为底表示时的各位数字之和,令 g(n)g(n)f(n)f(n) 以八为底表示时的各位数字之和。例如,f(2020)=f(1332104)=10f(2020) = f(133210_4) = 10 =128= 12_8,而 12812_8 的各位数字之和为 33,所以 g(2020)=3g(2020) = 3。令 NN 为使得 g(n)g(n) 以十六为底的表示不能只用数字 0099 表示的最小 nn。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

For each positive integer n,n, let f(n)f(n) be the sum of the digits in the base-four representation of nn and let g(n)g(n) be the sum of the digits in the base-eight representation of f(n).f(n). For example, f(2020)=f(1332104)=10f(2020) = f(133210_4) = 10 =128,= 12_8, and the digit sum of 12812_8 is 3,3, so g(2020)=3.g(2020) = 3. Let NN be the least value of nn such that the base-sixteen representation of g(n)g(n) cannot be expressed using only the digits 00 through 9.9. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:151
知识点:进制数字逆推法
难度评级:2450
解答:

g(n)g(n) 以十六为底的表示需要使用超过 99 的数字,当且仅当 g(n)10g(n) \ge 10。所以我们需要 f(n)f(n) 以八为底的数字和至少为 1010。按顺序检查数值,所有小于 3131 的数以八为底的数字和都至多为 99,而 31=37831 = 37_8 的数字和为 1010。由于达到给定以四为底数字和的最小 nn 随该数字和增大而增大,我们要找满足 f(n)=31f(n) = 31 的最小 nn

一个以四为底的数字至多为 33,所以数字和为 3131 至少需要 1111 位;最小的 1111 位选择是首位为 11,后面跟十个 33N=133333333334=410+(4101)=24101=2097151. \begin{aligned} N &= 13333333333_4 \\ &= 4^{10} + (4^{10} - 1) \\ &= 2 \cdot 4^{10} - 1 = 2097151. \end{aligned}

N=2097151N = 2097151 除以 10001000 的余数是 151151

The base-sixteen representation of g(n)g(n) needs a digit beyond 99 exactly when g(n)10.g(n) \ge 10. So we need the base-eight digit sum of f(n)f(n) to be at least 10.10. Checking values in order, every number less than 3131 has base-eight digit sum at most 9,9, while 31=37831 = 37_8 has digit sum 10.10. Since the least nn achieving a given base-four digit sum increases with that sum, we want the least nn with f(n)=31.f(n) = 31.

A base-four digit is at most 3,3, so a digit sum of 3131 requires at least 1111 digits, and the smallest 1111-digit choice is a leading 11 followed by ten 33s: N=133333333334=410+(4101)=24101=2097151. \begin{aligned} N &= 13333333333_4 \\ &= 4^{10} + (4^{10} - 1) \\ &= 2 \cdot 4^{10} - 1 = 2097151. \end{aligned}

The remainder when N=2097151N = 2097151 is divided by 10001000 is 151.151.

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